“Trans people are told by the law, state agencies, private discriminators and our families that we are impossible people who cannot exist, cannot be seen, cannot be classified, and cannot fit anywhere.”
- Dean SpadeReference Spade1
“You have to act as if it were possible to radically transform the world. And you have to do it all the time.”
- Angela Davis
I. Introduction
A significant legislative struggle over transgender equity currently exists in America. Anti-trans legislation across the U.S. has increased in record amounts, from 79 bills in 2020 to 147 bills in 2021, with 2022 already showing signs of reaching a new historical high. 2 In January, the Human Rights Campaign has warned that the 2022 legislative session could host an “intentional, coordinated attack” on transgender individuals and particularly youth. 3 Within the first week of 2022 alone seven states proposed anti-trans bills, including bills restricting access to sports, gender-affirming care, and bathrooms. 4 That number has skyrocketed to 30 states at the time this article was being written (see Figure 1). 5 However, so too have bills to protect the rights of trans and nonbinary youth and adults, such as inclusive nondiscrimination policy and gender marker and name change on state identification cards. The transgender equity impact assessment tool is a critical addition to tools for analyzing potential impacts of proposed and existing legislation and educating policymakers and others about transgender issues.
In general, many people, including many policymakers, lack understanding about gender diverse people and how policy impacts their health and wellbeing. In brief, gender diverse people are anyone who does not identify as cisgender — or with a gender that aligns with the sex they were assigned at birth, which includes binary trans individuals (trans women and trans men) and trans nonbinary individuals (anyone who does not identify as exclusively a woman or man). Diversity of gender identity and expression is expansive, and present across cultures and throughout history.Reference Feinberg 6 According to current national estimates, between 0.6% and 5.0% of adults in the United States claim a gender identity under the broad transgender category.Reference Herman, Flores, Brown, Wilson and Conron 7 Trans and nonbinary individuals are each unique though they often share similar experiences of discrimination and stigma.Reference Kinney 8 Understanding the nuances of gendered experiences by trans and nonbinary people are best assisted by people within these communities.
Building from the growing number of racial equity and healthy equity impact assessment tools for assessing policy, we propose a transgender equity impact assessment tool designed for use by policymakers, advocates, and community members to assess proposed and existing legislation for gender inclusivity and discrimination.
Despite a changing social climate of acceptance and some progress in trans advocacy, 9 discriminatory legislation continues to be proposed and passed with negative repercussions for transgender and nonbinary (T&N) communities. Numerous bills each year are proposed that explicitly attack the rights of transgender people. 10 The recent waves of bills appear to be motivated by animus against trans people. In these situations, education and equity impact assessment processes are not likely to change proponents’ minds, although they may still create a platform for reaching voters who may be unaware and/or open to change. Other policies are less obviously harmful; these require a critical lens and awareness of intersectional identities to understand their impacts, which an equity impact assessment process can provide. Further, similar to the recognition that addressing structural racism requires both the dismantling of structurally racist systems and forward-looking action focused on healing and repairing,Reference Yearby, Lewis, Gilbert and Banks 11 gender equity work must be ongoing, focusing both on preventing and undoing harmful policies as well as on the promotion of gender-affirming and inclusive policies that protect the human rights of T&N people while also recognizing the unique needs and assets of people of all genders. Policymakers, government officials, advocates, and community members are increasingly recognizing the value and importance of equity impact assessment tools for this kind of work, particularly in the context of advancing racial equity and health equity. 12 At the heart of the transgender equity impact assessment tool is community engagement through a community advisory board that is constantly working and ready to analyze policy when needed. This approach is an ongoing commitment with and by community for T&N inclusion and equity.
Building from the growing number of racial equity and healthy equity impact assessment tools for assessing policy, 13 we propose a transgender equity impact assessment tool designed for use by policymakers, advocates, and community members to assess proposed and existing legislation for gender inclusivity and discrimination. In Section II, we explain the policy landscape of discriminatory and affirming legislation relating to T&N and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer (LGBTQ) identity or status. In Section III, we provide an overview of the research documenting the adverse health impacts of discrimination on T&N people, demonstrating the importance of inclusive policy to address health inequities. In Section IV, we explain the tool, the theory and values that inform it, and describe how it can be applied. Finally, in Section V, we conclude by describing our goals for future transparent and gender-affirming policy work.
A. Positionality StatementReference Budge, Katz-Wise, Tebbe, Howard, Schneider and Rodriguez 14
For readers to understand the perspective of the authors, we offer a positionality statement for transparency of our identities and perspectives. The first author is a queer, nonbinary, white, currently nondisabled assistant professor. They have worked with transgender and nonbinary people for eight years, including healthcare, policy analysis, advocacy, and research to improve the lives of gender diverse people. As a trans person, I prioritize work that assists policymakers to leverage their positions to improve the lives of gender diverse people and to effectively combat harmful anti-trans policies. The second author is a cisgender, demisexual, white, able-bodied woman who is an emerging lawyer and social worker specializing in civil rights and public policy with particular interest in critical social theories as applied to gender equity. The third author is a bi-racial (Japanese/white), cisgender, heterosexual, nondisabled woman who has lived with both racism and privilege. The authorship team was intentional to represent multiple different roles, identities, and histories. Anti-oppression and activism for social justice are shared values among the authors that propelled the development of this transgender equity impact assessment tool.
II. The Legal Landscape
The struggle for equitable and just treatment of T&N people is one of the defining issues of our time. It is happening across our communities in hospitals and doctors’ offices, schools, libraries, workplaces, places of worship, senior living centers, prisons, and other places that impact the full spectrum of human experience. This struggle is shaped by policy decisions made by local, state, federal, and Tribal governments,Reference Pember 15 as well as by court cases challenging or interpreting these policy actions.
The public policy pendulum swings radically and erratically. In June 2020, for example, the Trump administration reintroduced measures to roll back certain Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“ACA”) restrictions on discrimination against T&N patients in the provision of health care and health insurance. 16 Just days later, the Supreme Court ruled that terminating an individual’s employment on the basis of their gender or sexual orientation is a violation of Title VII the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 17 In 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court let stand a federal court of appeals decision holding that a school board’s policy of requiring transgender students to use bathrooms separate from other students violated federal laws against sex discrimination in education. 18 In that same month, the Court issued a decision that the City of Philadelphia improperly terminated a contract with Catholic Social Services for refusing to allow married LGBTQ couples to be considered for foster parents, even though this violated the city’s antidiscrimination laws. 19
Unfortunately, the pendulum all too often swings against the side of equity and nondiscrimination. In 2021, state legislatures considered a staggering 150 anti-trans and anti-LGBTQ bills, at least 15 of which were ultimately signed into law. 20 Anti-trans and anti-LGBTQ policies impact a wide and deep range of human needs and activities, including access to essential healthcare services; access to public accommodations such as public restrooms; access to human services, such as eligibility to serve as foster or adoptive parents; access to supportive educational environments, including school athletics; and the right to indicate on driver’s licenses, birth certificates, death certificates, and other official government records a person’s correct gender identity.
