Element contents
Acculturation
A Personal Journey across Cultures
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 August 2019
Summary
Acculturation is the process of group and individual changes in culture and behaviour that result from intercultural contact. These changes have been taking place forever, and continue at an increasing pace as more and more peoples of different cultures move, meet and interact. Variations in the meanings of the concept, and some systematic conceptualisations of it are presented. This is followed by a survey of empirical work with indigenous, immigrant and ethnocultural peoples around the globe that employed both ethnographic (qualitative) and psychological (quantitative) methods. This wide-ranging research has been undertaken in a quest for possible general principles (or universals) of acculturation. This Element concludes with a short evaluation of the field of acculturation; its past, present and future.
Keywords
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781108589666Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 29 August 2019
References
Abu-Rayya, H. & Sam, D. L. (2017). Is integration the best way to acculturate? A re-examination of the bicultural–adaptation relationship in the ‘ICSEY dataset’ using the bilineal method. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48, 287–93.Google Scholar
Adams, M. (2007). Unlikely utopia: The surprising triumph of Canadian pluralism. Toronto: Viking.Google Scholar
Ataca, B. (1998). Psychological, sociocultural and marital adaptation of Turkish immigrants in Canada. PhD thesis, Queen’s University.Google Scholar
Ataca, B. & Berry, J. W. (2002). Psychological, sociocultural and marital adaptation of Turkish immigrant couples in Canada. International Journal of Psychology, 37, 13–26.Google Scholar
Aycan, Z. & Berry, J. W. (1996). Impact of employment-related experiences on immigrants’ psychological well-being and adaptation to Canada. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 28, 240–51.Google Scholar
Benet-Martínez, V. & Haritatos, J. (2005). Factor structure and factorial invariance of the Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Inventory. Journal of Personality, 73, 1015–50.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1966a). Cultural determinants of perception. PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, Scotland.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1966b). Temne and Eskimo perceptual skills. International Journal of Psychology, 1, 207–29.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1967). Independence and conformity in subsistence-level societies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 415–18.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1969). On cross-cultural comparability. International Journal of Psychology, 4 119–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1970). Marginality, stress and ethnic identification in an acculturated Aboriginal community. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, 239–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1971). Ecological and cultural factors in spatial perceptual development. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 3, 324-36.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1972). Radical cultural relativism and the concept of intelligence. In. Cronbach, L. J. and Drenth, P. (eds.) Mental tests and cultural adaptation, (pp. 77-88). Den Haag: Mouton.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1974a). Psychological aspects of cultural pluralism: Unity and identity reconsidered. Topics in Culture Learning, 2, 17–22.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1974b. Differentiation across cultures: Cognitive style and affective style. In Dawson, J. L. M. & Lonner, W. J. (eds.), Cross-cultural psychology (pp. 167–75). Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong Press.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1976). Human ecology and cognitive style: Comparative studies in cultural and psychological adaptation. New York: Sage/Halsted.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1977). Acculturative stress among the James Bay Cree: Prelude to a hydroelectric project. In Muller-Wille, L., Pelto, P., Muller-Wille, Li. & Darnell, R. (eds.), Consequences of economic change in circumpolar regions (pp. 105–19). Edmonton: Boreal Institute.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1979). A cultural ecology of social behaviour. In Berkowitz, L. (ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 12 (pp. 177-206). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1980b). Social and cultural change. In Triandis, H. C. & Brislin, R. (eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, Vol. 5, Social psychology (pp. 211–79). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1980a). Acculturation as varieties of adaptation. In Padilla, A. (ed.), Acculturation: Theory, models and some new findings (pp. 9–25). Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1989). Imposed etics, emics, derived etics: The operationalization of a compelling idea. International Journal of Psychology, 24, 721–35.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1992). Acculturation and adaptation in a new society. International Migration, 30, 69–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1997a). Cruising the world: A nomad in academe. In Bond, M. H. (ed.), Working at the interface of cultures (pp. 138–53). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1997b). Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. (Lead article with commentary). Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46, 5–68.