Emphasizing preparing for a range of different audiences, Chapter 17 opens by asking readers to think about who might respond particularly well to the demonstrations that they are developing. The chapter contrasts audiences in informal learning settings and elsewhere. For the former, it’s important to have a pitch that is friendly and enthusiastic, and to be clear that your activities are free for everyone. Strategies for increased inclusivity are suggested. Summarizing some guiding principles, the chapter returns to the strands of science learning in the context of knowing your goals; considering how given and new vary across people, and planning ahead are also emphasized. Concerning applied audiences such as teachers or lawyers or policy makers and academic audiences, the principle that incomplete is not incorrect is again stressed. With all kinds of audiences, practice is paramount. The Worked Example uses a demonstration with George Bernard Shaw’s "ghoti" spelling, adjusting the spin for several different audiences.

Mental models are the internal representations that guide interactions with the world. Mental models are experience based and they inform an individual’s understanding of what is going on, how things work, and how a situation is likely to evolve. This chapter provides two principles for supporting the development of robust mental models in trainees. The Mental Model Articulation Principle emphasizes building training experiences that encourage learners to verbalize aspects of their mental models to identify flaws and gaps. The Many Variations Principle highlights the value of providing learners with a range of experiences with the intent of expanding their mental models to support performance in diverse conditions.

This chapter discusses the four main reasons to measure outcomes: 1. measuring the change in outcomes tells you how you are doing with respect to providing health care; 2. with outcome data you can identify opportunities for learning and improvement; 3. outcome data give patients and their families critical information about what to expect when they seek care from you or your organization (or, if you work for a payer organization or employer, from the health care providers within your network); and 4. you have an ethical obligation to understand whether the care you provide is helping or harming.

Multilingualism played an important role in the development of Standard English, but previous generations of scholars downplayed the multilingual element in its history to the extent of ignoring late medieval institutional code-switching altogether. In the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, code-switched record-keeping was routine practice, from prestigious institutions to private individuals, although no history of English mentions it and very little of it is published. In this chapter, I firstly establish my claim that multilingualism led to Standard English by showing that Standard English is the descendant of coalesced supralocal Englishes that adopted both the written conventions of Anglo-Norman and much of its content-word stock when code-switching practices were reversed. What this means is that instead of a Medieval Latin grammatical matrix containing Anglo-Norman and English words, fifteenth century scribes switched to an English grammatical matrix containing code-switched Anglo-Norman and English words. Standard English was the eventual outcome of this reversal. I then track the “monolingual origin” story, still repeated in textbooks today – namely, the story that Standard English supposedly developed mainly from the dialect of the “East Midlands”, or “Central Midlands”, or “Chancery English”, or a mixture of the above, depending on the textbook. I show that the “monolingual origin” story goes back to the early 1870s and consider the reasons for why the monolingual-source explanation prevailed for so long.

Chapter 5 brings questions of musical time front and centre in order to explore and explicate the diverse temporal modes that co-exist in Schubert’s quartet movements. The static nature of the lyric mode is first considered via a reading of the Andante con moto from the Quartet in D, D94, which furnishes an example of the ways by which Schubert progressivises lyric time. The chapter then considers Schubert’s prominent amalgamation of sonata and variation impulses and its implications for the sense of time articulated by his music since the temporal perspective articulated by variation form is typically understood as being one of retrospection in contrast to the sonata. The role of variation as a technique of expansion is explored via the Quartet in G Minor, D173, and the chapter culminates in a reading of the late G-Major Quartet, D887. The analyses pursue two related ends: first, to analyse the movements’ formal syntax afresh by bringing their variational structures into dialogue with form-functional theory, and second, to demonstrate the role played by ambiguity and form-functional multiplicity in the movements’ generation of competing manifestations of musical time.

As Darwin recollects and writes his experience of teeming variety in the Brazilian rainforest, he conflates the roles of descrying natural historian and person of aesthetic sensibility. Thinking and feeling under the influence of eighteenth-century theories of the sublime and beautiful, Darwin writes his way into a dynamic that confounds object and subject and destabilizes the chronology of looking. Beginning with Darwin’s pretheoretical working through of the temporality of aesthetic experience, particularly the aesthetic experience of variety, this chapter illuminates the ways that Darwin’s theorization of variation, as a scene of distributed agency, was entangled with the processes of experiencing, reading and writing about variety—and impacted by the anticipation and reality of being read. The temporality of this multifaceted experience anticipates Darwin’s later conclusions about the place of anticipation itself in evolutionary processes that hinge on aesthetic phenomenology.