The struggle for human rights and civil rights protections for T&N people spans many years and is happening across all types of and at all levels of government. For this article, however, we chose to focus primarily on state legislative bills introduced and/or adopted during the 2021 legislative session. We focus on state bills because actions by state legislatures can have powerful upward and downward effects, significantly influencing the national and local policy landscapes in both positive and negative ways. Sometimes, states have been more progressive on social justice issues, including gender diversity, creating space for municipal governments within those states to also be progressive, and helping to drive changing social norms in ways that lead to positive federal policy change.Reference Higdon 21 More recently, local governments have been the ones to introduce progressive measures, leading some states to react with preemptive laws to strip or limit local authority to enact T&N affirming measures, even when no municipality within the specific state had introduced such a measure. 22 We chose 2021 because it is a recent year, and because the plethora of state bills that were introduced that year, mostly anti-trans and anti-LGBTQ but also some affirming and inclusive bills, provide ample illustration of the wide and deep impact of such policies.
A. Anti-Trans Legislation
Anti-trans legislation affects all areas of life for T&N people. Below, we call out recent examples from the health care sector, public accommodations, and school athletic programs.
Arkansas recently passed a bill prohibiting health care professionals from providing gender-affirming health services such as hormone therapy or plastic surgery to minors, and it also bars insurance companies from reimbursing or otherwise covering such services. 23 The state has further prohibited as discriminatory “tak[ing] an adverse action against, or communicat[ing] a threat of adverse action to” health care professionals or institutions who refuse to provide such services on the basis of conscientious objection — despite the fact that federal courts have held that Section 1557 of the ACA’s prohibition of sex-based discrimination includes gender identity and applies to all health care programs receiving federal funding. 24 Shortly following the passage of the bill, the US District Court in the Eastern District of Arkansas granted a preliminary injunction which kept the law from being implemented, though that decision is under appeal in the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals..25
Tennessee enacted two of the handful of “bathroom bills” that surface each year.26 One, an addition to the state’s building regulations code, requires all businesses allowing trans patrons to use the bathrooms of their choice to post brightly-colored signage reading “THIS FACILITY MAINTAINS A POLICY OF ALLOWING THE USE OF RESTROOMS BY EITHER BIOLOGICAL SEX, REGARDLESS OF THE DESIGNATION ON THE RESTROOM.”27 In the same year, Tennessee also passed the “Accommodations for All Children Act,” a law paradoxically requiring public schools to provide “reasonable accommodations” upon request to students and employees using multi-occupancy bathrooms and changing rooms but simultaneously prohibiting them from allowing individuals to use facilities designated for the opposite sex.28 The business signage case has been permanently enjoined after a Tennessee judge ruled “It would do a disservice to the First Amendment to judge the Act for anything other than what it is: a brazen attempt to single out trans-inclusive establishments and force them to parrot a message that they reasonably believe would sow fear and misunderstanding about the very transgender Tennesseans whom those establishments are trying to provide with some semblance of a safe and welcoming environment. The Act fails the constitutional standard that actually applies to it, and the inquiry should end there.” 29 Though the school bathroom bill faced a court challenge as well, it is still in effect after the two students on behalf of whom the case was brought, moved out of state citing the hostile environment at the schools. 30 Eight laws curtailing trans athletes’ ability to participate in sports intended for their gender went into effect in seven different states in 2021 alone, many of them incorporating virtually identical language: 31 public-school-sponsored intramural and interscholastic athletic teams and clubs must be designated as male, female, or coed, with membership to be determined solely according to “biological sex” as assigned at birth. 32 Proponents of these laws argue that certain gender equality and trans-affirming policies weigh in favor of such exclusions.
B. Trans-Affirming Legislation
During the 2021 legislative session, fewer states introduced trans- and LGBTQ-affirming bills, but there were some small successes. In 2021, the American Civil Liberties Union (“ACLU”) identified 40 “good” LGBTQ equality bills across; unsurprisingly, none of these bills were introduced in any of the states that proposed overtly exclusionary policies. 33 Nevertheless, five of these 40 bills were enacted into law. We highlight examples relating to health care, and government administration and data collection.
Unlike Arkansas’ laws permitting health care insurers to refuse to cover gender-affirming services on the basis of conscience, 34 Washington state’s “Gender Affirming Treatment Act” prohibits insurers from denying or limiting coverage of medically necessary treatments prescribed “because of, related to, or consistent with a person’s gender expression or identity” as well as from imposing “blanket exclusions” on such treatments. 35 The law further delineates types of patients for whom these treatments may be prescribed, including “two spirit, … nonbinary, intersex, and other gender diverse individuals,” in addition to transgender individuals, 36 thus explicitly creating space for patients who have traditionally been excluded from the health care debate. 37 California passed three positive laws in 2021 concerning public administration, specifically the modification of birth certificates, 38 the completion of death certificates, 39 and the establishment of a pilot data collection program focusing on gender identity and sexual orientation. 40 Under these new laws, a person can request, the issuance of a new birth certificate reflective of their gender identity (including an option for nonbinary), such that their “legal gender” conforms with their gender identity. 41 Additionally, California death certificates are to be issued with the decedents’ reported gender identities rather than biological sex, unless other identifying documents specify differently. 42 Finally, the California State Department of Health now collects and tracks these data points for all suicides and homicides in six pilot counties “to encourage a better understanding of disparities in mortality in rate in the LGBTQ community” and support responses to such disparities. 43
C. Summary Thoughts
The importance of the policy debates and decisions happening in our state legislatures over civil rights and basic human rights for transgender and nonbinary people cannot be overstated. These state actions not only directly impact people’s lives, health, and welfare of T&N people, but they also shape our vision of ourselves as a society and a larger community. In other words, they impact T&N people by shaping the contexts within which they receive services and engage with their communities and, also, by creating an overarching social landscape within which anti-trans sentiment and rhetoric cultivate misunderstanding of, hostility towards, and even violence against trans folks.Reference Nixon 44 One parent of a trans youth expressed, “I have nightmares about [my daughter’s] future already… . I already have obstacles in place because she’s trans. We weren’t exactly excited to find out that she was trans -- it’s scary. I lay in bed and think about whether she’ll get a job one day or whether she’ll find a partner, or will she be murdered by somebody simply for existing.” 45 Trans rights have become a politicized topic with T&N people as pawns and recipients of mounting hostility rather than simply about access to fundamental health and other human needs. 46 For T&N people, social justice includes health equity, legal representation, and social inclusion, among others. In addition to codified human rights, shifting social norms and lowering stigma can be achieved by policy that is explicitly antidiscriminatory and intended to protect and expand resources and opportunities.Reference Walter-McCabe and Kinney 47 Dean Spade argues for radical legal reform for trans liberation and justice that includes examining the role of policies in trans peoples’ lives, particularly those policies that create conditions that diminish their “life chances” and shorten their lives.48
Civil rights will not be enough; we need social rights as well. Gender-based oppression is not only or primarily accomplished through the power of the states: police, courts, and laws… To make it possible for people to transcend gender lines, we must not only change laws and policies, we need to change social attitudes and raise awareness of gender harassment.Reference Wilchins, Nestle, Howell and Wilchins 49
This symbolic value is particularly important, given that these debates and decisions are occurring in an increasingly polarized sociopolitical environment. 50
III. Why Transgender and Nonbinary Gender Affirming and Inclusive Policy Matters
Harmful policies explicitly and implicitly impact the lives of T&N people. The language and punishments proposed in bills intended to limit the rights and resources of gender diverse people create a hostile environment — even when they do not pass. They convey the message that trans people are perceived as a threat and invalid. Having what Dean Spade calls “life chances” 51 up for debate is corrosive to T&N wellbeing. Public policy is a social determinant of health and wellbeing, 52 and it shapes people’s experiences of other social determinants of health (SDOH). For example, laws prohibiting discrimination in schools and by employers implicate all of the other SDOH: educational access, community context, access to housing, economic stability, and access to healthcare. 53 As such, policies have individual, organizational, and social implications that must be considered. Next, we will discuss direct and indirect implications for T&N people at each level.
