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Edited by Sarah Thomson, Anna Sagan, Elias Mossialos, London School of Economics and Political Science
Assisted by Jonathan North
Book: Private Health Insurance
Published online: 01 October 2020
Print publication: 01 October 2020, pp vii-viii
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Edited by Sarah Thomson, Anna Sagan, Elias Mossialos, London School of Economics and Political Science
Assisted by Jonathan North
Book: Private Health Insurance
Published online: 01 October 2020
Print publication: 01 October 2020, pp ix-x
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Boxes
Edited by Sarah Thomson, Anna Sagan, Elias Mossialos, London School of Economics and Political Science
Assisted by Jonathan North
Book: Private Health Insurance
Published online: 01 October 2020
Print publication: 01 October 2020, pp xiii-xiii
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Index
Edited by Sarah Thomson, Anna Sagan, Elias Mossialos, London School of Economics and Political Science
Assisted by Jonathan North
Book: Private Health Insurance
Published online: 01 October 2020
Print publication: 01 October 2020, pp 552-574
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1 - Why private health insurance?

By Sarah Thomson, Anna Sagan, Elias Mossialos

Edited by Sarah Thomson, Anna Sagan, Elias Mossialos, London School of Economics and Political Science
Assisted by Jonathan North
Book: Private Health Insurance
Published online: 01 October 2020
Print publication: 01 October 2020, pp 1-40
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Summary

Private health insurance makes a small contribution to spending on health in most countries around the world, but its effect on health system performance can be surprisingly large owing to market failures and weaknesses in public policy. Because private health insurance can have a disproportionate impact, leading to risk segmentation, inequality and inefficiency, it should be considered and monitored with care.

Acknowledgements
Edited by Sarah Thomson, Anna Sagan, Elias Mossialos, London School of Economics and Political Science
Assisted by Jonathan North
Book: Private Health Insurance
Published online: 01 October 2020
Print publication: 01 October 2020, pp xiv-xiv
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Edited by Sarah Thomson, Anna Sagan, Elias Mossialos, London School of Economics and Political Science
Assisted by Jonathan North
Book: Private Health Insurance
Published online: 01 October 2020
Print publication: 01 October 2020, pp xi-xii
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Private Health Insurance
History, Politics and Performance
Edited by Sarah Thomson, Anna Sagan, Elias Mossialos
Assisted by Jonathan North
Published online: 01 October 2020
Print publication: 01 October 2020
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Can private health insurance fill gaps in publicly financed coverage? Does it enhance access to health care or improve efficiency in health service delivery? Will it provide fiscal relief for governments struggling to raise public revenue for health? This book examines the successes, failures and challenges of private health insurance globally through country case studies written by leading national experts. Each case study considers the role of history and politics in shaping private health insurance and determining its impact on health system performance. Despite great diversity in the size and functioning of markets for private health insurance, the book identifies clear patterns across countries, drawing out valuable lessons for policymakers while showing how history and politics have proved a persistent barrier to effective public policy. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Contributors
Edited by Sarah Thomson, Anna Sagan, Elias Mossialos, London School of Economics and Political Science
Assisted by Jonathan North
Book: Private Health Insurance
Published online: 01 October 2020
Print publication: 01 October 2020, pp xv-xviii
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Assessment of technical errors and validation processes in economic models submitted by the company for NICE technology appraisals
Demi Radeva, Gareth Hopkin, Elias Mossialos, John Borrill, Leeza Osipenko, Huseyin Naci
Journal: International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 36 / Issue 4 / August 2020
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 July 2020, pp. 311-316
Print publication: August 2020
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Background
Economic models play a central role in the decision-making process of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Inadequate validation methods allow for errors to be included in economic models. These errors may alter the final recommendations and have a significant impact on outcomes for stakeholders.

Objective
To describe the patterns of technical errors found in NICE submissions and to provide an insight into the validation exercises carried out by the companies prior to submission.

Methods
All forty-one single technology appraisals (STAs) completed in 2017 by NICE were reviewed and all were on medicines. The frequency of errors and information on their type, magnitude, and impact was extracted from publicly available NICE documentation along with the details of model validation methods used.

Results
Two STAs (5 percent) had no reported errors, nineteen (46 percent) had between one and four errors, sixteen (39 percent) had between five and nine errors, and four (10 percent) had more than ten errors. The most common errors were transcription errors (29 percent), logic errors (29 percent), and computational errors (25 percent). All STAs went through at least one type of validation. Moreover, errors that were notable enough were reported in the final appraisal document (FAD) in eight (20 percent) of the STAs assessed but each of these eight STAs received positive recommendations.

Conclusions
Technical errors are common in the economic models submitted to NICE. Some errors were considered important enough to be reported in the FAD. Improvements are needed in the model development process to ensure technical errors are kept to a minimum.

NICE's evaluations of medicines authorized by EMA with conditional marketing authorization or under exceptional circumstances
Pilar Pinilla-Dominguez, Huseyin Naci, Leeza Osipenko, Elias Mossialos
Journal: International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 36 / Issue 4 / August 2020
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 June 2020, pp. 426-433
Print publication: August 2020
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Objectives
To investigate the impact of the uncertainty stemming from products with European conditional marketing authorization (CMA) or authorization in exceptional circumstances (AEC) on the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence's (NICE) recommendations.

