Acemoglu, D., and Robinson, J. (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty. Crown Business, New York.Google Scholar

Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, J. A., and Yared, P. (2008). Income and democracy. American Economic Review, 98(3), 808–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

ActionAid (2009). Implications of biofuels production on food security in Tanzania. Report, Dar-es-Salaam: ActionAid International Tanzania.Google Scholar

Adam, C. S., and O’Connell, S. A. (1999). Aid, taxation and development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Economics and Politics, 11, 225–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adepoju, A. (ed.). (1993). The Impact of Structural Adjustment on the Population of Africa. Heinemann, London.Google Scholar

AfDB (African Development Bank) (2015). Renewable Energy in Africa: Tanzania Country Profile. Retrieved from: www.Afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Chapteruments/Generic-Chapteruments/Renewable_Energy_in_Africa_-_Tanzania.pdf (Accessed: 1 February 2018).Google Scholar

AfriMAp (2015). Effectiveness of Anti-Corruption Agencies in East Africa. Open Society Foundations, New York.Google Scholar

Afrobarometer (2017, December 6). AD178: In Tanzania, anti-corruption efforts seen as paying dividends, need citizen engagement. Afrobarometer Dispatch No. 178.Google Scholar

Ahlborg, H., and Hammar, L. (2014). Drivers and barriers to rural electrification in Tanzania and Mozambique: Grid-extension, off-grid, and renewable energy technologies. Renewable Energy, 61, 117–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ahlborg, H., and Sjöstedt, M. (2015). Small-scale hydropower in Africa: Socio-technical designs for renewable energy in Tanzanian villages. Energy Research and Social Science, 5, 20–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alden-Wily, L. (2003). Community-based land tenure management: Questions and answers About Tanzania’s new Village Land Act, 1999. IIED Issues Paper 120, International Institute for Environment and Development, London.Google Scholar

Ali, D. A., Collin, M., Deininger, K., Dercon, S., Sandefur, J., and Zeitlin, A. (2016). Small price incentives increase women’s access to land titles in Tanzania. Journal of Development Economics, 123, 107–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ali, D. A., Deininger, K., and Duponchel, M. (2017). New ways to assess and enhance land registry sustainability: Evidence from Rwanda. World Development, 99, 377–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ali, D. A., Deininger, K., and Goldstein, M. (2014). Environmental and gender impacts of land tenure regularization in Africa: Pilot evidence from Rwanda. Journal of Development Economics, 110, 262–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ali, D. A., Deininger, K. W., and Harris, C. A. P. (2019). Does large farm establishment create benefits for neighboring smallholders? Evidence from Ethiopia. Land Economics, 95(1), 71–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alstone, P., Gershenson, D., and Kammen, D. M. (2015). Decentralized energy systems for clean electricity access. Nature Climate Change, 5(4), 305–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aminzade, R. (2014). Race, Nation and Citizenship in Post-Colonial Africa: The Case of Tanzania. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar

Amsden, A. (1989). Asia’s Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialisation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar

Andreoni, A. (2017). Anti-corruption in Tanzania: A Political Settlements Analysis. Anti-Corruption Evidence, University of London.Google Scholar

Andreoni, A., Mushi, D., and Therkildsen, O. (2020). The political economy of scarcity in East Africa: A case study of sugar production, smuggling and trade in Tanzania. ACE Working Paper, 31.Google Scholar

Arndt, C., Leyaro, V., Mahrt, K., and Tarp, F. (2017b). Growth and poverty: A pragmatic assessment and future prospects, in Tanzania. In Adam, C., Collier, P., and Ndulu, B. (eds.), The Path to Prosperity, p. 190. Oxford University Press, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arndt, C., Mahrt, K., and Schimanski, C. (2017a). On poverty–growth elasticity. Working Paper 2017/149. UNU-WIDER, Helsinki.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Askew, K., Maganga, F., and Odgaard, R. (2017). Dispossession through formalization: The plight of pastoralists in Tanzania. Paper prepared for presentation at the 2017 World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, World Bank, Washington, D.C., 20–24 March 2017.Google Scholar

Atkinson, A. B. (2011) Evidence on top incomes in Tanzania 1948–1970. Working Paper, 11/0070. International Growth Centre, London.Google Scholar

Atkinson, A. B., and Lugo, M. (2014). Growth, poverty and distribution in Tanzania. Working Paper 10/0831. International Growth Centre, London.Google Scholar

Ayee, J. R. A. (2005). Public sector management in Africa. Economic Research Working Paper No. 82. Africa Development Bank, Legon.Google Scholar

Babeya, E. (2011). Electoral corruption and the politics of elections financing in Tanzania. Journal of Politics and Law, 4(2), 91–103.Google Scholar

Bacon, R. (1999). A Scorecard for Energy Reform in Developing Countries. Public Policy for the Private Sector, World Bank, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

Bahl, R., and Martinez-Vazquez, J. (2008). The property tax in developing countries: Current practices and prospects. In Making the Property Tax Work: Experiences in Developing and Transitional Countries. Lincoln Institute, Kentucky, USA.Google Scholar

Baland, J. M., Bourguignon, F., Platteau, J. P., and Verdier, T. (2020). Handbook of Institutions and Development. Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bank of Tanzania (2011). Tanzania Mainland’s 50 Years of Independence: The Role and Functions of the Bank of Tanzania. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Bank of Tanzania (2017, August). Monthly Economic Review. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Bank of Tanzania (BOT) (1982). Tanzania: Twenty Years of Independence (1961–1981). A Review of Political and Economic Performance. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Barker, C. E., Bhagavan, M. R., Mitschke-Collande, P. V., and Wield, D. V. (1986). African Industrialisation: Technology and Change in Tanzania. Gower Publishing Co.Google Scholar

Barker, J. S., and Saul, J. S. (1974). The Tanzania Elections in Post-Arusha Perspective, in Socialism and Participation: Tanzania’s 1970 Elections. Tanzania Publishing House Ltd, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Barrett, A. M., Mtana, N., Osaki, K., and Rubagumya, C. (2014). Language Supportive Teaching and Textbooks in Tanzania: A Baseline Study Report. Mimeo Ministry of Education, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Barro, R. J., and Lee, J. W. (2013). A new data set of educational attainment in the world, 1950–2010. Journal of Development Economics, 104, 184–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baynes, C. (2018, November 6). EU recalls ambassador to Tanzania over ‘deterioration of human rights’ amid crackdown on gay people. The Independent. Retrieved from: www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/tanzania-anti-gay-crackdown-arrests-eu-recalls-ambassador-dar-es-salaam-a8620546.htmlGoogle Scholar

BBC (2018, July 11). Tanzania research group threatened over Magufuli survey. The East African. Retrieved from: www.Theeastafrican.Co.Ke/news/ea/Tanzania-research-group-threatened-over-Magufuli-survey/4552908-4657646-mynsnjz/index.html.Google Scholar

Belghith, N. B. H., Lopera, M. A., Ndip, A. E., and Karamba, W. (2018). Analysis of the mismatch between Tanzania Household Budget Survey and National Panel Survey Data in poverty and inequality levels and trends. Poverty and Equity Global Practice Working Paper 145. The World Bank, Washington, D.C.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benin, S. (2016). Agricultural Productivity in Africa: Trends, Patterns, and Determinants. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington.Google Scholar

Bertho, F. (2013). Présentation de la Base de Données “Institutional Profiles Database 2012”. Les Cahiers de la DG Trésor – n° 2013-03 – Juillet 2013.Google Scholar

Besley, T., and Persson, T. (2013). Taxation and development. In Auerbach, A. J., Chetty, R., Feldstein, M., and Saez, E. (eds.), Handbook of Public Economics (5). Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar

Bevan, D., Collier, P., and Gunning, J. W. (1990). Controlled Open Economies: A Neoclassical Approach to Structuralism. Oxford University Press (Clarendon), Oxford.Google Scholar

Bhatt, V. V., and Kim, H. (2000). Japanese civil service system: Relevance for developing countries. Economic and Political Weekly, 35(23), 1937–43.Google Scholar

Bienen, H. (1970). One-party systems in Africa. In Huntington, Samuel P., and Moore, Cement H. (eds.), Authoritarian Politics in Modern Society. The Dynamics of Established One-Party Systems. Basic Books, New York.Google Scholar

Bigsten, A., and Danielsson, A. (1999). Is Tanzania an Emerging Economy? A Report for the OECD Project “Emerging Africa”. Department of Economics at Lund University and Department of Economics at Goteborg University, Sweden.Google Scholar

Bigsten, A., and Danielson, A. (2001). Is the Ugly Duckling Finally Growing Up? Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala.Google Scholar

Blaauw, D., Ditlopo, P., Maseko, F., Chirwa, M., Mwisongo, A., Bidwell, P., et al. (2013). Comparing the job satisfaction and intention to leave of different categories of health workers in Tanzania, Malawi, and South Africa. Global Health Action, 6(1), 19287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Boadway, R., and Shah, A. (2009). Fiscal Federalism. Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boex, J., and Muga, M. C. (2009). What determines the quality of local financial management? The case of Tanzania. IDG Working Paper No. 2009–02, Urban Institute Centre, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

Boudreaux, K. (2012). An assessment of concerns related to land tenure in the SAGCOT region. Unpublished Report for USAID Tanzania.Google Scholar

Bourguignon, F. and Platteau, J. P. (2023). Institutional Challenges at the Early Stages of Development: Lessons from a Multi-Country Study. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bryceson, D. F. (1993) Liberalizing Tanzania’s Food Trade. James Currey, London.Google Scholar

Carrington, D. (2011). UK firm’s failed biofuel dream wrecks lives of Tanzania villagers. The Guardian. Retrieved from: www.Theguardian.com/environment/2011/oct/30/africa-poor-west-biofuel-betrayalGoogle Scholar

Carrington, D., Paul, J., Maurayi, T., and Sprenger, R. (2011). Sun Biofuels have left us in a helpless situation: They have taken our land. The Guardian. Retrieved from: www.guardian.co.uk/environment/video/2011/nov/09/biofuel-tanzania-video (Accessed: 16 August 2018).Google Scholar