A. Implications for Individuals and Public Health
Consistent with previous stigma research, T&N individuals often report that they are concerned with the lack of protective policies that are inclusive of their gender identity and expression, especially when this absence is used to delegitimize their gender and claim to basic human rights.Reference Perrin, Sutter, Trujillo, Henry and Pugh 54 Stigma experienced by T&N people, due to discrimination on the basis of their socially nonconforming gender identities, contributes to increased depression, anxiety, and suicidality.Reference Mizock and Mueser 55 In particular, misgendering (especially among those who use they/them pronouns) has been found to be positively associated with psychological distress.Reference McLemore 56 Further, a lack of protective policies can contribute to internalized stigma (e.g., inferiority) and increased discrimination, while inclusive protective policies are more likely to promote equity and invoke community belonging. 57 Despite research indicating a need for interventions to support and protect T&N youth to reduce the risk of adverse mental health outcomes, the opposite is happening and instead, these youth are the ongoing targets of anti-trans bills. The deleterious effect of these bills on their mental health and wellbeing is a public health concern. The 2021 National Survey on LGBTQ Youth Mental Health found disproportionately high rates of discrimination and concerning mental health outcomes, and it connected these with issues such as conversion therapy and lack of access to gender marker changes, which are also subjects of current policy initiatives. 58 T&N youth reported experiencing symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (77%) and major depressive disorder (70%). Even more dire, 52% of T&N youth had seriously considered attempting suicide and 20% had attempted suicide in the last year. Nearly a quarter of transgender and nonbinary youth (24%) had experienced discrimination based on their sexual orientation or gender identity in the past year, and the accumulation of multiple types of discrimination was positively correlated with attempted suicide in the last year. Those who were subjected to conversion therapy reported more than twice the rate of attempting suicide (19%) compared to cisgender LGBQ youth who were not (9%). This startling data illustrates the harm of conversation therapy, and it is consistent with the condemnation of this practice by professional mental health associations. 59 This is why advocates seek formal bans of practices to change one’s sexuality or gender identity.
Another protective policy that influences health outcomes for youth is the ability to change legal documents (e.g., name and gender markers on driver’s licenses and birth certificates), which is associated with lower rates of suicide attempts. Higher rates of suicidality among T&N youth have been attributed to lack of support, social stigma, and internalized transphobia related to their gender nonconformity.Reference Grossman, Park and Russell 60 Unsurprisingly, T&N adults also experience adverse mental health impacts from discrimination and stigma; for instance, 41% of respondents to the National Transgender Discrimination Survey reported attempting suicide, compared with 1.6% in the general population.Reference Grant, Mottet, Tanis, Harrison, Herman and Keisling 61 Historically, bathrooms have been a battleground of human rights movements for Black people and other people of color, women, people with disabilities, and now for transgender people.Reference Dastagir 62 Though the majority of anti-trans bathroom bills have not passed, the repeated proposals and heated discourse around bathroom bills are harmful to T&N people. Bathroom bills place T&N people at risk of violence from verbal and physical assault and mental health risks as a result of facing daily suspicion, harassment, and hostility.Reference Bender-Baird 63 In a study by the UCLA’s Williams Institute, nearly 70% of transgender participants reported experiencing discrimination when trying to use gendered public restrooms.Reference Herman 64 According to the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey (USTS), bathrooms are increasingly dangerous spaces for transgender persons at school, work, and other public locations.Reference James, Herman, Rankin, Keisling, Mottet and Anafi 65 The majority (59.0%) of respondents reported avoidance of bathrooms for fear of harassment or other problems, of which 89% reported “holding it,” 52% reported limiting fluid and food intake to limit necessary bathroom use, and 12.0% reported urinary tract infections or related infections as a result. In school, transgender students reported significantly less perceived safety than their cisgender counterparts, and that their relationships between gender and school safety was significantly mediated by feeling safe to use the bathroom.Reference Wernick, Kulick and Chin 66 Further, being denied access to bathrooms has been linked to reduced mental health and increased suicidality among T&N college students.Reference Seelman 67 It has been established that minority stressors 68 have a cumulative effect on mental and physical health,Reference Nadal, Whitman, Davis, Erazo and Davidoff 69 including diminishing psychological wellbeing.Reference Deitz 70 Further, chronic exposure to stressors in people’s residential, occupational, and other environments can have a biological impact on them, which has been called “biological weathering.”Reference Mustanski, Andrews and Puckett 71 In other words, “stress-mediated wear and tear on the body” can contribute to health disparities.Reference Geronimus, Hicken, Pearson, Seashols, Brown and Cruz 72 These findings have been extensively studied among Black and Indigenous populations, and these studies have exposed the connection of marginalization associated with breast cancer, chronic inflammation, accelerated aging, and intergenerational trauma.Reference Simons, Beach, Barr, Simons, Gibbons and Philibert 73 Though LGBTQ research is just beginning to explore the mental health and biological effects of marginalization, the existing literature shows more anxiety among children with gender dysphoria,Reference Wallien, Van Goozen and Cohen-Kettenis 74 more reported health-related problems among LGBTQ individuals who experience greater levels of microaggressions, 75 and correlations between LGBTQ-based victimization and high risk for depression and PTSD symptoms.. 76 A study of 65 healthy transmen showed elevated diurnal cortisol levels throughout the day due to transitioning identity stress related to public restrooms, which particularly highlights the direct connection with bills about bathroom usage.Reference DuBois, Powers, Everett and Juster 77 The given chronic experiences of transphobia and discrimination among T&N individuals and the accumulative biological weathering support an argument for policy as a social determinant of health.