This chapter provides an outline of Mendelian and molecular genetics, with a particular emphasis on how DNA provides evidence of a single origin for all living things. It discusses the role of genetics in serial homology, and how that demonstrates genetic relatedness among vertebrates especially, and it shows how homologous HOX genes provide the head–tail orientation and body plan segmentation for animals as diverse as the house fly and human, and that we see this same pattern of segmentation as far back as the Cambrian. It also explains how the independent DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts provide evidence for a deep history of symbiosis between the host and parasite for both plants and animals. This chapter provides a support for later chapters reviewing principles of evolution and the evolutionary history of complex organisms.

The duration of all express trusts except charitable trusts is limited by the application of the rule against perpetuities. As explained in chapter 15, the rule does not impose a fixed time limit on the duration of a trust. In most cases, it imposes a limit (nowadays usually 80 years) beyond a which an interest arising under the trust cannot vest. In South Australia, the perpetuity rule has been abolished but a court may, upon application, vary the terms of a trust 80 or more years after the date of the instrument creating the trust so that any interests which have not yet vested vest immediately. There are no limits on the duration of a charitable trust beyond the practical limitation of the availability of trust money to be applied for the charity’s objects. If the original objects of the charity become impossible or impracticable to achieve, a cy-près scheme will be approved enabling the trust property to be applied for objects which are as close as possible to the original objects.

Chapter 7 deals with a longstanding controversy from both historical and theoretical linguistic perspectives. The chapter provides a description of Korean vowel harmony beginning with an overview of its historical and theoretical linguistic background. Middle Korean displays relatively rigorous patterns of vowel harmony; contemporary varieties show reduced but still complicated patterns that are confined to certain morphological contexts, as a result of historical changes. The description of Korean vowel harmony in this chapter is divided mainly into two parts: the relatively complete vowel harmony system in Middle Korean, and vowel harmony in contemporary (chiefly Seoul) Korean. The former provides an historical and typological overview of the productive MK patterns, while the latter focuses on the exceptions and variations of the remnant harmony patterns in ideophones and verbal inflections. The remainder of the chapter introduces a number of theoretical approaches, from early generative treatments to more recent Optimality Theoretic analyses.

In addition to time and place, which are inseparable from sociolinguistic variation, language may vary according to age, social class, sex or (social) gender, ethnicity, medium, style, and register. Contact between speakers often leads to change, and different patterns result according to whether this contact involves first-language (L1) or second language (L2) acquisition. Thus, ‘family tree’ aspects of language change are largely accounted for by transmission (involving L1 acquisition), whilst ‘wave model’ changes can be explained in terms of diffusion (involving L2 acquisition). Languages with a high degree of L2 contact will tend to simplify, whilst stable bilingualism or isolation will often lead to complexification. Contact may be interlinguistic or intralinguistic, sometimes resulting in complex linguistic repertoires, with up to four different levels existing simultaneously (national standard, regional standard, interdialectal koiné, local dialect). Contact may also result in code-switching, the emergence of contact vernaculars, and ‘language death’. The receptiveness of a variety to contact influence depends on the extent to which its social networks are open or closed and on the social attitudes of its speakers. Standard languages emerge through a variety of conscious and unconscious processes, and attempts may be made to give non-standard speech varieties a distinct linguistic identity through codification and the creation of literature.

Colobus monkeys are unique among the primates as they are primarily folivores and digest fibrous foods through foregut fermentation. Although they mainly eat leaves, they also consume seeds, fruits and grasses in some locales. They navigate a complex nutritional landscape as a result of the environments they are faced with. To understand their nutritional ecology we explore the foods that colobines eat, the nutrient compositions of their diets, how they select foods and their interactions with toxins.

Judgments in acceptability judgment tasks are not uniform – because of the conditions involved, but also because of additional variation across participants and across items. Some of the variation is meaningful, some is noise. This chapter discusses both types of variation and provides recommendations on how to deal with them. We show how some of the interspeaker variation stems from micro-differences between grammars. Statistical procedures like distribution analysis or cluster analysis help in detecting such variation. The same procedures can be used to identify variation across items. Further, we outline how to reduce variation across and within items. In particular, we recommend keeping length and complexity of sentences constant as well as the accessibility of NP-antecedents. The rest of the chapter deals with variation stemming from extralinguistic sources. Beside individual differences related to performance factors, e.g. working memory, we discuss methodological artifacts like scale effects and non-cooperative behavior.