Catterson, J., and Lindahl, C. (1999). The Sustainability Enigma: Aid dependency and the phasing out of projects, the case of Swedish aid to Tanzania. Expert Group on Development Issues.Google Scholar

Chande, J. K. (2005). A Knight in Africa: Journey from Bukene. Penumbra Press.Google Scholar

Chandra, V., Kacker, P., and Li, Y. (2008). Fostering growth, export competitiveness and employment. In Utz, R. J. (ed.), Sustaining and Sharing Economic Growth in Tanzania. World Bank Publications.Google Scholar

Chavent, M., Kuentz, V., Liquet, B., and Saracco, L. (2011). ClustOfVar: An R package for the clustering of variables. Journal of Statistical Software, 50(13).Google Scholar

Chazan, N., Lewis, P., Mortimer, J., Rothchild, D., and Stedman, S. J. (eds.). (1999). Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa. 3rd edition, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, CO.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheeseman, N., Matfess, H., and Amani, A. (2021). Tanzania: The roots of repression. Journal of Democracy, 32(2), 77–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clark, R. E. (1998). Motivating performance: Part 1 – Diagnosing and solving motivation problems. Performance Improvement, 37(8), 39–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cliffe, L., and Cunningham, G. L. (1973). Ideology, organisation and the settlement experience in Tanzania. In Cliffe, J. S., and Saul, L. (eds.), Socialism in Tanzania 2. East African Publishing House, Nairobi.Google Scholar

Collier, P., and Wangwe, S. (1986). Labour and Rural Poverty in Tanzania, Collier, P., Radwan, S., and Wangwe S. (eds.). Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Collins, P. (1974). Decentralization and local administration for development in Tanzania. Africa Today, 21(3), 15–25.Google Scholar

Cooksey, B. (2013). Public goods, rents and business in Tanzania. Background paper 1, Africa Power and Politics Programme, Overseas Development Institute, London.Google Scholar

Cooksey, B. (2017). IPTL, Richmond and “Escrow”: The Price of Private Power Procurement in Tanzania. Africa Research Institute, London.Google Scholar

Cooksey, B., and Kelsall, T. (2011). The political economy of the investment climate in Tanzania. Africa Power and Politics Series No.1, Overseas Development Institute, London.Google Scholar

Coulson, A. (1978). Agricultural policies in mainland Tanzania. Review of Africa Political Economy, 10, 74–160.Google Scholar

Coulson, A. (1982). Tanzania: A Political Economy. Oxford University Press, London.Google Scholar

Coulson, A. (2013). Tanzania: A Political Economy. Oxford University Press, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coulson, A. (2015). ‘Small’ or ‘Large’ Farm: Which Way for Tanzania, Lucian, A. Msambichaka, J. K. M., Selejio, O., and Mashindano, O. J. (eds.). Dar es Salaam University Press, Dar es Salaam.Google ScholarPubMed

Coulson, A. (ed.). (1979). African Socialism in Practice. Spokesman, Nottingham.Google Scholar

Court of Appeal of Tanzania. (1985, June 21). National Agricultural and Food Corporation vs Mulbadaw Village. TLR 88 (TZCA).Google Scholar

Daily News (2018, January 6). Dar es Salaam. Tanzania.Google Scholar

Daima Associates Limited Development Consultants and Policy Analysts and the Overseas Development Institute, Joint Evaluation of General Budget Support Tanzania 1995–2004 (2005, April). Revised final report: Report to the Government of Tanzania and the Poverty Reduction Budget Support (PRBS). Development Partners Tanzania.Google Scholar

Dal Bo, E., and Finan, F. (2020). At the Intersection: A Review of Institutions in Economic Development, in Baland et al. (Eds.), The Handbook of Institutions and Development, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

De, C., and Prud’homme, R. (1994). On the dangers of decentralization. Policy Research Working Paper Series.Google Scholar

de Janvry, A., Emerick, K., Gonzalez-Navarro, M., and Sadoulet, E. (2015). Delinking land rights from land use: Certification and migration in Mexico. American Economic Review, 105(10), 3125–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

de Janvry, A., Gonzalez-Navarro, M., and Sadoulet, E. (2014). Are land reforms granting complete property rights politically risky? Electoral outcomes of Mexico’s certification program. Journal of Development Economics, 110, 216–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Mello, L. (2011). Does fiscal decentralization strengthen social capital? Cross-country evidence and the experience of Brazil and Indonesia. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 29, 281–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Deaton, A. (2013). The Great Escape: Health, Wealth, and the Origins of Inequality. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar

Deininger, K., Lavadenz, I., Bresciani, F., and Diaz, M. (2002). Mexico’s second agrarian reform: Impact on factor markets and household welfare. Discussion Paper. World Bank, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

Deininger, K., Selod, H., and Burns, A. (2012). The Land Governance Assessment Framework: Identifying and Monitoring Good Practice in the Land Sector. World Bank, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

Dixit, A. (2016). Anti-Corruption Institutions: Some History and Theory. Revision of a paper presented at the International Economic Association Roundtable on Governance Institutions and Corruption, Montevideo, Uruguay. Retrieved from: www.Princeton.Edu/~dixitak/home/IEAConf_Dixit_Rev.pdfGoogle Scholar

Dixit, A. (2017). Fighting Corruption by Altering Equilibrium in an Assurance Game, Preliminary draft. Retrieved from: www.Princeton.Edu/~dixitak/home/AssurAntiCorr.pdfGoogle Scholar

Easterly, W. (2006). The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest have Done so Much Ill and so Little Good. The Penguin Press, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eaton, K., Kaiser, K., and Smoke, P. (2010). The Political Economy of Decentralization Reforms: Implications for Aid Effectiveness. World Bank, Washington D.C.Google Scholar

Eberhard, A., and Godhino, C. (2017, February). A review and exploration of the status, context and political economy of power sector reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Latin America. MIR Working Paper. Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town.Google Scholar

Eberhard, A., Gratwick, K., Morella, E., and Antmann, P. (2016). Independent power projects in Sub-Saharan Africa: Investment trends and policy lessons. Energy Policy, 108 (2017), 390–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Economic and Social Research Foundation (2016). Education foundations of the development of skills and productive capabilities. THDR 2017: Background Paper No. 10, ESRF Discussion Paper 71, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Google Scholar

Edwards, S. (2012). Is Tanzania a success story? A long-term analysis. Working Paper 17764. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Edwards, S. (2014). Toxic Aid: Economic Collapse and Recovery in Tanzania. Oxford University Press, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eichengreen, B. (2008). The real exchange rate and economic growth. Working Paper 4. Commission on Growth and Development. World Bank, Washington D.C.Google Scholar

Estache, A. (2017a). Successes and failures of water and sanitation governance choices in Sub-Saharan Africa (1990–2017). ECARES Working Paper, 2017–32. Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels.Google Scholar

Estache, A. (2017b). Institutions for infrastructure in developing countries: What we know and the lot we still need to know. In Bourguignon, F., et al. (eds.), (forthcoming). Frontiers in Development Economics. OUP. Retrieved from: https://ideas.Repec.org/p/eca/wpaper/2013-230527.Html (Accessed: 1 February 2018).Google Scholar

Estache, A., and Wren-Lewis, L. (2009). Toward a theory of regulation for developing countries: Following Jean-Jacques Laffont’s lead. Journal of Economic Literature, 47(3, September), 729–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Estache, A., and Wren-Lewis, L. (2010). Regulation in developing economics: A survey of theory and evidence. In Baldwin, R., Cave, M., and Lodge, M. (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Regulation, pp. 371–406. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar

Evans, P. (1995). Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ewald, J., and Mhamba, R. (2019). Recentralization: Interrogating the state of local democracy, good governance and development in Tanzania. Swedish International Centre for Democracy, Research Report No. 13.Google Scholar

Faguet, J. (2004). Does decentralization increase government responsiveness to local needs?: Evidence from Bolivia. Journal of Public Economics, 88(3–4), 867–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Falleti, T. G. (2005). A sequential theory of decentralization: Latin American cases in comparative perspective. American Political Science Review, 99(3), 327–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Farole, T. (2011). Special Economic Zones in Africa: Comparing Performance and Learning from Global Experiences. World Bank Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Faustino, J., and Booth, D. (2014). Development entrepreneurship: How donors and leaders can foster institutional change. Working Politically in Practice Series. Overseas Development Institute, London.Google Scholar

Fischer, P. (2005). Rent-seeking, institutions and reforms in Africa: Theory and empirical evidence from Tanzania. PhD thesis submitted to the University of Konstanz, Germany.Google Scholar

Fjeldstad, O. H. (2001). Fiscal decentralization in Tanzania: For better or for worse?, CMI Working Papers WP 2001:10. Chr. Michelsen Institute, Bergen.Google Scholar

Fjeldstad, O. H. (2003). Fighting fiscal corruption: Lessons from the Tanzania Revenue Authority. Journal Public Administration and Development. The International Journal of Management Research and Practice, 23(2), 165–75.Google Scholar

Fjeldstad, O. H. (2004). What’s trust got to do with it? Non-payment of service charges in local authorities in South Africa. Journal of Modern African Studies, 42(4), 539–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fjeldstad, O. H. (2006). Local revenue mobilization in urban settings in Africa. In Millet, K., Olowu, D., and Cameron, R. (eds.), Local Governance and Poverty Reduction in Africa, pp. 105–26. Joint Africa Institute, Tunis.Google Scholar

Fjeldstad, O. H. (2014). Tax and development: Donor support to strengthen tax systems in developing countries. Public Administration and Development, 34(3), 182–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fjeldstad, O. H. (2015). When the terrain does not fit the map: Local government taxation in Africa. Journal Perspectives on politics, production and public administration in Africa. In Kjær, A. M., Pedersen, L. E., and Buur, L. (eds.), Perspectives on Politics, Production and Public Administration in Africa. Essays in honour of Ole Therkildsen. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.Google Scholar

Fjeldstad, O. H., and Kater, L. (2017). Theory and practice of decentralization by devolution: Lessons from a research programme in Tanzania (2002–2013). In Mmari, D., and Wangwe, S. (eds.), Perspectives from Twenty Years of Policy Research in Tanzania. Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Fjeldstad, O. H., and Semboja, J. (2011). Dilemmas of fiscal decentralization: A study of local government taxation in Tanzania. Forum for Development Studies, 27(1), 205–14.Google Scholar