B. Organizational Implications
Educational and healthcare settings represent two indicators of poor social determinants of health.Reference Kcomt 78 Minority stressors 79 (e.g., gender-based microaggressions, aggressions, and discrimination) contribute to reduced health and wellbeing, including internalized transphobia.Reference Hendricks and Testa 80 Unlike other life arenas, educational and healthcare settings are necessities in people’s lives and are critical areas for T&N protections and disruption of harmful policy and practice.
Though the hostility of school environments for T&N youth have been well established,Reference Kosciw, Clark, Truong and Zongrone 81 and this hostility has been found to severely compromise the psychosocial wellbeing of LGBTQ youth,Reference Asakura and Craig 82 research has also found that inclusive school policies can protect against adverse mental health outcomes.Reference Eisenberg and Resnick 83 The 2019 National School Climate Survey found that the majority of students (79.1%) reported any form of anti-bullying policy at their school, only 12.5% of T&N students reported that their school had a policy or guidelines regarding T&N students. 84 When a school had a comprehensive harassment policy (compared to a generic policy that did not include sexual orientation or gender identity and expression), LGBTQ students were less likely to hear negative remarks about gender expression and transgender people, more likely to report incidents, and school staff were more likely to intervene. Research has found that some teachers report not knowing how to affirmingly engage with gender minority students (e.g., bathroom usage, pronouns),Reference Schindel 85 indicating a need for ongoing gender-inclusive training. When gender-inclusive policies were present, T&N students reported better experiences with name and pronoun usage, access to bathrooms and locker rooms that aligned with their gender, and gender expression (no gendered dress codes). 86 T&N students in schools with such policies were less likely to miss school and reported a greater sense of belonging to their school community. 87 T&N people are a medically underserved populationReference Giblon and Bauer 88 who face pervasive discrimination in healthcare access. 89 Healthcare settings are sites of systemic microaggressions, both when seeking urgent care in emergency rooms and gender-affirming care from primary care providers.Reference Nadal, Skolnik and Wong 90 “It is frustrating, but it’s also definitely invalidating because you have to sit through a very uncomfortable situation anyway because nobody really wants to be at the doctor and misgendered, it’s like I’m already not feeling well, you have to kick me while I’m down, too?” 91 T&N individuals continue to be invisible in or ignored by health care systems through informational erasure (e.g., unprepared health providers) and institutional erasure (e.g., lack of trans-inclusive forms and policies).Reference Bauer, Hammond, Travers, Kaay, Hohenadel and Boyce 92 For example, when insurance policies for transitional surgeries are written exclusively for transitioning from male to female or female to male, a claim from a nonbinary person could be denied. Primary barriers to accessing gender-affirming health care include difficulty finding a trans-affirming provider or a provider who offers services related to medical transitioning, verbal mistreatment (i.e., abusive language) or physical mistreatment (i.e., rough handling) within healthcare settings (including by provider), and denial of care (by provider and insurance).Reference Gridley, Evans, Eng, Antoon, Lyapustina and McCarty 93 Access to healthcare is also intertwined with employment discrimination and health insurance, considering T&N high rates of unemployment (15%; three times the national average), lack of insurance (14%), and living in poverty (29%). 94 As a result of healthcare mistreatment, some T&N people seek gender-related clinics and professionals, which can be limited in some geographical areas. 95 Despite progress, such as the World Professional Association of Transgender Health (WPATH) Standards of Care that establish guidelines for practitioners to provide gender-affirming care,Reference Coleman 96 T&N individuals are 2.34 times more likely to be denied care across their lifetime compared to their cisgender LGB counterparts. 97 T&N adults who have experienced discrimination from medical professionals may withhold information or postpone care,Reference Cruz 98 and fear of negative experiences has led some T&N individuals to self-treat 99 or to pass as cisgender to avoid discrimination. 100 Another important consideration is that health care practitioners report feeling ill-equipped to serve the T&N patients.Reference Lombardi 101 As such, “The existence of an actual trans person within systems such as health care is too often unanticipated and produces a social emergency of sorts because both staff and systems are unprepared for this reality.”.” 102 Conversely, when T&N adults had gender-affirming primary care physicians, they were eight times more likely to have pursued a medical intervention than those without.Reference Kattari, Atteberry-Ash, Kinney, Walls and Kattari 103 Professional organizations also can influence policy and social change by taking a stand against anti-trans policies and advocating for protections. Similar to how the mental health associations collectively stood up against conversion therapy, medical associations (i.e., American Academy of Pediatrics, 104 Pediatric Endocrine Society 105 ) have publicly opposed anti-trans bills that attack trans rights. The American Medical Association called anti-trans bills that could prohibit access to gender-affirming transitional care for minors “a dangerous intrusion into the practice of medicine” and could have “tragic health consequences, both mental and physical.” 106
C. Systemic and Societal Implications
In addition to the importance of understanding individual and interpersonal stigma, structural stigma is also critical to the health and wellbeing of T&N people.Reference Hughes, Gamarel, King, Goldenberg, Jaccard and Geronimus 107 Structural stigma helps explain why some individuals flourish and why others do not.Reference Link and Hatzenbuehler 108 Policy, and legislative policy in particular, can perpetuate and entrench stigma and discrimination, which causes adverse health impacts, or it can support and protect people. 109 Exclusionary or harmful policies are forms of structural stigma that uphold health inequities and perpetuate social stigma. For example, religious exemptions policies have created legal exemptions for discrimination, such as doctors refusing transition-related care to T&N patients,Reference Perone 110 which perpetuate the acceptability of restricting and denying health care and services to T&N people. 111 Additionally, hostile public discourse around trans-related policies (e.g., bathroom bills) magnify trans-invalidating hate speech and heighten safety concerns, the impact of which has yet to be studied but is acutely felt by T&N individuals.
