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Contents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 June 2023

Ilias Bantekas  and
Ahmed Al-Ahmed
Ilias Bantekas
Affiliation:
Hamad bin Khalifa University (Qatar Foundation)
Ahmed Al-Ahmed
Affiliation:
Qatar Petroleum

Summary

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Type
Chapter
Information
Contract Law of Qatar , pp. v - x
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Contents

  1. List of Figures

  2. Preface

  3. Table of Cases

  4. List of Abbreviations

  5. 1The Sources of Qatari Contract Law

    1. 1.1Introduction

    2. 1.2Brief Historical Account of the Development of Qatari Private Law

    3. 1.3Regulation of Contract Law in the Civil Code

    4. 1.4Other Relevant Legislation

    5. 1.5The Role of English Contract Law

    6. 1.6The Limited Role of Islamic Law

    7. 1.7The Qatar Financial Centre Contract Regulations

    8. 1.8The Role of Judicial Precedent

    9. 1.9The Development of Contract Law by the Legal Profession

  6. 2Contract Formation

    1. 2.1Introduction

    2. 2.2Obligations in General

      1. 2.2.1Definition of Contract

      2. 2.2.2Expression of Intention

      3. 2.2.3Expression and Manifestation of the Offer

    3. 2.3Offer

      1. 2.3.1Retraction of Offer

    4. 2.4Acceptance

    5. 2.5Correspondence of Offer and Acceptance

      1. 2.5.1Contract Session

      2. 2.5.2Types of Contract Sessions

      3. 2.5.3Essential and Non-essential Elements

      4. 2.5.4Contracting by Standard Terms

    6. 2.6Obligations in Specific Contractual Types

      1. 2.6.1Sales Contracts

      2. 2.6.2Lease Contracts

      3. 2.6.3Employment/Labour Contracts

      4. 2.6.4Public or Administrative Contracts

  7. 3Intention to Be Bound and Cause

    1. 3.1Introduction

    2. 3.2Expression of Intention

      1. 3.2.1Dissensus

      2. 3.2.2The Parties’ Common Intention

      3. 3.2.3Timing of Intent

      4. 3.2.4Evidence to Prove Intent and Common Intent

    3. 3.3Intention in Unilateral Contracts and Promises

      1. 3.3.1The Position in Islamic Law: In Brief

      2. 3.3.2Unilateral Contracts under the CC

      3. 3.3.3Promises Giving Rise to Reasonable Reliance

    4. 3.4Cause

  8. 4Capacity and Authority to Contract

    1. 4.1Introduction

    2. 4.2Legal Personality

      1. 4.2.1Legal Personality and Competence to Contract

      2. 4.2.2Age of Majority and Discretion

    3. 4.3Capacity of Minors

    4. 4.4Partial Competence

    5. 4.5Mental Incapacity

    6. 4.6Capacity of Juridical/Legal Persons to Enter into Contracts

    7. 4.7Agency

      1. 4.7.1Agency as a Contract and Power of Attorney

      2. 4.7.2The Authority of the Agent

      3. 4.7.3Disclosure of the Agency

      4. 4.7.4Standard of Care

      5. 4.7.5Obligations of the Principal to the Agent

      6. 4.7.6Delegation by an Agent to a Sub-agent

      7. 4.7.7Multiple Agents

      8. 4.7.8Termination of the Agency

    8. 4.8Commercial Agency

      1. 4.8.1Contract Agency

      2. 4.8.2Commission Agency

      3. 4.8.3Distributorship

      4. 4.8.4Trade Representative

      5. 4.8.5Brokerage

  9. 5Formality

    1. 5.1Introduction

    2. 5.2Reasons for Formalities

    3. 5.3Contracts to Be Made by Notarial Deed

      1. 5.3.1Gifts and Donations

      2. 5.3.2Agency Contracts (Power of Attorney)

      3. 5.3.3Immovables (Real-Estate Conveyance and Mortgage)

        1. 5.3.3.1Real-Estate Conveyance

        2. 5.3.3.2Real-Estate Mortgage

    4. 5.4Contracts to Be Made in Writing

      1. 5.4.1Company Articles of Association

    5. 5.5Contracts to Be Evidenced in Writing

      1. 5.5.1Guarantees (Suretyship)

  10. 6Interpretation and Gap Filling by the Courts

    1. 6.1Introduction

    2. 6.2Clarity of Wording

    3. 6.3Lack of Clarity

      1. 6.3.1Literal Construction

      2. 6.3.2The Parties’ Common Intention

      3. 6.3.3Shared Subjective Understanding

      4. 6.3.4Interpretation of Imbalanced Contracts: The Contra Preferentum Maxim

    4. 6.4Evidence for Contractual Interpretation

    5. 6.5Gap Filling

      1. 6.5.1Terms Implied by Fact

      2. 6.5.2Terms Implied by Law

        1. 6.5.2.1Good Faith

        2. 6.5.2.2Public Policy, Custom and the Sharia

  11. 7Good Faith and Unfair Terms

    1. 7.1Introduction

    2. 7.2Good Faith

      1. 7.2.1Subjective Good Faith

      2. 7.2.2Objective Good Faith

    3. 7.3Waiving Good Faith

    4. 7.4Unfair Terms in Contracts

      1. 7.4.1Exemption Clauses

      2. 7.4.2Incorporation

      3. 7.4.3Interpretative Rules for Assessing Unfair Terms

    5. 7.5Fairness

  12. 8Defects of Consent

    1. 8.1The General Rule

    2. 8.2Mistakes

    3. 8.3Fraud

    4. 8.4Threat or Coercion

    5. 8.5Exploitation

    6. 8.6Injustice

    7. 8.7Effects of Defective Consent

  13. 9Prohibited Contracts

    1. 9.1Introduction

    2. 9.2Absolute Nullity (Void Contracts)