Fjeldstad, O. H., Ali, M., and Goodfellow, T. (2017). Taxing the urban boom: Property taxation in Africa. CMI Insight 1: 2017 (March). Chr. Michelsen Institute, Bergen.Google Scholar

Fjeldstad, O. H., Ali, M., and Katera, L. (2019). Policy implementation under stress: Central-local government relations in property tax administration in Tanzania. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction, 24(2).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fjeldstad, O. H., Katera, L., and Ngalewa, E. (2008). Outsourcing revenue collection: Experiences from local government authorities in Tanzania. REPOA Brief. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Google Scholar

Fjeldstad, O. H., Katera, L., and Ngalewa, E. (2010). Local government finances and financial management in Tanzania: empirical evidence of trends 2000–2007. REPOA Special Paper No. 10–2010. Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Fjeldstad, O. H., Ngalewa, E., and Katera, L. (2008). Citizens demand tougher action on corruption in Tanzania. Research on Poverty Alleviation, 11. Dar el Salaam, Tanzania.Google Scholar

Food and Agriculture Organization (2002). Land Tenure Studies: Land Tenure and Rural Development. Rome.Google Scholar

Fouéré, M. A. (2015). Indians are exploiters and Africans idlers! The production of racial categories and socio-economic issues in Tanzania. In Adam, M. (ed.), Indian Africa. Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Fukuyama, F. (2005). State-Building: Governance and World Order in the Twenty-First Century. Profile Books, London.Google Scholar

Furukawa, M. (2014). Management of the international development aid system and the creation of political space for China: The case of Tanzania. Working Paper No 82. JICA Research Institute.Google Scholar

Gaddis, I., Morisset, J., and Wane, W. (2013). Law and order: Countering the threat of crime in Tanzania. Retrieved from: http://blogs.Worldbank.org/africacan/law-and-order-countering-the-threat-of-crime-in-tanzania (Accessed: 6 November 2017).Google Scholar

Ganimian, A. and Murnane, R. (2017). Improving Education in Developing Countries: Lessons From Rigorous Impact Evaluations, Review of Educational Research, 86(3), 719–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gastorn, K. (2003). Scheme of regularisation of land rights. Old package in a new approach?. Paper prepared to commemorate 60th birthday anniversary of Prof. Gamaliel Mgonga Fimbo PhD on 8 August 2003, Faculty of Law, University of Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Gastorn, K. (2009). The dynamics and continuity in land dispute mechanisms in mainland Tanzania: The jurisdictional debate, 583–584. Paper presented at the Workshop on Land Governance in Support of MDGs: Responding to New Challenges, Washington, D.C., 9–10 March 2009.Google Scholar

Geddes, B. (1994). Politician’s Dilemma: Building State Capacity in Latin America. University of California Press, Berkeley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geir, S. (2005). The 1999 Land Act and Village Land Act: A technical analysis of the practical implications of the Acts. In Report of the Symposium on the Implementation of the 1999 Land Acts, Courtyard Hotel. Dar es Salaam, 1 and 2 March 2005. Organised by Oxfam Ireland Trocaire, and Concern, funded by Development Cooperation Ireland.Google Scholar

Gerschenkron, A. (1962). Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar

Ghai, D. (1987). Economic growth, structural change and labour absorption in Africa: 1960–85. Discussion Paper No. 1 URRISD. Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar

Gibbon, P. (1995). Merchantisation of production and privatisation of development in post-Ujamaa Tanzania: An introduction. Liberalised Development in Tanzania, 9–36.Google Scholar

Gibbon, P. (1999). Privatisation and Foreign Direct Investment in Mainland Tanzania, 1992–98. Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS.Google Scholar

Global Integrity Report (2016). Retrieved from: www.Globalintegrity.org/research/tanzania/ (Accessed: 8 November 2017).Google Scholar

Global Peace Index (2017). Institute for Economics and Peace. Retrieved from: http://economicsandpeace.org/reports/ (Accessed: 8 November 2017).Google Scholar

Goldthau, A. (2014). Rethinking the governance of energy infrastructure: Scale, decentralization and polycentrism. Energy Research and Social Science, 1, 134–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Government of Tanzania (2013). Tanzania Development Vision 2025. Big Results Now! Roadmap – National Key Result Area: Energy 2013/14–2015/6. Retrieved from: www.Pdb.Go.Tz/Chapteruments/energy.pdf (Accessed: 1 February 2018).Google Scholar

Gratwick, K. N., and Eberhard, A. (2008). Demise of the standard model for power sector reform and the emergence of hybrid power markets. Energy Policy, 36(10), 3948–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gray, H. (2013). Industrial policy and the political settlement in Tanzania: Aspects of continuity and change since independence. Review of African Political Economy, 40(136), 185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gray, H. (2015). The political economy of grand corruption in Tanzania. African Affairs, 114(456), 382–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gray, H. (2018). Turbulence and Order in Economic Development. Oxford University Press, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gray, H., and Khan, M. H. (2010). Good Governance and Growth in Africa: What can we learn from Tanzania?. In Padayachee, V. (ed.), The Political Economy of Africa. Routledge, London.Google Scholar

Gray, H. S. (2015). The political economy of grand corruption in Tanzania. African Affairs, 114(456), 382–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Green, R. H. (1995). The vision of human-centered development: A study in moral economy. In Legum, C., and Mmari, G. (eds.), Mwalimu. The Influence of Nyerere. James Currey, London.Google Scholar

Grimm, M., and Peters, J. (2016). Solar off-grid Markets in Africa – Recent dynamics and the role of branded products. Ruhr Economic Paper n. 619, RWI, Essen.Google Scholar

Grimm, M., Munyehirwe, A., Peters, J., and Sievert, M. (2015). A first step up the energy ladder? Low cost solar kits and household’s welfare in rural Rwanda. Ruhr Economic Paper n. 554, RWI, Essen.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hampton, W. (1987). Local Government and Urban Politics. Longman, London and New York.Google Scholar

Han, C., and Peirolo, S. (2021). Time to Teach, Teacher Attendance and Time on Task in Primary Schools. Tanzania Mainland UNICEF Office of Research, Florence.Google Scholar

Harris, J. R., and Todaro, M. P. (1970). Migration, unemployment and development: A two-sector analysis. American Economic Review, 60, 126–42.Google Scholar

Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford University Press, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hausmann, R., Rodrik, D., and Velasco, A. (2005). Growth Diagnostics. The Growth Lab, Harvard University. Retrieved from: https://growthlab.Cid.Harvard.Edu/files/growthlab/files/growth-diagnostics.pdfGoogle Scholar

Havnevik, K. J. (1993). Tanzania: The Limits to Development from Above. Nordic Africa Institute.Google Scholar

Heilman, B., and Ndumbaro, L. (2002). Corruption, politics, and societal values in Tanzania: An evaluation of the Mkapa Administration’s anti-corruption efforts. African Association of Political Science, 7(1), 1–19.Google Scholar

Helleiner, G. (2002a). Emerging relationships between poor countries and external sources of finance: The case of Tanzania. International Journal, Spring, 2002, 57(2), 227–32.Google Scholar

Helleiner, G. (2002b). Local ownership and donor performance monitoring: New aid relationships in Tanzania. Journal of Human Development, 3(2), 251–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Henstridge, M., and Rweyemamu, D. (2017). Managing hydrocarbon resources. In Adam, C., Collier, P., and Ndulu, B. (eds.), Tanzania, The Path to Prosperity, p. 49. Oxford University Press, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hombrados, J. G., Devisscher, M., and Herreros Martínez, M. (2015). The Impact of land titling on agricultural production and agricultural investments in Tanzania: A theory-based approach. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 7(4), 530–44.Google Scholar

Hoogeveen, J., and Ruhinduka, R. (2009). Poverty reduction in Tanzania since 2001: Good intentions, few results. Paper prepared for the Research and Analysis Working Group.Google Scholar

Hulst, R., Mafuru, W., and Mpenzi, D. (2015). Fifteen years after decentralization by devolution: Political‐administrative relations in Tanzania local government. Public Administration and Development, 35(5), 360–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Human Rights Watch (2019, March 21). Tanzania. Events of 2018. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from: www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/tanzania-and-zanzibarGoogle Scholar

Human Rights Watch (2020, October 28). UN Human Rights Council Should Address Tanzania Crackdown. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from: www.hrw.org/news/2019/05/13/un-human-rights-council-should-address-tanzania-crackdownGoogle Scholar

Hunt, S. (2002). Making Competition Work in Electricity. John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York.Google Scholar

Huntington, S. P. (1968). Political Order in Changing Societies. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar

Huther, J., and Shah, A. (1998). Applying a simple measure of good governance to the debate of fiscal decentralization. Policy Research Working Paper Series No. 1894. World Bank, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

Hyden, G. (1975). “We must run while others walk”: Policy making for Socialist Development in Tanzanian-Type of polities. In Kim, K.S., Mabele, R., and Schultheis, M. (eds.), Papers on the Political Economy of Tanzania, p. 5. Heinemann Educational Books, Nairobi.Google Scholar

Hyden, G. (1976). Decentralization and the government staff. Decentralization Research Project Working Paper No 76.1. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Hyden, G. (1983). No Shortcuts to Progress: African Development Management in Perspective. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.Google Scholar

Ibbott, R. (2014). Ujamaa: The Hidden Story of Tanzania’s Socialist Villages. Crossroad’s Books, London.Google Scholar

IMF (1999). Letter of Intent. Retrieved from: www.Imf.org/external/np/loi/1999/071499.Htm (Accessed: December 2017).Google Scholar

IMF (2014). Government Finance Statistics Manual 2014. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

IMF (2016). United Republic of Tanzania: Selected Issues. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

IMF (2017, June 26). Commentary by IMF Deputy Managing Director Tao Zhang. Reuters. Retrieved from: www.Reuters.com/article/tanzania-economy-imf-idUSL8N1JN47RGoogle Scholar