Cisnormative assumptions in policy reinforce oppression systemically and organizationally and require change at the same systemic levels. 112 To mitigate these adverse outcomes, antidiscrimination legislation and other protective policies must encompass sexual orientation, gender identity and expression. 113 While sexual orientation has been accepted for inclusion in protective policy, protections for gender identity and expression has been met with greater resistance. In particular, nonbinary inclusion in non-discrimination policy has been debated. 114 Some have argued for policy and research explicitly intended to reduce the structural stigma associated with marginalization. 115 With this approach, policy could become transparent about intended public health impacts while also educating the public; this could help highlight the reciprocal responsibility between policy and societal norms. 116
In response to the political climate towards T&N people, we propose a transgender equity impact assessment tool for policy analysis. The tool is designed to be used in three primary ways: 1) to support systematic critique of anti-trans policies and illuminate their negative health and discriminatory impacts; 2) to aid the development of affirming and equitable policies for T&N communities, especially by those who are not familiar with T&N issues; and 3) to raise public awareness and advance T&N affirming advocacy.
IV. The Transgender Equity Impact Assessment Tool for Policy Analysis
In response to the political climate towards T&N people, we propose a transgender equity impact assessment tool for policy analysis. The tool is designed to be used in three primary ways: 1) to support systematic critique of anti-trans policies and illuminate their negative health and discriminatory impacts; 2) to aid the development of affirming and equitable policies for T&N communities, especially by those who are not familiar with T&N issues; and 3) to raise public awareness and advance T&N affirming advocacy. The transgender equity impact assessment tool provides a systematic way of analyzing policy for key factors that impacts trans lives. Though it is not a comprehensive evaluation tool, the six steps of the transgender equity impact assessment tool provide a framework that can be expanded upon and informed by current equitable conditions (see Figure 2).
Step #1: Engage Community Members
Before analyzing any policy, it is important to create a diverse, engaged, and ongoing community advisory board (CAB) in the state or locality wishing to implement the equity tool. The CABs should encompass T&N community stakeholders, including community leaders, students, and families. At times, it may be appropriate to bring in additional community members on a policy-by-policy basis (i.e., T&N youth to analyze high school sports regulations for transgender athletes). Community advisory boards (CAB) are a common form of community engagement.Reference Arnos, Kroll, Jaromin, Daly and Falkenburger 117 Utilizing CABs in policy work can increase trust with communities and increase the likelihood that policy will lead to improved outcomes for community members. For example, the inclusion of CABs in sugary drink tax policies are considered a best practice for ensuring sustained public support for these policies and that tax revenues are distributed in ways that will benefit community members who are most marginalized by structural health inequities, addressing concerns about tax regressivity.Reference Asada, Pipito, Chriqui, Taher and Powell 118 In the gender inclusivity context, when unsure about appropriate affirming language and if a policy could be misinterpreted, a CAB can offer insight about language and lived-experience regarding how policy has been leveraged to assist and hinder T&N individuals.
Concerns about community involvement relate to meaningful engagement on the part of the organizers — concerns including co-optation,Reference Brieland 119 tokenization,Reference Furman 120 or even merely listening without appropriately responding. Instead, effective community advisory boards require clear parameters in terms of time commitment, roles (educate? make policy recommendations?), and decision-making power. 121 A CAB should have authority to make decisions, shape policy, and in some cases (such as for state or local agency policy) set policy; otherwise, members can become frustrated if their advice is disregarded or if they feel they have no influence over policy outcomes and are just “window dressing.” 122 Similarly, compensation for time is essential to an effective CAB, particularly one composed of marginalized populations who may be experiencing financial and other hardships.Reference Newman, Andrews, Magwood, Jenkins, Cox and Williamson 123 When honored as direct connections to community knowledge, CABs can be effective tools for community-responsive policy, trouble-shooting, and community buy-in. 124 Community engagement in policy making can be empowering for community members and can contribute to a new social construct “in which society places greater trust in — and empowers — the public to play a far more active role in the functioning of their government…there is inherent value in rejuvenating civil society and shifting the focus away from unsustainable entitlements to personal responsibility and solidarity.”Reference Linders 125 Community engagement is essential to effective and equitable policy development and thus is central to the transgender equity impact assessment tool.
There are many approaches to creating a CAB.Reference Newman, Andrews, Magwood, Jenkins, Cox and Williamson 126 Once created, a CAB can be used on short notice, allowing for a quick and effective response. It is worth reiterating that compensation for time and expertise is an ethical necessity, particularly when considering the emotional labor as well as the value of time being asked of T&N people. 127
ways a CAB can be helpful:Reference Taylor, Marino, Rasor-Greenhalgh and Hudak 128
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• Creating a new policy.
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• Reviewing drafts of a policy for appropriate language and content.
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• Illuminating less obvious harms or negative unintended impacts to T&N people of potential or existing policies.
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• Surveillance of proposed policies and enforcement of existing policies, to inform policymakers, other decision-makers, and advocates about both affirming and harmful policies.
A CAB also offers a dual direction of communication that can build trust with communities and provide a direct line of response to community members when issues arise in their communities.
In addition to community members, consultation with researchers, educators, medical and mental health providers, and organizational leadership with work or life experience with the community can provide valuable expert perspectives. Additionally, such professionals may provide expert testimony or perspectives when such is needed. Policymakers could benefit from having ready access to a network of experts across topic areas. However, professional experts cannot replace community experts.
Step #2: Assess for Human Rights
Once a policy has been identified, the first consideration is whether it is protecting or threatening the human rights of T&N people. This step of analysis looks for explicit and implicit purposes of the policy. Begin with the following prompts:
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• What is known about this policy and topic in the context of T&N people?
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- Have similar versions been proposed before? If so, what was said about them?
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• Who is proposing this policy and what is their history on T&N and other civil rights issues?
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- What other types of bills or policies have the lead authors or proponents supported or opposed in the past?
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- What is the stated intent of the policy?
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- What groups support or oppose this kind of policy??
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• Does the policy have explicit or coded (implicit) gendered language which is likely to impact T&N individuals?
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• What, if any, T&N human rights are explicitly identified in this policy?
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• If not explicit, what T&N human rights arguably could be impacted by this policy, and in what ways?
When assessing language for explicit and implicit impact on T&N people, a CAB has an essential role in this work. A policy might not appear on its face to impact T&N individuals. However, critical assessment of the language by community members can reveal implicit impacts on T&N people. One such example is a policy on school sports that does not explicitly mention transgender athletes. 129 However, codifying access to sports only according to biological sex is an indirect way of discriminating against T&N individuals.