Methods
Products which received CMA/AEC by European Medicines Agency (EMA) up to 1 December 2016 were identified and matched with corresponding NICE decisions issued by August 2017, the status of which was then traced to August 2019. We assessed whether the conversion of CMA to full marketing authorization triggered a review of a NICE decision. The odds of a recommendation carrying a commercial arrangement for products with and without CMA/AEC were calculated.

Results
Fifty-four products were granted CMA/AEC by EMA. NICE conducted thirty evaluations of products with CMA/AEC. Twelve products were recommended by NICE by August 2017 and fourteen by August 2019. All recommendations had an associated commercial arrangement. The odds of carrying a commercial arrangement were higher for products with CMA/AEC compared to those with full authorization. Conversions from conditional to full authorization among products not recommended by NICE did not trigger an appraisal review.

Conclusions
Uncertainty, stemming from the lack of robust clinical data of products authorized with CMA/AEC, has a substantial impact on HTA recommendations, frequently requiring risk mitigation mechanisms such as commercial and data collection arrangements. Further analyses should be conducted to assess whether the benefits of early access strategies outweigh the risks for patients and the healthcare system.

1 - Introduction

By Michael Anderson, Anuja Chatterjee, Charles Clift, Elias Mossialos

Edited by Michael Anderson, London School of Economics and Political Science, Michele Cecchini, Elias Mossialos, London School of Economics and Political Science
Assisted by Jonathan North
Book: Challenges to Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance
Published online: 21 March 2020
Print publication: 23 April 2020, pp 1-22
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Summary

This introduction outlines the scope of the book titled “Challenges in Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance: Economic and Policy Responses”, and then summarises the main messages of each chapter which focus on the following big questions around AMR policy. What is the evidence on the rise of AMR and its health and economic impact? How can it be most effectively addressed in the community and in hospitals? What role is played by antimicrobial use in the food and livestock sector and what can be done about it? How can the discovery of new antibiotics be reinvigorated to replace those rendered ineffective by resistance? What needs to be done to develop new diagnostic tests so that infections can be speedily identified or ruled out and unnecessary antibiotic use avoided? Can more use be made of vaccines to tackle AMR? How have civil society movements contributed to policy development in the fight against AMR? What does the international community need to do in terms of global collective action to tackle AMR?

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Edited by Michael Anderson, London School of Economics and Political Science, Michele Cecchini, Elias Mossialos, London School of Economics and Political Science
Assisted by Jonathan North
Book: Challenges to Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance
Published online: 21 March 2020
Print publication: 23 April 2020, pp xi-xii
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Edited by Michael Anderson, London School of Economics and Political Science, Michele Cecchini, Elias Mossialos, London School of Economics and Political Science
Assisted by Jonathan North
Book: Challenges to Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance
Published online: 21 March 2020
Print publication: 23 April 2020, pp xv-xviii
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Foreword
Edited by Michael Anderson, London School of Economics and Political Science, Michele Cecchini, Elias Mossialos, London School of Economics and Political Science
Assisted by Jonathan North
Book: Challenges to Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance
Published online: 21 March 2020
Print publication: 23 April 2020, pp ix-ix
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Acknowledgements
Edited by Michael Anderson, London School of Economics and Political Science, Michele Cecchini, Elias Mossialos, London School of Economics and Political Science
Assisted by Jonathan North
Book: Challenges to Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance
Published online: 21 March 2020
Print publication: 23 April 2020, pp x-x
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Index
Edited by Michael Anderson, London School of Economics and Political Science, Michele Cecchini, Elias Mossialos, London School of Economics and Political Science
Assisted by Jonathan North
Book: Challenges to Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance
Published online: 21 March 2020
Print publication: 23 April 2020, pp 241-250
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Additional material
Edited by Michael Anderson, London School of Economics and Political Science, Michele Cecchini, Elias Mossialos, London School of Economics and Political Science
Assisted by Jonathan North
Book: Challenges to Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance
Published online: 21 March 2020
Print publication: 23 April 2020, pp v-v
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Contents
Edited by Michael Anderson, London School of Economics and Political Science, Michele Cecchini, Elias Mossialos, London School of Economics and Political Science
Assisted by Jonathan North
Book: Challenges to Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance
Published online: 21 March 2020
Print publication: 23 April 2020, pp vii-viii
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- Export citation

Boxes
Edited by Michael Anderson, London School of Economics and Political Science, Michele Cecchini, Elias Mossialos, London School of Economics and Political Science
Assisted by Jonathan North
Book: Challenges to Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance
Published online: 21 March 2020
Print publication: 23 April 2020, pp xiv-xiv
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Contents

Figures

Boxes

Index

1 - Why private health insurance?

Summary

Acknowledgements

Tables

Private Health Insurance

Contributors

Assessment of technical errors and validation processes in economic models submitted by the company for NICE technology appraisals

NICE's evaluations of medicines authorized by EMA with conditional marketing authorization or under exceptional circumstances

1 - Introduction

Summary

Figures

Abbreviations

Foreword

Acknowledgements

Index

Additional material

Contents

Boxes

Search Results

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73 results

Summary

Summary