International Development Association and United Republic of Tanzania (1993, 26 July). Development Credit Agreement (Sixth Power Project) between International Development Association and United Republic of Tanzania. Credit Number: 2489 TA.Google Scholar

International Labour Organisation (1989). World Labour Report, 4, Geneva.Google Scholar

International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, IWGIA (2015). Ethnic violence in Morogoro Region in Tanzania. IWGIA Briefing Note, March 2015, Copenhagen, Denmark. Retrieved from: www.Iwgia.org/publications/search-pubs?publication_id=714Google Scholar

IPP Media (2016, February 7). Poor Skills in Graduate Who’s to Blame? Retrieved from: www.Ippmedia.com/en/news/poor-skills-graduates-who-blame (Accessed: 25 October 2017).Google Scholar

IPP Media (2017, May 4). Civil Workers in Fake Certificates Saga can now Appeal, Says Government. Retrieved from: www.Ippmedia.com/en/news/civil-workers-fake-certificates-saga-can-now-appeal-says-govt (Accessed: 6 November 2017).Google Scholar

ITV (2015, June 2). Mvutano wa wakulima na wafugaji umeibuka mahakamani baada ya kufuta cheti cha kijiji cha wafugaji, Morogoro. Retrieved at: www.itv.co.tz/news/local/1617-20182/Mvutano_wa_wakulima_na_wafugaji_umeibuka_mahakamani_baada_ya_kufuta_cheti_cha_kijiji_cha_wafugajiMorogoro.htmlGoogle Scholar

Jacob, T., and Pedersen, R. (2018). New resource nationalism? Continuity and change in Tanzania’s extractive industries. The Extractive Industries and Society, 5(2), 287–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jaglin, S., Repussard, C., and Belbéoch, A. (2011). Decentralization and governance of drinking water services in small West African towns and villages (Benin, Mali, Senegal), The arduous process of building local governments. Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue canadienne d’études du développement, 32(2), 119–38.Google Scholar

James, R. W., and Fimbo, G. M. (1973). Customary Land Law of Tanzania: A Source Book. East African Literature Bureau, Nairobi.Google Scholar

Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania (1994). Taarifa ya Kamati ya Kurekebisha Muundo na Bajeti ya Serikali. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania (2011). Tarrifa ya Miaka Hamsini ya Uhuru wa Tanzania Bara 1961–2011. Ofisi ya Rais, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Jamasb, T., Nepal, R., and Timilsina, G. R. (2015). A quarter century effort yet to come of age: A survey of power sector reforms in developing countries. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (7330).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jansen, E. G. (2009). Does aid work? Reflections on a natural resources programme in Tanzania. U4 Issue, 2009(2).Google Scholar

Jedruszek, J. (1978). Development in Employment and Productivity in Tanzania, 1967–77. Economic Research Bureau, University of Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Johnson, C. (1982). MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925–1975. Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnson, G., Snoek, H., Elborgh-Woytek, K., Kourelis, A., Davoodi, H., and Kanaan, O. (1999). Tanzania: Recent Economic Developments. International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

Josefsson, E., and Aberg, P. (2005). An evaluation of the land laws in Tanzania. Master’s thesis, SHU, Sweden.Google Scholar

Joshi, A. R., and Gaddis, I. (eds.). (2015). Preparing the Next Generation in Tanzania: Challenges and Opportunities in Education. World Bank Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kaarhus, R., Haug, R., Hella, J., and Makindara, J. (2010). Agro-investment in Africa – Impact on land and livelihoods in Mozambique and Tanzania. Noragric Report No. 53, Norwegian University of Life Sciences.Google Scholar

Kanfer, R. (1990). Motivation theory and industrial and organizational psychology. Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1(2), 75–130.Google Scholar

Kapika, J. (2013). Power-sector Reform and Regulation in Africa: Lessons from Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Namibia and Ghana. HSRC Press, Cape Town.Google Scholar

Kariuki, E. (2017). Government of the United Republic of Tanzania: Presentation of PSRP III White Paper. A presentation delivered at the Joint National Workshop on Public Service Improvement and Decentralization-by-Devolution 2 and 25 October, Dodoma.Google Scholar

Kassa, W. (2018). Land titling, local governance and investment: An empirical investigation in Tanzania. Journal of Sustainable Development, 11(1), 56–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kaufmann, D., and Kraay, A. (2002, November). Growth Without Governance. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=316861Google Scholar

Kaundinya, D. P., Balachandra, P., and Ravindranath, N. H. (2009). Grid-connected versus stand-alone energy systems for decentralized power – A review of literature. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, 2041–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kessy, A. T., and McCourt, W. (2010). Is decentralization still recentralization? The Local Government Reform Programme in Tanzania. International Journal of Public Administration, 33(12–13), 689–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Khan, M. (2010). Political settlements and the Governance of Growth-Enhancing Institutions. Research Paper Series on Governance for Growth, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, London.Google Scholar

Kichonge, B., Mkilaha, I. S. N., John, J. R., and Hameer, S. (2014). Modelling of future energy demand for Tanzania. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy, 4(7), 16–32.Google Scholar

Kim, H. (1994). The civil service system and economic development: The Japanese experience. Report on an international colloquium held in Tokyo, 22–25 March 1994, World Bank, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

Kimambo, N., Maddox, G. H., and Nyanto, S. S. (2017). A New History of Tanzania. Mkuki na Nyota Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

King, N. A. S. (2014). Transparency enhancement in Tanzania: A focus on local government administration in Mbeya district. International Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education, 1(6), 34–9.Google Scholar

Kiragu, K., and Mukandala, R. (2005a). Politics and Tactics in Public Sector Reforms: The Dynamics of Public Service Pay in Africa. Dar es Salaam University Press, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Kiragu, K., and Mukandala, R. S. (2005b). Public Service Pay Reform: Tactics, Sequencing and Politics in Developing Countries: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa. Dar es Salaam University Press, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Kironde, J. M. (2006). The regulatory framework, unplanned development and urban poverty: Findings from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Land Use Policy, 23(4), 460–72.Google Scholar

Kironde, L. (2009). Improving land sector governance in Africa: The case of Tanzania. Chapter presented at the Workshop on Land Governance in Support of MDGs: Responding to New Challenges, Washington, D.C., 9–10 March 2009.Google Scholar

Kironde, L. (2014). Public land Information: Registry and cadastre. Paper prepared for the LGAF, Country Report.Google Scholar

Kitabu, G. (2011). Investigative Report on Biofuel Investments. HAKIARDHI, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Krueger, A. O. (1974). The political economy of the rent seeking society. American Economic Review, 64(3), 291–303.Google Scholar

Kunkuta, G. E. A. (2011). Responsiveness and Accountability of Urban Government: Experiences from Provision of Water and Sanitation in Temeke Municipality in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Unpublished PhD thesis, Mzumbe University.Google Scholar

Kweka, J. (2004). Transport Cost and Trade Policy in Tanzania. Economic and Social Research Foundation, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Laffont, J. J. (2005). Regulation and Development. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Land (Allocation Committees). (2001). Regulations, GN 72, published on 4 May 2001.Google Scholar

Land (Assessment of the Value of Land for Compensation). (2001). Regulations, 2001, GN 78, published on 4 May 2001.Google Scholar

Land (Compensation Claims). (2001). Regulations, 2001, GN 79, published on 4 May 2001.Google Scholar

Land (Conditions of Rights of Occupancy). (2001). Regulations, 2001, GN 77, published on 4 May 2001.Google Scholar

Land (Dispositions of Rights of Occupancy). (2001). Regulations, 2001, GN 74, published on 4 May 2001.Google Scholar

Land Act (1999). Parliament of the United Republic of Tanzania.Google Scholar

Land Matrix (2016). Large scale land acquisitions profile Tanzania. Retrieved from: https://landmatrix.org/media/filer_public/cc/7b/cc7b6743-8bdf-4c50-9927-33dbcbb3fd2b/tanzania_country_profile.pdf (Accessed: 24 August 2018).Google Scholar

Larsson, P. (2006). The challenging Tanzanian land law reform: A study of the implementation of the Village Land Act. MSc dissertation, Swedish Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.Google Scholar

Lawry, S., Samii, C., Hall, R., Leopold, A., Hornby, D., and Mtero, F. (2016). The impact of land property rights interventions on investment and agricultural productivity in developing countries: a systematic review. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 9(1), 61–81.Google Scholar

Lawson, A., and Rakner, L. (2005). Understanding Patterns of Accountability in Tanzania. Final Synthesis Report. Oxford Policy Management, Chr. Michelsen Institute and REPOA.Google Scholar

LEAT (2012). Land Grabbing for Agribusiness in Tanzania: Challenges and Prospects. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Leff, N. H. (1964). Economic development through bureaucratic corruption. American Behavioral Scientist, 8, 8–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leo, H. (2017, July 10). Dar es Salaam. Tanzania.Google Scholar

Leshabari, M. T., Muhondwa, E. P., Mwangu, M. A., and Mbembati, N. A. (2008). Motivation of healthcare workers in Tanzania: A case study of Muhimbili National Hospital. East African Journal of Public Health, 5(1), 32–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Leyaro, V., Twumasi Baffour, P., Morrissey, O., and Owens, T. (2014). Determinants of Urban Labour Earnings in Tanzania, 2000/01-06. Research Paper 14/03. CREDIT, University of Nottingham.Google Scholar

Lindner, S., and Transparency International. (2014). Tanzania: Overview of corruption and anti-corruption. U4. Retrieved from: www.U4.No/publications/tanzania-overview-of-corruption-and-anti-corruption (Accessed: December 2017).Google Scholar

Liviga, A. J. (1992). Local government in Tanzania: Partner in development or administrative agent of central government?. Local Government Studies, 18(3), 211–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lofchie, M. (2014). The Political Economy of Tanzania: Decline and Recovery. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lofchie, M. F. (1989). The Policy Factor. Agricultural Performance in Kenya and Tanzania. Lynne Rienner, Boulder and Nairobi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Longo, F. (2001). Modernizar la gestión pública de las personas: los desafíos de la flexibilidad. Reforma y Democracia, 19(19), 1–14.Google Scholar