If the policy is found to be protective of T&N human rights, continue through the steps to identify supporting evidence about what and how rights are protected with particular attention to step #4. If the policy threatens human rights, the subsequent steps will help to substantiate the harm to T&N individuals. Many policies will not explicitly identify their benefits or harms; thus, the following steps will help to identify more nuanced impacts of policy on T&N individuals.
Step #3: Assess the Impact on T&N People’s Ability to Access Resources and Opportunities or “Life Chances”
After the human rights framing of the policy has been assessed, Step #3 explores deeper implications of the policy for T&N individuals. Key areas of access include public accommodations, housing, education, employment, and gender-affirming health care, including puberty blockers, hormone therapy, and surgeries.
Again thinking about the explicit and implicit intent of the policy, answer the following prompts.
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• Will this policy increase access to basic needs (bathrooms, shelter, safety, education)?
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• Does this policy explicitly allow T&N people access to opportunities or resources (i.e., adoption, marriage, service in the military) that are allowed to cisgender people?
If access is increased, the analysis in Step #4 will help to identify if language is affirming to all gender diverse people and areas for possible improvements. If access is explicitly hindered or prevented, identify the barriers and their underlying rationale to help with developing counterarguments. If the policy creates obscured or implicit barriers, identify those barriers to make them visible, drawing upon research as much as possible, and explain how this policy can be used to limit access for T&N individuals. If the policy neither increases nor decreases access to life chances, ask whether it can be amended to increase equity for T&N people? For example, if the policy is about the expansion of Medicaid coverage, can trans-affirming care be added?
Step #4: Assess the Language
Language is neither innocent nor neutral 131 and carries important social norms and meanings, such as rules, privileges, and punishments. 132 Similarly, policy language shapes social and cultural norms and understandings. It also can provide clear indicators of the policy’s intended goal, as well as the motivations and mindsets of the policy’s authors and supporters. Courts rely on the specific words in a statute or ordinance to interpret laws and understand legislative intent, so policymakers know that policy language matters. Thus, the specific words used in a policy can have far-reaching implications that should be given appropriate consideration.
It is less likely that T&N community members would recommend outdated, offensive language, which is often seen among policies written by those outside of the affected populations. Whether the policy is likely to have explicit or implicit harmful or positive impacts on T&N people, the words in the policy should be assessed for the following:
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• Does the policy use outdated language?
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- If yes, note this as another substantiating argument for not supporting the policy.
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• If the policy is otherwise protective and expands life chances, how could the language be changed to improve this policy?
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• Is the language used to affirm and be inclusive of gender diverse persons? (i.e., culturally appropriate language used correctly)
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- If not, can the language be changed?
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• Does the policy language affirm nonbinary/gender-expansive people (i.e., it does not refer to people exclusively as being “man” or “woman,” and also includes people who are gender fluid, agender)?
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- If not, can the language be changed to be expressly inclusive of people of nonbinary genders?
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• Could the language reasonably be used directly or indirectly (through interpretation) to support gender-based exclusion?
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• Does the policy use words that have a specialized legal meaning or significance that might not be apparent on its face? This may be an area where help from an expert or legal technical assistance provider may be needed to identify such language.
As a caveat, language is a social construct that is perpetually evolving and changing. With this understanding, the most current best practices in equitable language guided by T&N community members should be used.
Step #5: Assess Application in Practice
The purpose of this step is to assess the policy’s practical application. This analysis is a culmination of explicit and implicit rights, access, and language that could directly and indirectly impact T&N community members.
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• Does the policy language clearly describe what it requires or prohibits, and how it is to be implemented? Vagueness and lack of clarity are a sign of a poorly-drafted policy, and reason enough to discard or not support any policy. Vague laws are vulnerable to legal challenge. Moreover, if a policy is unclear in such a way that it could be interpreted to limit or deny the rights of T&N individuals, it is particularly dangerous.
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• How could the policy be interpreted?
Some well-intended policies that appear to be inclusive might not be as inclusive in practice. For example, some organizational bathroom policies have used language such as “a person can use the bathroom that aligns with their gender.” This might appear to be an affirming policy; however, in practice, this policy can still be exclusionary to nonbinary people if only binary gender (men and women) bathrooms are available. A final consideration is whether or not the policy consciously contributes to progressive social change. Ultimately, political work should move our society towards a better world for all of us.
Step #6: Create a Transgender Equity Impact Assessment Statement
The final stage of the tool is to produce a transgender equity impact assessment statement (TEIAS), drawing from the research, discussion, and analyses conducted as part of the previous steps. Recommended substantive content for a TEIAS includes: 132
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• Purpose of the TEIAS (could be brief boilerplate statements).
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• Policy synopsis (could be copied from the policy for transparency, if a synopsis is available and is accurately written).
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• Transgender equity considerations (summarizes human rights protections or restrictions, access to resources and opportunities, based upon input from a CAB, professional experts, and research).
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• Anticipated impacts (based on input from a CAB, professional experts, and research, including possible (mis)interpretation and enforcement). This section provides crucial information for raising public awareness about the experiences and existence of T&N people and how the policy (and others like it) are likely to impact their health and lives.
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• Recommendations (based on input from a CAB, professional experts, and research).
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• Transgender equity impact assessment statements can be used to:
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• Publicly disseminate information about the harmful mental and physical health impacts of discriminatory and unfair policies for T&N people and communities in general
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• Raise awareness about systemic transphobia, discrimination, and unjust and unfair treatment of T&N people
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• Garner support and advance advocacy for affirming and inclusive legislation for T&N people
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• Share across the aisles to recruit political co-authors and supporters
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• Create a repository of information and research that can be used in other jurisdictions when similar policies are proposed or being analyzed
Box 1 A Truncated Example Of a Current Policy
Policy: Participation in School Sports (Indiana HB1041)
Purpose of the Transgender Equity Impact Assessment Statement (TEIAS): The TEIAS is a proactive tool to evaluate policies and the anticipated impact on T&N individuals in a collaborative decision-making process with the community…
Purpose of IN HB1041: To restrict participation in school sports to same-sex teams according to assigned sex at birth or coeducational/mixed teams, which would implicitly ban transgender youth from participating in school sports.
HB1041 Synopsis: “Participation in school sports. Requires, for purposes of interscholastic athletic events, school corporations, public schools, nonpublic schools, and certain athletic associations to expressly designate an athletic team or sport as one of the following: (1) A male, men’s, or boys’ team or sport. (2) A female, women’s, or girls’ team or sport. (3) A coeducational or mixed team or sport. Prohibits a male, based on the student’s biological sex at birth in accordance with the student’s genetics and reproductive biology, from participating on an athletic team or sport designated as being a female, women’s, or girls’ athletic team or sport.”