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1999). Aboriginal cultural identity. Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 19, 1–36.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (2001). A psychology of immigration. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 615–31.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (2003). Conceptual approaches to acculturation. In Chun, K., Balls-Organista, P. & Marin, G. (eds.), Acculturation: Theory, method and applications (pp. 17–37). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (2006a). Stress perspectives on acculturation Sam, In D. & Berry, J. W. (eds.), Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (pp. 43–57). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (2006b). Design of acculturation studies. In Sam, D. & Berry, J. W. (eds.), Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (pp. 129–41). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (2008). Globalisation and acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32, 328–36.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (2009). A critique of critical acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33, 361–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, J. W. (2013a). Research on multiculturalism in Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37, 663–75.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (2015). Intercultural adaptation. Paper presented to Canadian Psychological Association Conference. Toronto, Canada.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (2016). Comparative analysis of Canadian multiculturalism policy and the multiculturalism policies of other countries. Psychology in Russia State of the Art, 9, 4–23.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (2017). Theories and models of acculturation. In Schwartz, S. J. & Ungar, J. (eds.). Oxford handbook of acculturation and health (pp. 15–28). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (2018). Ecological perspective on human behaviour. In Uskul, A. & Oishi, S. (eds.). Socio-economic environment and human psychology (pp. 3–32). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (2019). Diversity and equity in plural societies. In Pandey, J., Kumar, R. & Thapa, K. (eds.).Psychological perspectives on diversity and social development (pp. 23–36). Singapore: Springer Nature.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, J. W. & Bennett, J. (1989). Syllabic literacy and cognitive performance among the Cree. International Journal of Psychology, 24, 429–50.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. & Bennett, J. A. (1992). Cree conceptions of cognitive competence. International Journal of Psychology, 27, 73–88.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. & Blondel, T. (1982). Psychological adaptation of Vietnamese refugees in Canada. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 1, 81–8.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. & Hou, F. (2016). Immigrant acculturation and wellbeing in Canada. Canadian Psychology, 57, 254–64.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. & Hou, F. (2017) Acculturation, discrimination and wellbeing among second generation of immigrants in Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 61, 29–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, J. W. & Hou, F. (2019). Multiple belongings and psychological wellbeing among immigrants and the second generation in Canada Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 51, 159–70.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. & Kalin, R. (1995). Multicultural and ethnic attitudes in Canada: Overview of the 1991 survey. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 27, 301–20.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. & Kalin, R. (2000). Multicultural policy and social psychology: The Canadian experience. In Renshon, S. & Duckitt, J. (eds.), Political psychology in cross-cultural perspective (pp. 263–84). New York: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W., Kalin, R. & Taylor, D. M. (1977). Multiculturalism and ethnic attitudes in Canada. Ottawa: Government of Canada.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Minde, T. & Mok, D. (1987). Comparative studies of acculturative stress. International Migration Review, 21, 491–511.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Power, S., Young, M. & Bujaki, M. (1989). Acculturation attitudes in plural societies. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 38, 185–296.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W., Phinney, J., Sam, D. & Vedder, P. (eds.). (2006a). Immigrant youth in cultural transition: Acculturation, identity and adaptation across national contexts. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L. & Vedder, P. (2006b). Immigrant youth: Acculturation, identity and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 55, 303–32.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Breugelmans, S., Chasiotis, A. & Sam, D. L. (2011). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Segall, M. H. & Dasen, P. R. (1992). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Segall, M. H. & Dasen, P. R. (2002). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. & Sabatier, C. (2010). Acculturation, discrimination, and adaptation among second generation immigrant youth in Montreal and Paris. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34, 191–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, J. W. & Sabatier, C. (2011). Variations in the assessment of acculturation attitudes: Their relationships with psychological wellbeing. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 658–69.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. & Sam, D. L. (2016). Theoretical perspectives. In Sam, D. L. & Berry, J. W. (eds.), Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (2nd ed.) (pp. 11–29). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W., Trimble, J. & Olmeda, E. (1986). The assessment of acculturation. In Lonner, W. J. & Berry, J. W. (eds.), Field methods in cross-cultural research (pp. 291–324). London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W., van de Koppel, J. M. H., Sénéchal, C., Annis, R. C., Bahuchet, S., Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. & Witkin, H. A. (1986). On the edge of the forest: Cultural adaptation and cognitive development in Central Africa. Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W., Wintrob, R. M., Sindell, P. S. & Mawhinney, T. A. (1982). Psychological adaptation to culture change among the James Bay Cree. Naturaliste Canadien, 109, 965–75.Google Scholar
Bourhis, R., Moïse, C., Perrault, S. & Sénécal, S. (1997). Towards an interactive acculturation model: A social psychological approach. International Journal of Psychology, 32, 369–86.Google Scholar
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. (1983). Why is culture adaptive? Quarterly Review of Biology, 58, 209–14.Google Scholar
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. (2005). The origin and evolution of cultures. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Boyd, R., Richerson, P. J., & Henrich, J. (2011). The cultural niche: Why social learning is essential for human adaptation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 108(2), 10918–25.Google Scholar
Breton, C. (2019). Do incorporation policies matter? Immigrants’ identity and relationships with the receiving society. Comparative Political Studies, 1–32. doi:10.1177/0010414019830708Google Scholar
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Chataway, C. & Berry, J. W. (1989). Acculturation experiences, appraisal, coping and adaptation: A comparison of Hong Kong Chinese, French and English students in Canada. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 21, 295–309.Google Scholar
Chirkov, V. I. (2009). Critical psychology of acculturation: What do we study and how do we study it, when we investigate acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33, 94–105.Google Scholar
Chun, K., Balls-Organista, P. & Marin, G. (eds.) (2003). Acculturation: Theory, method and applications. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Dona, G. (1990). Acculturation and mental health of Central American refugees in Canada. MA thesis, Queen’s University.Google Scholar
Dona, G. & Berry, J. W. (1994). Acculturation attitudes and acculturative stress of Central American refugees in Canada. International Journal of Psychology, 29, 57–70.Google Scholar
Environics Institute (2015/2018). Focus Canada: 2015 survey on immigration and multiculturalism. Toronto: Environics Institute.Google Scholar
Fagan, B. & Durani, N. (2016). People of the earth: An introduction to world prehistory (14th ed.). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Feldman, D. A. (1975). The history of the relationship between environment and culture in ethnological thought. Journal of the History of the Behavioural Sciences, 110, 67–81.Google Scholar
Ferguson, G. M. & Bornstein, M. H. (2012). Remote acculturation: The ‘Americanization’ of Jamaican Islanders. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 36(3), 167–77.Google Scholar
Foran, C. (2017). The Canada experiment: Is this the world’s first ‘postnational’ country? The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/04/the-canada-experiment-is-this-the-worlds-first-postnational-countryGoogle Scholar
Georgas, J., Berry, J. W. & Shaw, A. (1996). Acculturation of Greek family values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27, 329–38.Google Scholar
Georgas, J., Berry, J. W., van de Vijver, F., Kagitcibasi, C. & Poortinga, Y. H. (eds.) (2006). Family structure and function: A 30 nation psychological study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gezentsvey-Lamy, M., Ward, C. & and Liu, J. (2013). Motivation for ethnocultural continuity. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 147–66.Google Scholar
Graves, T. D. (1967). Psychological acculturation in a tri-ethnic community. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 23, 337–50.Google Scholar
Grigoryev, D. & Berry, J. W. (2017). Acculturation preferences, ethnic and religious identification and the socio-economic adaptation of Russian-speaking immigrants in Belgium. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 46, 537–57.Google Scholar
Gui, Y., Safdar, S. & Berry, J. W. (2016). Mutual intercultural relations among university students in Canada. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 27, 17–32.Google Scholar
Gui, Y., Zheng, Y. & Berry, J. W. (2012). Migrant worker acculturation in China. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36, 598–610.Google Scholar
Han, L., Zheng, Y. & Berry, J. W. (2016). Differences in resilience by acculturation strategies: A study with Qiang nationality following the 2008 Chinese earthquake. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 17, 573–80.Google Scholar
Harris, M. (1968). The rise of anthropological theory: A history of theories of culture. New York: Thomas Y. Cromwell Company.Google Scholar
Haugen, I. & Kunst, J. R. (2017) A two-way process? A qualitative and quantitative investigation of majority members’ acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 60, 67–82.Google Scholar