Makwarimba, M., and Ngowi, P. (2012). Making Land Investment Work for Tanzania: Scoping Assessment for Multi-stakeholder Dialogue Initiative. REPOA, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Maliyamkono, T. L., and Bagachwa, M. S. D. (1990). The Second Economy in Tanzania. James Currey, London.Google Scholar

Mallaby, S. (2004). The World’s Banker. Penguin Press, New York.Google Scholar

Mamdani, M. (1996). Citizen and Subject in Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar

Manara, M., & Regan, T. (2022). Ask a local: Improving the public pricing of land titles in urban Tanzania. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 1–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Manor, J. (1999). The Political Economy of Democratic Decentralization. World Bank, Washington, D.C.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mans, D. (1994). Tanzania: Resolute action. In Husain, I., and Faruqee, R. (eds.), Adjustment in Africa: lessons from Country Case Studies, pp. 352–426. World Bank, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

Mansuri, G., and Rao, V. (2004). Community-based and -driven development: A critical review. The World Bank Research Observer, 19(1), 1–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mansuri, G., and Rao, V. (2013). Localising Development: Does Participation Work. World Bank Policy Research Report. World Bank, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

Martinez-Vazquez, J., and Vaillancourt, F. (eds). (2011). Decentralization in Developing Countries: Global Perspectives on the Obstacles to Fiscal Devolution. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Masaki, T. (2018). The impact of intergovernmental transfers on local revenue generation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Tanzania. World Development, 106, 173–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Massay, G. E. (2013). Adjudication of land cases in Tanzania: A bird’s eye overview of the District Land and Housing Tribunal. Open University Law Journal, 4(2).Google Scholar

Mbowe, G. (1993). Parastatal sector reform and privatisation in Tanzania. In Ramanadham, V. V. (ed.), Constraints and Impacts of Privatization. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar

McCluskey, W., and Franzsen, R. (2005). An evaluation of the property tax in Tanzania: An untapped fiscal resource or administrative headache?. Property Management, 23(1), 45–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McCulloch, N., Sindou, E., and Ward, J. (2017). The political economy of aid for power sector reform. Green Power for Africa: Overcoming the Main Constraints, 48(5–6), 165–84.Google Scholar

Mchome, S. E. (2002). Evictions and the Rights of People in Conservation Areas in Tanzania. Faculty of Law, University of Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

McKinnon, R. I. (1997). The logic of market-preserving federalism. Virginia Law Review, 1573–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McLure, C. E., Jr. (1998). The tax assignment problem: Ends, means, and constraints. Public Budgeting and Financial Management, 9(4), 652–83.Google Scholar

McMillan, M., Page, J., and Wangwe, S. (2017). Unlocking Tanzania’s manufacturing potential. Tanzania: The Path to Prosperity, 3, 151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McMillan, M., Rodrik, D., and Verduzco-Gallo, I. (2014). Globalization, structural change, and productivity growth, with an update on Africa. World Development, 63, 11–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Miller, T., and Holms, K. (2011). Index of Economic Freedom: Promoting Economic Opportunity and Prosperity. The Heritage Foundation, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

Ministry of Agriculture (1980). Policy Proposals for the Institutional Arrangement for Irrigation Development Programme. Mimeo, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Ministry of Education and Vocational Training and UNESCO (2014). Enhancing Teacher Education for Bridging the Education Quality Gap in Africa: The Case of Tanzania.Google Scholar

Ministry of Energy and Minerals (2003). National Energy Policy, 2003: The Energy Sector in Tanzania.Google Scholar

Ministry of Energy and Minerals (2014). Electricity Supply Industry Reform Strategy and Roadmap 2014–2025. Retrieved from: www.Tanesco.Co.Tz/index.Php/media1/downloads/announcements/12-electricity-supply-industry-reform-strategy-and-roadmap-2014-2025 (Accessed: 1 February 2018).Google Scholar

Ministry of Energy and Minerals (2014). United Republic of Tanzania: Electricity Supply Industry Reform Strategy and Roadmap 2014–2025. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Ministry of Energy and Minerals (2016). Power System Master Plan 2016 Update. www.Ewura.Go.Tz/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Power-System-Master-Plan-Dec.2016.pdf (Accessed: 1 February 2018).Google Scholar

Ministry of Water, Energy and Minerals (1992, April). The Energy Policy of Tanzania. The United Republic of Tanzania.Google Scholar

Mkapa, B. (2005). Foreword. In Chande, J. K. (ed.), A Knight in Africa: Journey from Bukene. Penumbra Press.Google Scholar

Mkenda, A. F., Luvanda, E. G., and Ruhinduka, R. (2010). Growth and distribution in Tanzania: Recent experience and lessons. Interim Report to REPOA, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Mkumbo, K. A. (2013). Factors associated with teachers’ motivation and commitment to teach in Tanzania. Journal of Educational Sciences & Psychology, 3(1).Google Scholar

Mmuya, M. (1998). Tanzania: Political Reform in Eclipse: Crises and Cleavage in Political Parties. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.Google Scholar

Mnyasenga, T. R., and Mushi, E. G. (2015). Administrative legal framework of central-local government relationship in mainland Tanzania: Is it tailored to enhance administrative devolution and local autonomy. International Review of Management and Business Research, 4(3), 931–44.Google Scholar

Moner-Girona, M., Ghanadan, R., Solano-Peralta, M., Kougias, I., Bódis, K., Huld, T., and Szabó, S. (2016). Adaptation of Feed-in Tariff for remote mini-grids: Tanzania as an illustrative case. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53, 306–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moshi, H. (1995). Parastatal Sector Reforms and Private Sector Development in Tanzania. In Msambichata, L.A., Kilinds, A.A.L., and Mjema, G. (eds.), Beyond Structural Adjustment Programmes in Tanzania, pp. 171–90. Economic Research Bureau, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Mpofu, H. (1986). The state and the peasantry. In Shivji, I. (ed.), The State and the Working People in Tanzania. CODESRIA.Google Scholar

Mramba, E. F. (2015). Tanesco Overview. Tanesco Overview Supply Company Limited, Tanzania.Google Scholar

Msami, J. (2011). Transparency in local finances in Tanzania, 2003–2009. REPOA Brief No. 25, REPOA, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Msangi, D. E. (2011). Land acquisition for urban expansion: Process and impacts on livelihoods of peri urban households. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Licentiate thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.Google Scholar

Mtei, E. (2009). From Goatherd to Governor. Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Mukandala, R. S. (1983). State enterprise control: The case of Tanzania. In Grosh, B., and Mukandala, R. S. (eds.), State-Owned Enterprises in Africa, pp. 25–147. Lynne Rienner, London.Google Scholar

Mukandala, R. (2018). The civil service and economic development in Tanzania. Final version, March 2018.Google Scholar

Mukandala, R. S. (1992). Bureaucracy and agriculture policy: The experience of Tanzania. In Asmeron, H. K., Hope, R., and Jani, R. B., (eds.), Bureaucracy and Development Policies in the Third World. University Press De Boelelaan, Amsterdam.Google Scholar

Mukandala, R. S. (1998). Trends in civil service size and income in Tanzania, 1967–1982. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 17(2), 253–63.Google Scholar

Mukandala, R. S. (2015). The state and the provision of public services. In Mukandala, R. S. (ed.), The Political Economy of Change in Tanzania: Contestations Over Identity, the Constitution and Resources, pp. 298–315. Dar es Salaam University Press, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Mutahaba, G., Bana, B., and Mallya, E. (2017). Reforming Tanzania’s Public Sector: Assessment and Future Directions. Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Mwamila, B., Kulindwa, K., Kibazohi, O., Majamba, H., Mlinga, R., and Charles, D. (2009). Feasibility of large scale biofuel production in Tanzania. Study report sponsored by the Swedish Embassy in Tanzania, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Nyerere, J. K. (1958). Mali ya Taifa, cited by G. Sundet, The formalisation process in Tanzania: Is it empowering the poor?. Note prepared for the Norwegian Embassy, December 2006.Google Scholar

National Bureau of Statistics (2016). Formal Sector Employment and Earnings Survey. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

NBS (2002). Household Budget Survey 2000–2001. Report, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

NBS (2009). Household Budget Survey 2007. Final Report, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

NBS (2014). Household Budget Survey Main Report 2011–2012. Technical Report, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

NBS (2015). Tanzania Investment Report: 2014, Foreign Private Investments. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

NBS (2020). Household Budget Survey 2017/18. Dodoma.Google Scholar

Ndjovu, C. E. (2003). Compulsory Purchase in Tanzania: Bulldozing Property Rights. Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Infrastructure, Division of Real Estate Planning and Law, Stockholm, Sweden.Google Scholar

Ndulu, B., and Mwase, N. (2017). The building blocks towards Tanzania’s prosperity: Lessons from looking back, and the way forward. In Adam, C., Collier, P., and Ndulu, B. (eds.), Tanzania, The Path to Prosperity, p. 9. Oxford University Press, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nellis, J. R. (1998). Public enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Grosh, B., and Mukandala, R. S. (eds.), State-Owned Enterprises in Africa, pp. 3–24. Lynne Rienner, London.Google Scholar

Ng’eni, F. B., and Chalam, G. V. (2016). Fiscal decentralization and fiscal autonomy in Tanzania local government authorities: A review of existing literature and empirical evidence. European Journal of Business and Management, 8(28), 28–36.Google Scholar

Ngama, R. (2006). Effects of 20,000 plots project on surrounding neighbourhoods in Dar es Salaam: The case of Bunju and Boko in Kinondoni municipality. BSc thesis, Department of Land Management and Valuation, University College of Lands and Architectural Studies, University of Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Niba, W. (2018, December 31). World Bank, EU suspend aid to Tanzania. RFI. Retrieved from: www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20181231-worldeu-tanzania-sanctionsGoogle Scholar

Nichols, P. (2003). Corruption as an assurance problem. American University International Law Review, 19(6), 1308–40.Google Scholar

Nnoli, O. (2002). Introduction, Nnoli, O. Editor, Government and Politics in Africa –A Reader. AAPS Books Harare, Zimbabwe.Google Scholar