Transgender (In)Equity: HB1041 impinges on the rights of T&N athletes to participate in sports teams that correspond with their gender by requiring binary sex-based teams. These restrictions force nonbinary individuals who do not identify as exclusively male or female and binary transgender individuals (trans boys and trans girls) to either not participate in school sports or to be part of a sports team that does not match their gender. It specifically targets trans girls for exclusion. HB1041 also would force T&N students to out themselves publicly and creates a high risk of emotional and physical abuse for them.
Anticipated Impact: If passed, HB1041 would perpetuate stigma and exclusion of T&N youth as they navigate significant social and emotional development stages. Dr. J. D. Fortenberry, the founder of Indiana’s only adolescent gender health program, testified against anti-trans sports bans, speaking about the adverse social, emotional, and biological impact of such discrimination and exclusion. T&N youth face higher rates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality due to exclusion and stigma. In response to HB1041, S. Ames, the director of advocacy and government affairs for the Trevor Project, stated “‘[Indiana’s] bill claimed to solve a problem of ‘fairness’ in school sports…that didn’t exist, but its negative impacts on the mental health and well-being of trans and nonbinary youth — young people who already face disproportionate rates of bullying, depression, and suicide — are very real.’” 133 In other words, HB1041 would only exacerbate these risk factors for T&N youth contributing to an already significant and well-documented public health concern.
Recommendations: Based on the literature, expert advice, and the community advisory board, HB1041 has been identified as a policy harmful to T&N youth. The ACLU has recommended contacting your local representative to ask them to vote no on HB1041…
Policy Supporters: Rep. Michelle Davis (author), Rep. Chris Jeter (co-author), Rep. Joanna King (co-author), Rep. Robert Heaton (co-author), and Sen. Stacey Donato (sponsor).
Policy location: http://iga.in.gov/legislative/2022/bills/house/1041#document-8c4d8ab1
Contributors: M. K. Kinney, T. E. Pearson, and J. Ralston Aoki
A primary strength of the TEIAS is that they could raise awareness in a concise and easily digestible format for most laypersons, as well as help advocates in multiple jurisdictions who seek to oppose harmful policies and advance inclusive, affirming policies. Similar to the growing wave of racial equity impact assessment tools, as impact statements such as this become used more frequently and, eventually, are normalized as part of policy development processes, this will increase public understanding of T&N human rights and public policy issues. 134
D. Who Should Use the Transgender Equity Impact Assessment Tool?
The transgender equity impact assessment tool is intended to be used by anyone interested in analyzing policy for T&N inclusion and raising awareness about factors impacting T&N communities. The level of comprehensibility for the tool makes it appropriate and useful for a wide range of professional, educational, and lay applications. Legal scholars or others doing policy analysis and/or concerned legislators can use the tool to evaluate policies that exist or are being proposed for their impacts on T&N communities. Strategic policy analysis and decision-making could be shared with CAB members and expert council. Additionally, the use of the TEIAS models transparency in political exchange. Within educational settings, the tool provides a concrete practice tool that could be used in policy, advocacy, and diversity courses (i.e., law, public health, social work, sociology, women’s and gender studies) to understand the implications of policy on T&N lives. For example, an assignment can be structured for individuals or groups of students to complete the tool for a specific policy of interest. Laypersons, including concerned citizens, allies, community members, and activists, can use the tool for critiquing policies anytime.
The TEIAS tool can be used across policies — whether they are gender-affirming, ambiguous impact, or explicitly harmful — to raise awareness of both benefits and harm. In particular, the tool can be used with openly discriminatory anti-trans legislation to critique the policy and raise public awareness for those who may not understand the harm to T&N people. Similarly, the impact statement can be used as a Zap 135 to disseminate critical information about a harmful policy to the public and hold lawmakers and organizations accountable for their policy actions. The tool also stresses the existence and benefit of CABs and their role in policy work. Ultimately, as users become more experienced with the tool, they are likely to become better at identifying areas for improvement in policy and gaps in practice/protections for proposing new policy.
For jurisdictions or organizations that already use a racial equity or health equity impact assessment or similar tool, specific questions from the TEIAS could be added (rather than using a separate TEIA) to ensure that T&N issues are being addressed. The intersectional nature of human identity should be a foundational consideration of all equity tools. Given the current political climate, the transgender equity impact assessment tool is timely in serving community advocates, educators, and policymakers as they seek to promote policies that positively impact trans communities.
E. Case Study
To demonstrate the effectiveness of this tool in practice, we now apply it to the Arkansas “Gender Integrity Reinforcement Legislation for Sports (GIRLS) Act,” 136 initially proposed by the state’s Attorney General as “a preemptive effort” to curtail a then-recent executive order she feared would interfere with children’s, especially young girls’, ability to “‘compete on a level playing field.’” 137 The law defines “sex” to be immutable and determined by a person’s anatomy at birth. It then requires any school (from elementary to postsecondary) located in Arkansas that receives state funds, and any Arkansas schools that play against these schools in interscholastic, intercollegiate, intramural or club sports, to designate their teams as being specifically for men or boys, for women or girls, or “coed or mixed.” People who are of the “male sex” are prohibited from playing on teams or sports that are designated for “females.” Any school that “knowingly” violates this can be sued by the Attorney General and subject to whatever legal relief is allowed by law, as well as being barred from receiving funds from “any public source.” 138 The legislators responsible for this law invoked the rationale behind Title IX protections and statements by the late Justice Ginsburg to justify the restrictions imposed: “‘[i]nherent differences’ between men and women … remain cause for celebration, but not for the denigration of the members of either sex or for artificial constraints on an individual’s opportunity.” 139 Because girls’ and women’s athletic opportunities are still limited, the legislators reasoned, 140 and because boys and men have “physical and hormonal advantages” over their female counterparts, 141 girls’ sports need to be insulated from such unfair advantages to maintain equality between the sexes.
Despite this attempt to leverage a seminal decision in equal rights jurisprudence to its advantage; however, the GIRLS Act nevertheless fails at every step of the analytical framework established by the tool we propose here. A staunch Republican with ties to the National Rifle Association, pro-life movement, and Federalist Society, 142 Arkansas Attorney General Leslie Rutledge is a proven conservative dedicated to “‘fighting the woke agenda of [the] liberal left.’” 143 These values are shared by many of the legislators who co-sponsored this law after Rutledge first introduced it, including the primary author Senator Missy Irvin, who has been recognized for her efforts “supporting persons with mental illness [and] substance abuse disorders” and founded the Human Rights for Kids Organization. 144 Even so, the GIRLS Act makes no mention of T&N people’s rights, or of human rights at all, instead focusing entirely on what it characterizes as equal opportunities for young girls.
