Many groups are more vulnerable to violence than others, with children, some ethnic minorities and the elderly more at risk than others. In this section, these aspects of vulnerability are examined closely. Children exposed to violence are perhaps the group who suffer most, as the effects of abuse and harm can scar them for the rest of their lives. Their inability to resist makes the need for safeguarding paramount, but intervention often takes place late when the damage has been done. Older people and those with intellectual disability are similarly vulnerable and the chapters in this section offer sound advice on management. Black, Asian and other minority groups (BAME) deserve a separate chapter. They are both more vulnerable to violence and perceived as more likely to express violence, a perception that is often wrong and can have racist overtones. There is controversy over the causes of violence in this group, but the authors present a balanced view containing sound advice.

This chapter concentrates on the advice given to NHS workers in the NICE guideline of 2015 and subsequent related advice from the National Institute of Care and Clinical Excellence. In the interests of transparency, we give the principles that lie behind NICE guidance that have only recently been published. In the NICE guideline we placed great emphasis on the prevention of violence and the reduction of all forms of restrictive intervention, and the reasoning behind this is given. We point out the major impact of the environment in both facilitating prevention of violence and, sadly, all too often in over-crowded NHS settings, promoting it. Advance directives, although rarely used at present, are likely to become more relevant and need to be highlighted. Finally, we address the thorny issue of risk. In our guideline we could not give advice on sound evidence; the situation has not changed since, and the dynamic elements of a potentially violent episode are more important to attend to than even the best of written guidance.

Because violence can manifest anywhere, we all need to be prepared for its impact. The following four chapters describe the main settings outside standard psychiatric inpatient wards where violence is manifest in different ways and how the different environmental circumstances influence management.

In the community, potential victims are much less protected and, as far as is possible, de-escalation (defusion) of violence becomes the primary intervention.

The problem of violence in medical settings has sadly come to the fore in recent years because of an increase in episodes, and its management and prevention need to be developed further. Emergency departments are in the front line here, and paramedics and other ambulance staff are also vulnerable to assault. It is to be expected that when common policies of management are adopted, hospital settings will gain greatly.

The new chapter on forensic psychiatry and adult inpatient secure settings () offers readers an insight into the historical context behind the existence and development of forensic psychiatric services in England and Wales. Key pieces of legislation are outlined, as is a description of how forensic services are currently configured.

This section is concerned with the highly important subject of the interaction of violence with society as a whole. If we can improve the outcomes of children involved in violence, have good ways of linking programmes of treatment with societal understanding and can overcome the pain and anger of victims who have been exposed to violence, we will have moved a long way.

The evidence that those with mental illness are much more likely to be victims of violence than its perpetrators is repeated several times in this book, and we make no apology for this; it needs to be repeated over and over again until society understands.

Professionals working in health, social care and the justice system require a robust understanding of when to share confidential information; the information-sharing chapter (Chapter 18) has been expanded from the first edition and provides information on legislation and guidance to be considered when sharing information about patients and information sharing by organisations supporting victims of crimes committed by mentally disordered offenders. The chapter includes discussion of the new Victims’ Code and of liaison with victims.

This section sets the tone for the rest of this book. The management of the threat of violence is a highly individual matter that cannot be decided unilaterally by any official guidance. But all management requires a framework within which practitioners have to work, only going outside it under exceptional circumstances. In Chapter 1, Eric Baskind makes a bold attempt to bring all together with the suggestion of a common set of guidelines, as violence can show itself, often Medusa-like in its sudden venom, in every possible setting. So, it is wise to have a common policy of management. But we are not there yet, and Chapter 2 tells us exactly where we are at present in terms of legislation, a subject that changes often and which depends on the locality. This is an excellent aide-memoire to those who organise management programmes and need to ensure that they are both legal and justified.

The final two chapters add a more personal touch to the book. When there are so many directives, requirements, management advice and instructions around the subject of violence we must not forget that each episode represents a common universal experience, one in which many feelings are engendered, from deep hurt to anger. The staff exposed to violence need emotional and practical support too, and the initiatives in these concluding chapters show that these can be provided by many who are conventionally ‘outside the system’. Looking at a problem with completely fresh eyes can often be an enormous help. It offers a new sense of direction, better understanding and a more specifically personal impact that can help resolution. Together, these accounts end the book on a note of quiet optimism. Oh brave new world, that has such people in it – long may they thrive.

Chapters 6, 7 and 8 cover the use of medication and psychological treatments in the management of violence; the section concludes with a pragmatic chapter on the prevention and management of violence in inpatient settings. When there is a degree of violence that represents a threat to others, medication of some nature is often necessary. The use of medication is fraught with risks, especially when high dosages are considered necessary in difficult cases. Rapid tranquillisation is sometimes necessary and, although there has to be some flexibility in the use of such drugs, it is very important for all practitioners to be aware of the protocols for such management in the settings where they work. Not all protocols are the same, but they are wisely chosen and illustrate the importance of pharmacists’ advice, especially when many drugs have been or are currently being given simultaneously. Polypharmacy can be dangerous.