Nord, R., Sobolev, Y., Dunn, D., Hajdenberg, A., Hobdari, N., Maziad, S., and Roudet, S. (2009). Tanzania: The Story of an African Transition. International Monetary Fund, African Department, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

North, D. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

North, D., Wallis, J., and Weingast, B. (2009). Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History. Cambridge University Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

North, D., Wallis, J., Webb, S., and Weingast, B. (2012). In the Shadow of Violence: Politics, Economics and the Problems of Development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ntukamazina, D. A. (2000). Civil service reform in Tanzania: A strategic perspective. In Mukandala, R. S. (ed.), African Public Administration: A Reader, pp. 524–36. AAPS, Harare.Google Scholar

Nyerere, J. (1967). The Arusha Declaration and TANU’s policy on socialism and self-reliance. Retrieved from: www.Marxists.org/subject/africa/nyerere/1967/arusha-declaration.htmlGoogle Scholar

Nyerere, J. (1977). The Arusha Declaration Ten Years After. United Republic of Tanzania, Government Printer, Dar es Salaam. Retrieved from: www.Tzonline.org/pdf/thearushadeclarationtenyearsafter.pdfGoogle Scholar

Nyerere, J. K. (1968). Freedom and Socialism. Oxford University Press, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Nyerere, J. K. (1974). Freedom and Development. Oxford University Press, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Nyerere, J. K. (1958). Mali ya Taifa, cited by G. Sundet, The formalisation process in Tanzania: Is it empowering the poor?. Note prepared for the Norwegian Embassy, December 2006.Google Scholar

Nyerere, J. K. (1967). After the Arusha Declaration. Presidential Address to the National Conference of TANU. Mwanza, 16 October.Google Scholar

Nyerere, J. K. (1968). Freedom and Socialism. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Oakland Institute (2011). Understanding Investment Deals in Africa. Oakland, CA.Google Scholar

Oates, W. (1972). Fiscal Federalism. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York.Google Scholar

Odarno, L., Sawe, E., Swai, M., Katyega, M. J., and Lee, A. (2017, October). Accelerating Mini-Grid Deployment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons in Tanzania. World Resource Institute. Retrieved from: www.Wri.org/publication/tanzania-mini-grids (Accessed: December 2017).Google Scholar

OECD (2013). OECD Investment Reviews: Tanzania. OECD, Paris.Google Scholar

Ofisi ya Rais Ikulu (2017). Taarifa kwa vyombo vya habari Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania Kurugenzi ya Mawasiliano ya Rais Ikulu. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Ohio State University (2017). Small scale solar power systems for rural Tanzania: Market analysis and opportunities. Retrieved from: http://globalwater.Osu.Edu/files/Solar-Power_Tanzania_web.pdf (Accessed: 1 February 2018).Google Scholar

Olingo, A. (2017, September 28). Uncertainty Clouds Tanzania Gas Investment as Low Prices Persist. The East African. Retrieved from: www.Theeastafrican.Co.Ke/business/Uncertainty-clouds-Tanzania-gas-investment/2560-4115452-v2ch52/index.htmlGoogle Scholar

Olowu, D. (2000). Bureaucracy and democratic reform. In Hyden, G., Olowu, D., and Ogendo, H. (eds.), African Perspectives of Governance, pp. 153–79. Africa World Press, Trenton/Asmara.Google Scholar

Paget, D. (2017, November 5). Two Years on, How Magufuli Changed TZ. The Citizen. Retrieved from: www.Thecitizen.Co.Tz/News/Two-years-on--how-Magufuli-changed-TZ/1840340-4173716-tql9g/index.htmlGoogle Scholar

Paget, D. (2017, July 17). Tanzania: Magufuli’s mining reforms are a masterclass in political manoeuvring. African Arguments. Retrieved from: https://africanarguments.org/2017/07/tanzania-magufulis-mining-reforms-are-a-masterclass-in-political-manoeuvring/Google Scholar

Pal, S. (2010, September). Social norms, culture and local infrastructure. Discussion paper, Brunel Economics and Finance, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pal, S., and Wahhaj, Z. (2016). Fiscal decentralization, local institutions and public goods provision: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Comparative Economics, 45(2), 383–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Partnership for Growth (2011). Tanzania Growth Diagnostic: A joint analysis for the Governments of the United Republic of Tanzania and the United States of America.Google Scholar

Pastory, P. (2017). Regulatory compliance in local government procurement in Tanzania: Institutions and context. PhD dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Peña, S. (2007). Evaluation of the effects of decentralization on educational outcomes in Spain. Working Papers in Economics No. 228, Espai de Recerca en Economia. Universitat de Barcelona.Google Scholar

Peng, D., and Poudineh, R. (2016). Sustainable Electricity Pricing for Tanzania. Paper EL 20, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, Oxford. www.Oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Sustainable-electricity-pricing-for-Tanzania-EL-20.pdf (Accessed: 1 February 2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peters, J., and Sievert, M. (2016). Impacts of rural electrification revisited – The African context. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 8(3), 327–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Piron, D. (2016). Enforcing austerity through a discreet calculative infrastructure: The evolving definitions of PPPs in the ESA. Interpretive Policy Analysis. Online: http://hdl.Handle.Net/2268/200545 (Accessed: December 2017).Google Scholar

Piron, L. H., Baker, A., Savage, L., and Wiseman, K. (2016). Is DFID getting real about politics? A stocktake of how DFID has adopted a politically-informed approach (2010–2015). Discussion paper, Governance, Open Societies and Anti-Corruption Department, Department for International Development, London.Google Scholar

PMO-RALG (2013). A study on LGAs own source revenue collection. Tanzania.Google Scholar

PO-RALG (2017). PO-RALG local government revenue collection dashboard. Tanzania.Google Scholar

Policy Forum (2017). Tanzania Governance Review 2015–2016. Policy Forum, Mikochni, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Ponera, G. E., Mhonyiwa, J. E., and Mrutu, A. S. (2011). Quality of primary school inputs in Tanzania mainland. Policy Brief 2, SACMEQ Gaborone, Botswana.Google Scholar

Power Africa (2015). What Power Africa means for Tanzania. Tanzania.Google Scholar

Pratt, C. (1975). Nyerere on the transition to socialism. African Review, 5(1), 63–76.Google Scholar

Pratt, C. (1976). The Critical Phase in Tanzania 1945–1968. Nyerere and the Emergence of a Socialist Strategy, pp. 235–6. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar

Pratt, C. (1979). Tanzania’s transition to socialism: Reflections of a democratic socialist. In Towards Socialism in Tanzania, pp. 193–236. University of Toronto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Quah, J. S. T. (2011). Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream?. Emerald Group Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ranja, T. (2003). Success under duress: A comparison of the indigenous African and East African Asian entrepreneurs. ESRF Globalization Project Paper Series.Google Scholar

REA (2016). First call: Invitation to submit applications for results-based financing (RBF). Grants for renewable energy investments in green mini and micro grids. Ministry of Energy and Minerals, Dar es Salaam. Retrieved from: www.Ewura.Go.Tz/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/RBFONLINE-APPLICATION-GENERAL-INFORMATIONS-.pdf (Accessed: 1 February 2018).Google Scholar

Regional Centre on Small Arms and Light Weapons (n.d.). A Report of Analysis on Armed Crimes in East Africa Community Countries (Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda). Nairobi.Google Scholar

Reinikka, R., and Svensson, J. (2004). Local capture: Evidence from a central government transfer program in Uganda. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(2), 679–705.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reinikka, R., and Svensson, J. (2005). Fighting corruption to improve schooling: Evidence from a newspaper campaign in Uganda. Journal of the European Economic Association, 3(2/3), 259–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reinikka, R., and Svensson, J. (2011). The power of information in public services: Evidence from education in Uganda. Journal of Public Economics, 95(7–8), 956–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

REPOA (2007). Framework for Downward Accountability in Local Government Authorities. Prime Minister’s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government (PMO-RALG), Tanzania.Google Scholar

REPOA (2008). The oversight processes of local councils in Tanzania. Final Report, July 2008, Tanzania, p. 27.Google Scholar

Resnick, D. (2012). Opposition parties and the urban poor in African democracies. Comparative Political Studies, 45(11), 1351–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rodrik, D. (2008). The real exchange rate and economic growth. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2008(2), 365–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Root, H. L. (2016). Capital and Collusion: The Political Logic of Global Economic Development. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Rweyemamu, J. (1973). Underdevelopment and Industrialization in Tanzania. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar

Rweyemamu, R. (1979). The historical and institutional setting of Tanzanian Industry. In Kim, K. S., Mabele, R. B., and Schultheis, M. J. (eds.), Papers on the Political Economy of Tanzania. East African Publishers.Google Scholar

Schreiber, L. (2017). Registering Rural Rights: Village Land Titling in Tanzania, 2008–2017. Innovation for Successful Societies. Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar

Scott, A., and Seth, P. (2013). The Political Economy of Electricity Distribution in Developing Countries – A Literature Review. Overseas Development Institute, London.Google Scholar

Shah, A. (2006). Local Governance in Developing Countries. Public Sector Governance and Accountability. World Bank, Washington, D.C.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shao, J. R. (1978). Some features of Tanzanian manufacturing industry. Master dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Shelton, C. (2007). The size and composition of government expenditure. Journal of Public Economics, 91(11–12), 2230–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shivji, I. (1986). The transformation of the state and the working people. In Shivji, I. (ed.), The State and the Working People in Tanzania. CODESRIA.Google Scholar

Shivji, I. (1998). Not Yet Democracy: Reforming Land Tenure in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam University Press, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Shivji, I. (2021, June 21). The Dialectics of Maguphilia and Maguphobia. CODESRIA Bulletin, online, n. 13.Google Scholar

Shivji, I., Yahya-Othman, , S., and Kamata, N. (2020). Development as Rebellion. Julius Nyerere, A Biography. Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Sidhu, H. S. (1981). Problems of Irrigation Development in the Regions of Tanzania and Some Suggested Solutions. Ministry of Agriculture, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Silver, M. (1984). Enterprise and the Scope of the Firm. Martin Robertson, London.Google Scholar