Assuming arguendo that the law’s purpose is to “promote equality in sports and access to athletic opportunities for girls and women,” the analysis required by a TEIA highlights a critical gap that undermines this goal: The law sets no explicit restrictions on whether girls and women can participate in boys’ or men’s sports. 145 Instead, it only expressly forbids AMAB people 146 from participating on female-only sports teams, 147 implying a similar restriction on AFAB people 148 participating on male-only sports teams but excluding nonbinary individuals altogether. These omissions carry significant misogynistic, paternalistic, and transphobic implications, and suffer from fundamental flaws in the act’s logic. In other words, the policy argues for the explicit protection of (AFAB) girls and women, but does not mention any parallel protections for (AMAB) boys and men, elucidating the proponents do not view trans women as women nor trans men as men. Girls, by any definition, are erased from the narrative: trans girls cannot play, and trans boys are not worth mentioning at all. Additionally, the law does not offer any reasons why this protection is needed other than merely stating that athletic opportunities for girls and women are still limited compared to those available to their male counterparts. By neglecting to acknowledge deeply rooted systems of structural sexism, particularly gender stereotypes about athleticism and the systemic underfunding of women’s sports, the GIRLS Act fails to justify itself.
Additionally, the act leaves no room for nonbinary athletes to participate in either boys’ or girls’ sports; even “[c]oed or mixed” activities are designated as such based on their participants’ “immutable biological sex as objectively determined by anatomy and genetics existing at the time of birth,” 149 such that athletes can be either male or female, but nothing else. In requiring athletic programs to be designated based solely on participants’ biological sex, the GIRLS Act forces nonbinary individuals to choose a gender, thus negating the experiences of the nonbinary community and reinforcing the very same archaic gender and sex stereotypes that have so severely limited women’s opportunities in the first place.
Finally, the law effectively perpetuates the same inequalities it purports to resolve by establishing a cause of action against programs found to be in violation. By stripping covered entities that knowingly violate the law of all funding “from any public source,” the GIRLS Act sets schools up to be completely divested of the resources they need to address the “lingering disparities” the Arkansas legislature set out to eliminate, a counterproductive means of enforcement that ultimately defeats the law’s initial purpose. 150
F. Limitations of the Tool
Some limitations exist with the use of the transgender equity impact assessment tool. First, the tool is a subjective assessment that may be hindered by one’s implicit biases, for which reason we recommend using the tool in diverse teams, such as CABs. The tool is not comprehensive of all facets of risk and benefits to T&N individuals and communities. Additionally, (mis)interpretation is difficult to anticipate (e.g., Can this be interpreted to be used for gender-based exclusion?). Another important limitation is the lack of publicly available, easily accessible data about T&N populations, which is needed to understand the physical and mental health impacts of policies. T&N people are understudied; and because they make up a small percentage of the population (although likely to be underreported due to stigma and discrimination), studies are difficult to implement and need creative approaches and flexible funders. The limited available data is often behind paywalls, 151 inhibiting easy and affordable access for CABs, policymakers, and advocates. Further, interpreting and applying social science/public health data requires some specialized knowledge and familiarity with this kind of data, research methods, and often some kind of formal training, which expertise people using the tool for assessments may not possess. Lastly, the time frames of the legislative process can be very quick [typically, anywhere from a week to a month (which would be considered a long time) to develop and write an impact note]. This restricts the available time for research, CAB meetings, and other preparation for using the tool. When possible, standing ad hoc CABs and people with topical expertise can help to resolve some of these time limitations. In other words, rather than using the tool in response to a specific policy, the transgender equity impact assessment tool and CABs can be a process to begin ensuring the ongoing analysis of bills, education, coalition building, and advocacy. The initial time is an investment but will allow for a smooth and quick response, such as is currently needed.
G. Strengths of the Tool
The transgender equity impact assessment tool can be used for ongoing strategic policy analysis and decision-making that is affirming of T&N people and communities. The development of the tool was informed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 152 and the 2015 USTS, 153 which identifies risk factors for T&N people. Further, the design of the tool is modeled on racial equity tools that provided structured strategies and products (e.g., impact statements) for policy analysis. Specific examples include the Montgomery County, MD Racial Equity Impact Assessment Tool 154 and the Racial Equity and Social Justice (RESJ) Impact Statement. 155 The transgender equity impact assessment tool can be used at any level, including organizational, municipal, state, and federal. For Tribal communities and organizations, further and additional thinking by people grounded in Indigenous lived experiences would be important to ensure that any assessment tool aligns with the specific culture and values of the Tribe or Tribal organization. 156 The possibility exists for the tool to change and grow to become increasingly comprehensive or to be tailored for specific policy topics, such as healthcare policies. Though the tool can be used in direct response to a particular bill, the greatest benefit of the tool is as an ongoing way of examining policy in communities — especially in the current environment.
V. Conclusion
In this paper, we presented a brief overview of the legal landscape of bills impacting T&N people. We made an argument for the adverse impact of discriminatory policies and the need for inclusive protective policies to address health inequities. We presented the transgender equity impact assessment tool as an instrument for raising public awareness about the impact of policy on T&N people. We conclude this paper with our goal for the future of policy work.
It is our hope that this paper and the transgender equity impact assessment tool create movement towards a future of policy work characterized by transparency and collaboration to improve the lives of all citizens, including transgender and nonbinary people. Policymakers have an ethical responsibility to conduct their work with intentional awareness and responsibility for the implications of those bills. 157 Anti-trans policies perpetuate transphobia and incite gender-based discrimination, which have no place in public policy. We hope the transgender impact assessment tool is used to facilitate discussion and hopefully lead to better public policy decisions and transparency in policy work. As equity impact statements become normalized, the goal is to cease the proliferation of anti-trans policies. By centering community in policy work, unintentional harm can be prevented and intentional harm can be faced with the collective power of the people. It cannot be overemphasized that community engagement is integral to policy work.
From classrooms to boardrooms, from reservations to city streets, transcending narrow gender norms can get you harassed, assaulted, or killed. Change won’t come quickly; this struggle is just beginning … this is a movement whose time has come. Join us … Get involved. Because gender rights are human rights, and the time for them is now. 158
The current environment with increasing anti-trans bills has been described as “very dark, and there’s a strong sense among trans people that we are having the door slammed in our face just as we got our foot in the door;” however, T&N people have been urged to “stand up and fight with every breath that we have.” 159 And we encourage you to join us.
Note
The authors have no conflicts to disclose.
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