It is often assumed that consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for eco-labeled products in research settings is not because of a desire for environmental protection, but rather that they are socially compelled to make decisions that reflects favorably on them, limiting the validity of findings. Using a second-price Vickrey experimental auction, this study found higher WTP for an eco-labeled product than a comparable good, but that social desirability bias, measured by the Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale, was not a significant predictor of WTP. Instead, environmental consciousness, environmental knowledge, education, and available information were stronger predictors of WTP for eco-labeled goods.

The vortex of the twentieth century, the late 1930s and early to mid 1940s, provides an appropriate setting for Jennifer Egan's experiment in historical fiction. Many popular histories have glorified the bands of brothers and Rosie the Riveters of the so-called greatest generation. The best fiction and poetry of the 1940s offered a different, unflattering view. Journalists from that era—Martha Gellhorn, for one—said they needed fiction to get the history right (313). Literary treatments of the war focus on its incommunicability and on the crisis of meaning it inspired, but they have been vastly overshadowed by popular history books, documentaries, movies, and television shows that depend for their very production and distribution on an appeal to the fantasies that the contemporary war literature contradicts. In a decade when the idea of making America great again seems supercharged by notions of America when it was supposedly great, we can use some diving into the wreck.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Expanded Access is an avenue for patients with no available treatment options to access investigational drugs and devices for clinical therapy. This process requires physicians treating these patients to submit requests to the FDA and the local IRB, processes which are typically unfamiliar to clinicians. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: With the goal of reducing burden and ensuring access to investigational products, Michigan Medicine established the Expanded Access Oversight Committee in January 2015. This committee brought together key stakeholders to develop appropriate policy and infrastructure to support these requests. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Outcomes from this committee have resulted in a uniform process with a single point of entry for interested physicians and patients. With standardized policy implemented across the institution, a revised IRB application has been developed that is more tailored to Expanded Access and an informed consent document has been developed specific to the clinical use of investigational therapies. To ensure timely execution of these agreements, the contracts office has streamlined the process for negotiating Expanded Access agreements with manufacturing companies. Further development has begun with the Michigan Clinical Research Unit to provide space for clinical visits in Expanded Access cases, allowing for initiation of outpatient therapy. These changes have allowed Michigan Medicine to support triple the number of Expanded Access requests, including more than 45 Expanded Access requests in fiscal year 2018. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Institutional support for Expanded Access requests within a large academic medical center is feasible and can increase access to investigational therapies bfor patients.

Simplicity of construction and operation are advantages of iTMC (ionic transition metal complex) OLEDs compared with multi-layer OLED devices. Unfortunately, lifetimes do not compare favorably with the best multi-layer devices. We have previously shown for Ru(bpy)3(PF6)2 based iTMC OLEDs that electrical drive produces emission-quenching dimers of the active species. We report evidence here that a chemical process may also be implicated in degradation of devices based on Ir(ppy)2(dtb-bpy)PF6 albeit by a very different mechanism. It appears that degradation of operating devices made with this Ir-based complex is related to current-induced heating of the organic layer, resulting in loss of the dtb-bpy ligand. (The dtb-bpy ligand is labile compared with the cyclometallated ppy ligands.) Morphological changes observed in electrically driven Ir(ppy)2(dtb-bpy)PF6 OLEDs provide evidence of substantial heating during device operation. Evidence from UV-vis spectra in the presence of an electric field as well as MALDI-TOF mass spectra of the OLED materials before and after electrical drive add support for this model of the degradation process.

To assess the potentialities of Ph. vulgaris for haricot type bean production in Britain, a large collection of types was surveyed. One hundred varieties, mostly but not exclusively bush types, were grown both in the greenhouse and in the field. Characters of agronomic importance were evaluated. The morphological basis of the difference between the climbing and the bush habit was shown to be the interaction between two character contrasts, indeterminate versus determinate vegetative growth, and long versus short internodes. The four classes resulting from this interaction were identified and are described. Flowering habit, pod type and seed size were surveyed. Among the bush beans, wide variation in day length sensitivity in flowering was shown, and it is clear that day length neutral types can easily be selected. Among the determinate dwarfs, pods are either leathery or fleshy. Leathery types dry out readily, and do not dehisce freely in the field, and are therefore agronomically desirable in dry bean production. Fleshy pods are used for culinary purposes. The indeterminate bush types included in this survey have parchmented pods, which tend to dehisce when dry, and hence are subject to crop loss in the field. A wide range of seed size and seed colour is available for selection according to requirement. Two small variety trials yielded evidence that Colombian determinate bush types grow and crop satisfactorily within the limits of the growing season in eastern England. From two spacing trials, optimum within-row spacing was deduced.

A variational method involving minimization of the energy dissipation rate which was previously developed for transport in polymer systems is applied here to flow of a continuum solvent through a thin membrane. The membrane is represented by an array of spherical particles undergoing Brownian motion, subject to various interactions with one another and with the motion of the solvent. General upper bounds on the solvent permeability of the membrane are obtained in terms of equilibrium distribution functions, and applications of the method are illustrated for the case where membrane elements are confined to a plane. Calculations which treat all beads equivalently give permeability estimates whose dependence on the number n of beads per unit area of membrane has the form, at low n, \[ \kappa = (6\pi\eta n)^{-1}(1-\alpha n+\ldots), \] where η is the solvent viscosity and α is a constant. More-elaborate trials which allow the drag on a bead to be influenced by the distribution of other beads in the vicinity give the stronger bounding estimate \[ \kappa = (6\pi\eta n)^{-1}(1+\alpha^{\prime}n\ln n+\ldots). \] Comparison with a self-consistent field approach suggests that this logarithmic behaviour is the true first-order correction.