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Neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Are we making mountains out of molehills?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 May 2017

S. Moritz ,
J. P. Klein ,
T. Desler ,
H. Lill ,
J. Gallinat  and
B. C. Schneider
S. Moritz*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
J. P. Klein
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Lübeck University, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
T. Desler
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
H. Lill
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
J. Gallinat
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
B. C. Schneider
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
*
*Address for correspondence: S. Moritz, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany. (Email: moritz@uke.de)
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Abstract

Background

Most original studies and all meta-analyses conducted to date converge on the conclusion that patients with schizophrenia display rather generalized neurocognitive deficits. For the present study, we reopen this seemingly closed chapter and examine whether important influences, such as lack of motivation and negative attitudes towards cognitive assessment, result in poorer secondary neuropsychological performance.

Method

A sample of 50 patients with an established diagnosis of schizophrenia were tested for routine neurocognitive assessment and compared to 60 nonclinical volunteers. Before and after the assessment, subjective momentary influences were examined (e.g. motivation, concerns about assessment, fear about poor outcome) for their impact on performance using a new questionnaire called the Momentary Influences, Attitudes and Motivation Impact (MIAMI) on Cognitive Performance Scale.

Results

As expected, patients performed significantly worse than controls on all neurocognitive domains tested (large effect size, on average). However, patients also displayed more subjective momentary impairment, as well as more fears about the outcome and less motivation than controls. Mediation analyses indicated that these influences contributed to (secondary) poorer neurocognitive performance. Differences in neurocognitive scores shrank to a medium effect size, on average, when MIAMI scores were accounted for.

Conclusions

The data argue that performance on measures of neurocognition in schizophrenia are to a considerable extent due to secondary factors. Poor motivation, fears and momentary impairments distinguished patients from controls and these variables heavily impacted performance. Before concluding that neurocognitive deficits in psychiatric patients are present, clinicians should take these confounding influences into account. Although patients with schizophrenia achieved, on average, worse test scores than controls, a large subgroup displayed spared performance.

Keywords

Effortmotivationneurocognitionpsychosisschizophrenia
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 47 , Issue 15 , November 2017 , pp. 2602 - 2612
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

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Footnotes

†

SM and JPK have equally contributed to the manuscript and share first authorship.

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