      1. 9.2.1Defective Effects on Consent

      2. 9.2.2The Effect of a Defect on the Contract’s Subject-Matter

        1. 9.2.2.1Existence of Subject-Matter

        2. 9.2.2.2Identification of Subject-Matter

        3. 9.2.2.3Legality of Subject-Matter

      3. 9.2.3The Impact of Defects on Cause

    3. 9.3Relative Nullity (Voidable Contracts)

    4. 9.4Effects of Nullity

    5. 9.5Nullity of Special Contracts

      1. 9.5.1Sales Contract

      2. 9.5.2Lease Contracts

      3. 9.5.3Labour Contracts

  14. 10Performance and Damages

    1. 10.1Introduction

    2. 10.2Compulsory Performance (Including Damages)

      1. 10.2.1Determination of Natural Obligations

      2. 10.2.2Specific Performance

        1. 10.2.2.1Transfer of Ownership

        2. 10.2.2.2Reasonableness Test and Statutory Duty of Care

        3. 10.2.2.3Performance In-kind Directly by the Obligor

        4. 10.2.2.4Disciplinary Penalties

      3. 10.2.3Compensatory Performance (Damages)

        1. 10_2_3.1Limitation Clauses

        2. 10_2_3.2Notifications

        3. 10.2.3.3Estimation of Damages and Collateral Damages

        4. 10.2.3.4Moral Damages

        5. 10.2.3.5Liquidated Damages

        6. 10.2.3.6Restitution

        7. 10.2.3.7Nature of Damages

        8. 10.2.3.8Types of Damages

        9. 10.2.3.9Conditions for a Valid Claim of Damages

    3. 10.3Performance in Accordance with Special Laws

      1. 10.3.1Performance in Sales Contracts

        1. 10.3.1.1Delivery and Incoterms Clauses

        2. 10.3.1.2Inspection of Sold Goods

        3. 10.3.1.3Payments and Financial Securities

        4. 10.3.1.4Damages in Sales Contracts

      2. 10.3.2Performance in Lease Contracts

    4. 10.4Enrichment without Cause

    5. 10.5Detrimental Reliance on a Promise

  15. 11Termination and Rescission of Contracts

    1. 11.1Introduction

    2. 11.2Rescission and Termination in the Civil Code

      1. 11.2.1The General Rule

      2. 11.2.2Notice to Terminate

      3. 11.2.3Termination on the Basis of Anticipated Breach

    3. 11.3Unilateral Disposition

    4. 11.4Discharge

    5. 11.5Termination by Reason of Death

    6. 11.6Limitations

    7. 11.7Termination Based on the Type of Contract

      1. 11.7.1Termination of Lease Contracts

      2. 11.7.2Termination of Employment Contracts

      3. 11.7.3Termination of Insurance Contracts

      4. 11.7.4Agency Contracts

    8. 11.8Settlement

      1. 11.8.1Parties to the Settlement

      2. 11.8.2Object of Settlement

      3. 11.8.3Settlement with Agreed Consideration

      4. 11.8.4Novation

      5. 11.8.5Assignment

      6. 11.8.6Set-Off

      7. 11.8.7Combined Obligations

    9. 11.9Force Majeure

      1. 11.9.1Impossibility of Fulfilment

      2. 11.9.2Unforeseen Circumstances

  16. 12Contracts and Third Parties

    1. 12.1Introduction

    2. 12.2Assignment of Rights and Assignment of Debts

      1. 12.2.1Assignment of Rights

      2. 12.2.2Novation or Assignment of Obligations

    3. 12.3Effects of Contracts on Third Parties

    4. 12.4Contracts Explicitly Intended to Confer Rights on Third Parties

    5. 12.5Responsibility for Acts of Third Parties

    6. 12.6Voidance of a Contract on Account of the Conduct of or Benefit to a Third Party

    7. 12.7Termination by Reason of Lawful Third-Party Interference

  17. 13The Contract Regulations of the Qatar Financial Centre

    1. 13.1Introduction

    2. 13.2The Relationship of the QFC Contract Regulations with the Qatari CC

    3. 13.3Scope of Application of Contract Regulations

    4. 13.4The Common Law and UNIDROIT PICC Imprint on the Contract Regulations

    5. 13.5Notable Elements of the Contract Regulations

      1. 13.5.1Formation of Contracts

      2. 13.5.2Validity of Consent

      3. 13.5.3Contractual Interpretation and Contents of a Contract

      4. 13.5.4Agency

      5. 13.5.5Performance

      6. 13.5.6Non-Performance and Force Majeure

      7. 13.5.7Remedies

        1. 13.5.7.1Limitation Periods for Damage Claims

      8. 13.5.8Termination of Contracts

      9. 13.5.9Transfer of Rights and Obligations

      10. 13.5.10Third-Party Rights

  18. Index

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