Igarashi, A. (2019). Till multiculturalism do us part: Multicultural policies and the national identification of immigrants in European countries. Social Science Research, 77, 88–100.Google Scholar
Inkeles, A. & Smith, D. (1974). Becoming modern. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kalin, R. & Berry, J. W. (1982). Social ecology of ethnic attitudes in Canada. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 14, 97-109.Google Scholar
Kalin, R. & Berry, J. W. (1995). Ethnic and civic self-identity in Canada: Analyses of 1974 and 1991 national surveys. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 27, 1–15.Google Scholar
Kardiner, A. & Linton, R. (1939). The individual and his society. New York: Colombia University Press.Google Scholar
Keller, H. (2002). Development as the interface between biology and culture. A conceptualization of early ontogenetic experiences. In Keller, H., Poortinga, Y. & Schoelmerich, A. (eds.), Between culture and biology (pp. 215–40). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Keller, H. (2011). Biology, culture and development. In van de Vijver, F., Chastiotis, A. & Breugelmans, S. (eds.), Fundamental questions in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 312–40). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kim, U. and Berry, J. W. (1985). Acculturation attitudes of Korean immigrant in Canada. In Reyes-Lagunes, I. & Poortinga, Y. (eds.), From a Different Perspective (pp. 93–105). Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger.Google Scholar
Kruusvall, J., Vetik, R. & Berry, J. W. (2009). The strategies of inter-ethnic adaptation of Estonian Russians. Studies of Transition States and Societies, 1, 3–24.Google Scholar
Kwak, K. & Berry, J. W. (2001). Generational differences in acculturation among Asian families in Canada. International Journal of Psychology, 36, 152–62.Google Scholar
Lalonde, R. & Cameron, J. (1993). An intergroup perspective on immigrant acculturation with a focus on collective strategies. International Journal of Psychology, 28, 57–74.Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. (1997). Acculturation isn’t everything. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46, 39–43.Google Scholar
Lebedeva, N. & Tatarko, A. (2013). Multiculturalism and immigration in post-Soviet Russia. European Psychologist, 18, 169–78.Google Scholar
Lebedeva, N., Tatarko, A. & Berry, J. (2016). Intercultural relations in Russia and Latvia: The relationship between contact and cultural security. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 9(1), pp. 39–54. doi:10.11621/pir.2016.0103Google Scholar
Liebkind, K. (2001). Acculturation. In Brown, R. & Gaertner, S. (eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes (pp. 386–406). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Masgoret, A.-M., & Ward, C. (2006). The cultural learning approach to acculturation. In Sam, D. L. & Berry, J. W. (eds.), Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (pp. 58–77). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mena, J., Padilla, A. & Maldonado, M. (1987). Acculturative stress and specific coping strategies among immigrant and later generation college students. Hispanic Journal of Behavioural Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1177/07399863870092006Google Scholar
Mishra, R. C. & Berry, J. W. (2017). Ecology, culture and human development: Lessons for Adivasi education. New Delhi: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Mishra, R. C., Sinha, D. & Berry, J. W. (1996). Ecology, acculturation and psychological adaptation among Adivasi in India. Delhi: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Moghaddam, F. M. (1988). Individualistic and collective integration strategies among immigrants. In Berry, J. W. & Annis, R. C. (eds.), Ethnic psychology (pp. 69–79). Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger.Google Scholar
Moran, E. (2006). People and nature: An introduction to human ecological relations (3rd ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Navas, M., García, M. C., Sánchez, J., Rojas, A. J., Pumares, P. & Fernández, J. S. (2005). Relative acculturation extended model (RAEM). International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 21–37.Google Scholar
Nguyen, A.-M. & Benet-Martínez, V. (2013). Biculturalism and adjustment: A meta-analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 44(1), 122–59.Google Scholar
Oberg, K. (1960). Cultural shock: Adjustment to new cultural environments. Practical Anthropology, 7, 177-82.Google Scholar
Padilla, A. (1980) (ed.), Acculturation: Theory, models and some new findings. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Pruegger, V. (1993). Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal work values. PhD thesis, Queen’s University.Google Scholar
Redfield, R., Linton, R. & Herskovits, M. J. (1936). Memorandum on the study of acculturation. American Anthropologist, 38, 149–52.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, N., Myers, H. F., Mira, C. B., Flores, T., & Garcia-Hernandez, L. (2002). Development of the Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Inventory for adults of Mexican origin. Psychological Assessment, 14, 451–61.Google Scholar
Rudmin, F. W. (2009). Catalogue of acculturation constructs: Descriptions of 126 taxonomies, 1918–2003. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.9707/2307–0919.1074Google Scholar
Safdar, S., Choung, K., & Lewis, J. R. (2013).A review of the MIDA model and other contemporary acculturation models. In Tartakovsky, E. (ed.), Immigration: Policies, challenges and impact (pp. 213–30). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Sam, D. L. & Berry, J. W. (2013). Acculturation: When individuals and groups of different cultural backgrounds meet. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(4), 472–81.Google Scholar
Sam, D. L. & Berry, J. W. (eds.) (2006/2016). The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sands, E. & Berry, J. W. (1993). Acculturation and mental health among Greek-Canadians in Toronto. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 12, 117–24.Google Scholar
Schmitz, P. & Berry, J. W. (2009). Structure of acculturation attitudes and their relationships with personality and psychological adaptation: A study with immigrant and national samples in Germany. In K. Boehnke (ed.), Proceedings of IACCP Congress. www.iaccp.org/BremenGoogle Scholar
Schönpflug, U. (ed.) (2009). Cultural transmission: Developmental, psychological, social and methodological perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. & Unger, J. (2017). Oxford handbook of acculturation and health. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Searle, W. & Ward, C. (1990). The prediction of psychological and socio-cultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Inter-cultural Relations, 14, 449–64.Google Scholar
Segall, M. H., Dasen, P. R., Berry, J. W. & Poortinga, Y. H. (1990). Human behavior in global perspective: An introduction to cross-cultural psychology. New York: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Segall, M. H., Dasen, P. R., Berry, J. W. & Poortinga, Y. H. (1999). Human behavior in global perspective (2nd ed.) Boston: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar
Sinha, D. (1978). Story-pictorial E.F.T.: A culturally appropriate test of perceptual disembedding. Indian Journal of Psychology, 53(2), 160–71.Google Scholar
Snauwaert, B., Soenens, B., Vanbeselaere, N. & Boen, F. (2003). When integration does not necessarily imply integration. Different conceptualizations of acculturation orientations lead to different classifications. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 3, 231–9.Google Scholar
Social Science Research Council (USA) (1954). Acculturation: An exploratory formulation. American Anthropologist, 56, 973–1002.Google Scholar
Sommerlad, E. & Berry, J. W. (1970). The role of ethnic identification in distinguishing between attitudes towards assimilation and integration of a minority racial group. Human Relations, 23, 23–9.Google Scholar
Stephan, W., Renfro, C. L., Esses, V., Stephan, C. & Martin, T. (2005). The effects of feeling threatened on attitudes toward immigrants. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 1–19.Google Scholar
Super, C. & Harkness, S. (1986). The developmental niche: A conceptualisation at the interface of childhood and culture. International Journal of Behavioural Development, 9, 545–69.Google Scholar
Super, C. & Harkness, S. (1997). The cultural structuring of child development. Berry, J. W., Dasen, P. R. & Saraswathi, T. S. (eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, Vol. 2. Basic processes and human development (pp. 1–39). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar
Thurnwald, R. (1932). The psychology of acculturation. American Anthropologist, 34, 557–69.Google Scholar
Townsend, P. (2009). People and nature: An introduction to human ecological relations. Australian Journal of Anthropology, 20, 392–3.Google Scholar
Van de Vijver, F., Celenk, O. & Berry, J. W. (2016). Research design and assessment of acculturation. In Sam, D. L. & Berry, J. W. (eds.). Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (2nd ed.) (pp. 71–92). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Van de Vijver, F. J. R. & Leung, K. (1997). Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Van Oudenhoven, J. P. & Ward, C. (2013). Fading majority cultures: The implications of transnationalism and demographic changes for immigrant acculturation. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 23(2), 81–97.Google Scholar
Vayda, A. & Rappaport, R. (1968). Ecology: Cultural and non-cultural. In Clifton, J. (ed.), Introduction to cultural anthropology. (pp. 477–97). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Ward, C. (2001). The ABCs of acculturation. In Matsumoto, D. (ed.), The handbook of culture and psychology (pp. 411–45). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ward, C. (2008). Thinking outside the Berry boxes. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32, 114–23.Google Scholar
Ward, C., Bochner, S. & Furnham, A. (2001). The psychology of culture shock. Hove: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ward, C. & Masgoret, A.-M. (2008). Attitudes toward immigrants, immigration, and multiculturalism in New Zealand: A social psychological analysis. International Migration Review, 42, 227–48.Google Scholar
Weisner, T. (1984). A cross-cultural perspective: Ecocultural niches in middle childhood. In Collins, A. (ed.), The elementary school years (pp. 335–69). Washington, DC: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Whiting, B. B. & Whiting, J. W. (1975). Children of six cultures: A psychocultural analysis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, J., Ward, C., Velichko, H. & Bethel, R. (2017). Measuring cultural competencies: The development and validation of a revised measure of sociocultural adaptation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48, 1475–1506.Google Scholar
Yerkes, R., Bridges, J. W. & Hardwick, R. (1917). A point scale for measuring mental ability. Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, 14, 330–3.Google Scholar
Zheng, X. & Berry, J. W. (1991). Psychological adaptation of Chinese sojourners in Canada. International Journal of Psychology, 26, 451–70.Google Scholar
- 41
- Cited by