Skinlo, T. E. (2007, May). “Old” and “new” authoritarianism in Tanzania – theoretical, methodological, and empirical considerations. Master’s thesis, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen.Google Scholar

Smoke, P. (1994). Local Government Finance in Developing Countries. The Case of Kenya. Oxford University Press, Nairobi.Google Scholar

Smoke, P., and Lewis, B. (1996). Fiscal decentralization in Indonesia: A new approach to an old idea. World Development, 24(8), 1281–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sobhan, R. (1996). Aid Dependence and Donor Policy. The Case of Tanzania. University Press Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh.Google Scholar

Sokoine, E. M. (1984). Public policy making and implementation in Tanzania. Draft Master thesis, University of Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Songela, F., and Maclean, A. (2008). Scoping Exercise (Situation Analysis) on the Biofuels Industry within and Outside Tanzania. Energy for Sustainable Development report for the WWF Tanzania Programme Office.Google Scholar

Stein, H., Maganga, F. P., Odgaard, R., Askew, K., and Cunningham, S. (2016). The formal divide: Customary rights and the allocation of credit to agriculture in Tanzania. The Journal of Development Studies, 52(9), 1306–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stiglitz, J. E. (2003). Globalisation and Its Discontents. W. W. Norton and Company, New York.Google Scholar

Sule, E. (2016). Land grabbing and agricultural commercialization duality: Insights from Tanzania’s transformation agenda. In Chinigo, D. (ed.), The New Harvest. Agrarian Policies and Rural Transformation in Southern Africa.Google Scholar

Sulle, E., and Nelson, F. (2009). Biofuels, Land Access and Rural Livelihoods in Tanzania. IIED, London.Google Scholar

Sumaye, F. (2004). United Republic of Tanzania. Reforming Tanzania’s public administration: Status and challenges. Report of a stakeholder workshop held on 8 October 2004 Mimeo, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Google Scholar

Sundet, G. (2005, February). The 1999 Land Act and Village Land Act: A Technical Analysis of the Practical Implications of the Acts. REPOA, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Sutton, J. E. G. (1969). The peopling of Tanzania. A History of Tanzania, 1–13.Google Scholar

Sutton, J., and Olomi, D. (2012). An Enterprise Map of Tanzania (Vol. 3). International Growth Centre in association with the London Publishing Partnership.Google Scholar

Svendsen, K. E. (1986). The creation of macro-economic imbalances and a structural crisis. In Boesen, J., and Koponen, J. (eds.), Tanzania: Crisis and Struggle for Survival (No. 77). Nordic Africa Institute.Google Scholar

Syagga, P., and Olima, W. (1996). The impact of compulsory land acquisition and displaced households: The case study of the third Nairobi Water Supply Project, Kenya. Habitat International – A Journal for the Study of Human Settlements, 20(1).Google Scholar

Szirmai, A., and Lapperre, P. (2001). The Industrial Experience of Tanzania. Palgrave Macmillan, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tangri, R. (1999). The Politics of Patronage in Africa. James Currey, London.Google Scholar

Tanzania Growth Diagnostics (Partnership for Growth) (2011). A joint analysis for the Governments of the United Republic of Tanzania and the United States of America.Google Scholar

Tanzania Law Report (1985). Case No. 88.Google Scholar

Tanzania Private Sector Foundation (2015). Business Leaders’ Perceptions of the Investment Climate in Tanzania – 2015. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Tanzi, V. (2000). Fiscal federalism and decentralization: A review of some efficiency and macroeconomic aspects. In Tanzi, V. (ed.), Policies, Institutions and the Dark Side of Economics. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.Google Scholar

Tanzi, V., and Davoodi, H. R. (2000). Corruption, growth and public finances. IMF Working Paper No. 00/182. Washington, D.C.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tenga, W. R., and Kironde, L. (2012). A Report for the WB on Study of Policy, Legal and Institutional Issues Related to Land in the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT). Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Tenga, W. R., and Mramba, S. J. (2014). Theoretical Foundations of Land Law in Tanzania. Law Africa, Nairobi.Google Scholar

Tenga, W. R., and Mramba, S. J. (2018). Conveyancing and Disposition of Land in Tanzania: Law and Procedure. Law Africa, Nairobi.Google Scholar

Teorell, J., Sundström, A., Holmberg, S., Rothstein, B., Alvarado Pachon, N., and Mert Dalli, C. (2022). The Quality of Government Standard Dataset, Version Jan 22. University of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute. Retrieved from: www.Gu.Se/en/quality-government. https://doi.org/10.18157/qogstdjan22CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tidemand, P., and Msami, J. (2010). The impact of local government reforms in Tanzania 1998–2008. Research on Poverty Alleviation, Special paper 10/1, Dar el Salaam, Tanzania.Google Scholar

The 2015–16 Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (TDHSMI). Retrieved from: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR321.pdf (Accessed: 10 March 2018).Google Scholar

The Citizen (2015, June 24). How corruption rocked Kikwete’s government in the past decade. Retrieved from: www.Thecitizen.Co.Tz/News/How-corruption-rocked-Kikwete-s-govt-in-the-past-decade/1840340-2763268-rd1y4yz/index.html (Accessed: 8 December 2017).Google Scholar

The Citizen (2017, September 7). Land policy 2016 attracts criticism.Google Scholar

The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania (1984). CAP. 2, Terms of office of Ministers and Deputy Ministers Act No.15 of 1984 Art.9.Google Scholar

The Land Acquisition Act (2002). No. 47 of 1967 [Cap. 118 R. E. 2002].Google Scholar

The Land Act (2002). No. 4 of 1999 [Cap. 113 R. E. 2002].Google Scholar

The Land Registration Act (2002) [Cap. 334 R. E. 2002].Google Scholar

The Local Government (District Authorities) (2002). Act, No. 7 of 1982 (1982) [Cap 287 R. E 2002].Google Scholar

The National Land Use Planning Commission (2011).Google Scholar

The Parliament of the United Republic of Tanzania. (2008). The Electricity Act.Google Scholar

The Tanzania Investment Act (2002). No. 26 of 1997 [Cap. 38 R. E. 2002].Google Scholar

The United Republic of Tanzania (2002). Constitution 1977 as amended [Cap. 2 R. E. 2002].Google Scholar

The Village Land Act (1999). Parliament of the United Republic of Tanzania. Cap114. Page 6.Google Scholar

The Village Land Act (2002). Act No. 5 of 1999, [Cap. 114 R. E. 2002].Google Scholar

Therklldsen, O., and Bourgoin, F. (2012). Continuity and change in Tanzania’s ruling coalition: Legacies, crises and weak productive capacity. DIIS Working Paper. Denmark.Google Scholar

Thoburn, J. (2013). Vietnam as a role model for development. Achieving Development Success: Strategies and Lessons from the Developing World, 99–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thompson, G., and Bazilian, M. (2014). Democratization, energy poverty, and the pursuit of symmetry. Global Policy, 5(1), 127–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tilley, H. (2011). Beyond rationality: A new theory of accountability and foreign aid for Tanzania. PhD thesis, Department of Economics, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.Google Scholar

TRA (2017, May). Report of Tanzania Revenue Authority. Domestic Revenue Department, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Trading Economics Retrieved from: https://tradingeconomics.com/ (Accessed: 1 November 2017).Google Scholar

Transparency International (2016). Corruption Perception Index 2016. Retrieved from: www.Transparency.org/cpi2016 (Accessed: 7 November 2017).Google Scholar

Transparency International (2018). 2018 Corruption Perceptions Index – Explore the results. Retrieved from: www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2018Google Scholar

Tripp, A. M. (2012). Donor assistance and political reform in Tanzania. Working Paper 2012/37. United Nations University–World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki.Google Scholar

Twaweza. (2013). KiuFunza: The Thirst to Learn Baseline Database. Twaweza, Dar Es Salaam. Retrieved from: http://twaweza.org/go/kiufunza-launch1.Google Scholar

Twaweza (2015). Education: Schooling or fooling. Retrieved from: www.Twaweza.org/uploads/files/Education%20Tamasha.pdf (Accessed: 10 March 2018).Google Scholar

Twaweza (2016, September 1). Press release. Retrieved from: www.Twaweza.org/uploads/files/UwezoTZ-2014ALA-PressRelease-EN-FINAL.pdf (Accessed: 10 March 2018).Google Scholar

UN-HABITAT (2015). The Challenges of Local Government Financing in Developing Countries. United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Nairobi.Google Scholar

UNDP (2014). Tanzania Human Development Report: Economic Transformation for Human Development. ESRF, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

UNIDO (1988). Regenerating Africa Manufacturing Industry: Approach and Programme. Studies of the Rehabilitation of African Industry. No. 1 PPD 101, 29 December.Google Scholar

UNIDO (1990). Rehabilitation of African Industry. No. 12. PPD 168, 10 July.Google Scholar

UNICEF (2017). Tanzania 2017 Education fact sheet. Retrieved from: www.Unicef.org/tanzania/media/681/file/UNICEF-Tanzania-2017-Education-fact-sheet.pdfGoogle Scholar

United Republic of Tanganyika (1964). Five Year Plan for Economic and Social Development. Government Printers, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (1967). Arha Declaration: Answers to Questions. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (1968). Second Five-Year Development Plan 1. Government Printers, Dares Salaam.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (1987). Public Expenditure Review Vol II. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (1992). The Public Corporations Act.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (1993). The Public Corporations Act. Public Corporations Act Amendment No. 16.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (1999). The Public Corporations Act. Public Corporations Act Amendment No. 17.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (2001). Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (2001). MAFS, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (2002). The Public Service Act. No. 8 of (Cap.298). Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (2005a). National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP). Vice-President’s Office, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (2005b). Privatization Impact Assessment – Infrastructure.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (2005c). Rural Energy Act.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (2005d). MKURABITA Program on Formalization of the Assets of the Poor in Tanzania and Strengthening the Rule of Law Report.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (2007, July). Report of the Sub-committee on Matters Required to be Accomplished to Enable Tanzania Revenue Authority to Collect Property Rates on Behalf of Local Government Authorities in Mainland Tanzania. PMO-RALG and TRA, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (2008). Public Service Management and Employment Policy. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (2009). The Public Service Standing Orders. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (2010). Public Service Pay and Incentive Policy. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (2013). Public Service Training Policy. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (2014). Electricity Supply Industry Reform Strategy and Roadmap 2014–2025.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (2015). MLHHSD Budget Speech.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (2016a). Speech by the Minister for Finance and Planning, Estimates of government revenue and expenditure for fiscal years 2016/17. Dodoma.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (2016b). Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey 2015–2016. Final Report, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (2017a). Tanzania Human Development Report.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (2017b, June 8). Speech by the Minister for Finance and Planning, Estimates of government revenue and expenditure for 2017/18. Dodoma.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (2021, February). MLHHSD Budget Speech.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania Survey of Employment and earnings (1966–1980). Government Printer, Dares Salaam.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania, MLHHSD Budget Speech (2021/2)Google Scholar

