Dolphins exhibit both action-level imitation (ALI) and
program-level imitation (PLI). Dolphins may use ALI primarily
for social cohesion, whereas PLI seems more likely to occur in
goal-directed, problem-solving contexts. Both PLI and insightful
problem solving require a recognition of the functional relations
between actions and outcomes. Insightful problem solving, however,
involves the creation of a program in the absence of a model, and
therefore requires a higher order appreciation and application of
the relations between actions and outcomes.