URT, Bank of Tanzania (2014). Resettlement Policy Framework. For the Proposed Additional Financing for the Housing Finance Project in Tanzania, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

URT, Law Reform Commission (2014). Report on the Review of the Legal Framework on Land Dispute Settlement in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

URT, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (2003). Resettlement Policy Framework for the Participatory Agricultural Development and Empowerment Project. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

URT, Ministry of Energy and Minerals (2015). Resettlement Policy Framework Updated for the Additional Financing for the Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources Project. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

URT, MKURABITA (2005). Report on Property and Business Formalization in Tanzania. MLHHSD, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

URT, MLHHSD (2011). National Land Use Framework Plan 2009–2029. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

URT, MLHHSD (2013a). Guidelines for Valuers and Strategies for Property Valuation in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

URT, MLHHSD (2013b). Strategic Plan for the Implementation of the Land Laws (SPILL). MLHHSD, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

URT, MLHHSD (2015). Rules and Regulations for Amendment of Land Rent Rates. Fees and Charges from 1 July 2015, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

URT, MLHHSD (2016). Draft Land Policy. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

URT, MLHHSD (2018). Minister of Land Housing Human Settlements Development. Budget Speech, Financial Year 2017/18, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

URT, National Land Use Planning Commission (2011). Guidelines for Participatory Village Land Use Management in Tanzania. 2nd edition, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

URT, PMO-RALG (2014). Resettlement Policy Framework for Dar es Salaam Metropolitan Development Project. Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

USAID (2017). Maternal and child health in Tanzania. Retrieved from: www.Usaid.Gov/sites/default/files/Chapteruments/1860/Maternal_and_Child_Health_Fact_Sheet_2017_FINAL.pdf (Accessed: 10 March 2018).Google Scholar

USAID (2018). Adaptive Solar PV Mini-Grids in Tanzania. Retrieved from: www.Usaid.Gov/energy/mini-grids/case-studies/tanzania-smart-solar (Accessed: 1 February 2018).Google Scholar

Valentine, T. (1985). Government Wage Policy and Labour Related Trends in Developing Countries: The Case of Tanzania. Mimeo Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Google Scholar

Valsecchi, M. (2014). Land property rights and international migration: Evidence from Mexico. Journal of Development Economics, 110, 276–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Van Arkadie, B. (1995, September). Economic strategy and structural adjustment in Tanzania. PSD Occasional Paper No. 18, World Bank, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

Van der Dussen, J. W. (1992). Financial relations between central and local government in the Netherlands: Why are they different?. Local Government Studies, 18(4), 94–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

van der Dussen, J. W. (2008). Financial relations between central and local government in the Netherlands: Why are they different?. Financing European Local Governments, 18(4), 94–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Van De Laar, A. J. M. (1973). Tanzania’s second Five Year Plan. In Cliffe, L., and Saul, J. S. (eds.), Socialism in Tanzania. An Interdisciplinary Reader 2 Policies. East Africa Publishing House, Dar es Salaam.Google Scholar

Venugopal, V., and Yilmaz, S. (2010). Decentralization in Tanzania: An assessment of local government discretion and accountability. Public Administration and Development, 30(3), 215–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vermeulen, S., and Cotula, L. (2010). Making the Most of Agricultural Investment: A Survey of Business Models that Provide Opportunities for Smallholders. FAO, Rome; IIED, London.Google Scholar

Victor, D., and Heller, T. C. (2007). The Political Economy of Power Sector Reform. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vilby, K. (2007). Independent? Tanzania’s Challenges since Uhuru: A Second Generation Nation in a Globalized World. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala, Sweden.Google Scholar

Village Land Regulations (2001, May 4). GN 86.Google Scholar

Wade, R. (1992). Governing the Market. Princeton University Press, Princeton.Google Scholar

Waigama, S. (2008). Privatization process and asset valuation: A case study of Tanzania. Doctoral dissertation, KTH.Google Scholar

Wane, W., and Gaddis, I. (2015). An educational service delivery scorecard for Tanzania. In Joshi, A. R., and Gaddis, I. (eds.), Preparing the Next Generation in Tanzania: Challenges and Opportunities, pp. 65–86. World Bank Group, Washington, DC.Google Scholar

Weber, M. (1978). Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (Vol. 2). University of California Press.Google Scholar

Weingast, B. R. (1995). The economic role of political institutions: Market-preserving federalism and economic development. The Journal of Law, Economics and Organizations, 11(1995), 1–31.Google Scholar

Wydick, B. (2008). Games in Economic Development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar

Williams, J. H., and Ghanadan, R. (2006). Electricity reform in developing and transition countries: A reappraisal. Energy, 6(7), 815–44.Google Scholar

Wily, B. (1981). A Profile and Analysis of Government Manpower in Arusha Region. Mimeo Dar es Salaam Tanzania.Google Scholar

Wily, L. A. (2001). Community-Based Land Tenure Management: Questions and Answers About Tanzania’s New Village Land Act, 1999. International Institute for Environment and Development, London.Google Scholar

World Bank (1961). The Economic Development of Tanganyika. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.Google Scholar

World Bank (1967). Appraisal of the Development Program of the Tanganyika Electric Supply Company Limited Tanzania. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (1976). Report and recommendation of the President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development to the executive directors on a proposed loan to the United Republic of Tanzania for the Kidatu hydroelectric project – Second stage, Tanzania. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (1981). Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Agenda for Action. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (1987). Industrial Development in Tanzania: An Agenda for Industrial Recovery. Washington D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (1993). The World Bank’s Role in the Electric Power Sector: Policies for Effective Institutional, Regulatory, and Financial Reform. The World Bank.Google Scholar

World Bank (1993). Tanzania – Sixth Power Project (English). Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (1998). Support to the Government of Tanzania’s Anti-Corruption Program. World Bank, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (1999). Beyond the Centre: Decentralizing the State. World Bank Latin America and Caribbean Studies. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (2000). Reforming Public Institutions and Strengthening Governance. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (2003). World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work for Poor People. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (2004). Fiscal Decentralization and Subnational Expenditure Policy. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (2008). The Growth Report: Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development. Commission on Growth and Development, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (2013). Enterprise Surveys. Retrieved from: www.Enterprisesurveys.org/ (Accessed: 10 November 2017).Google Scholar

World Bank (2013). Project Performance Assessment Report: The United Republic of Tanzania Public Service Reform Project (IDA-33000-TZ AND IDA 3300A-TZ). Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (2014a). Tanzania: Productive Jobs Wanted, Country Economic Memorandum. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (2014b). Service Delivery Survey, Tanzania. Washington D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (2015a). Tanzania 2014 Service Delivery Indicators: Health Technical Report. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (2015b). Tanzania Mainland Poverty Assessment. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (2016). TZA Third Power and Gas Sector DPO (1st of the new series). Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (2017). Implementation completion and results report (IDA-52150 and IDA 53170). On a series of two credits in the total amount of SDR 130.1 million (US$200 million equivalent). To the United Republic of Tanzania for the first and second power and gas sector DPO, Africa Region: Macroeconomics and Fiscal Management Global Practice, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (2017a). Doing Business 2018: Tanzania. World Bank Group Flash Report. Retrieved from: www.Doingbusiness.org (Accessed: 15 February 2018).Google Scholar

World Bank (2017b). Governance and the Law. World Economic Report. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (2017c). Monitoring Global Poverty: Report of the Commission on Global Poverty. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (2017d). United Republic of Tanzania, Systematic Country Diagnostic. Report No. 110894-TZ, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (2019a). Tanzania Mainland Poverty Assessment, Executive Summary. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (2019b). Tanzania Update: Transforming Agriculture, Realizing the Potential of Agriculture for Inclusive Growth and Poverty Reduction. Africa Region Macroeconomics Trade and Investment Global Practice, Issue No. 13, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (2020). Global Electrification Database from Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report. World Bank. Retrieved from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?locations=TZGoogle Scholar

World Bank (2021). The World Bank in Tanzania: An Overview. March 23, 2021, updating, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank (2022). Business Enabling Environment. World Bank. Retrieved from: www.worldbank.org/en/programs/business-enabling-environmentGoogle Scholar

World Bank (2022). WGI-Interactive Data Access. World Bank. Retrieved from: http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/Home/ReportsGoogle Scholar

World Bank Group Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice, Africa Region (2019). Tanzania Economic Update: Human Capital: The Real Wealth of Nations. World Bank, Washington D.C.Google Scholar

World Economic Forum (2016). The Global Competitiveness Report 2016–2017. Geneva.Google Scholar

World Economic Forum (2017). The Global Competitiveness Report 2017–2018. Geneva.Google Scholar

World Future Council (2017, May). Policy roadmap for 100% renewable energy and poverty eradication in Tanzania. Retrieved from: www.Worldfuturecouncil.org/file/2017/05/Policy-Roadmap-Tanzania.pdf (Accessed: 1 February 2018).Google Scholar

World Resources Institute (2017). Accelerating mini-grid deployment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from Tanzania. Retrieved from: www.Wri.org/publication/tanzania-mini-grids (Accessed: 1 February 2018).Google Scholar

World Trade Organisation (2019). Trade Policy Review: East African Community (EAC). 2019, 238–40.Google Scholar

Zhou, C., Liang, Y., and Fuller, A. (2021). Tracing agricultural land transfer in China: Some legal and policy issues. Land, 10(1), 58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar