Until Mr. R. B. Newton described certain fossils from Singapore found by the writer and Dr. Hanitsch of the Raffles Library and Museum, very little was known of the geology of this island, which is the nearest of the British Malayan possessions to those parts of the Netherlands Indies that have been so ably described by Verbeek, Fennema, Molengraaf, Wing Easton, Martin, and others. This proximity to the islands of the archipelago renders the study of the geology of Singapore doubly interesting, since here may be expected data that will eventually assist materially in connecting the geology of the Malay Peninsula with that of the Malay Archipelago, and more particularly with that of Borneo. The object of the present paper is to show that the sedimentary beds of Singapore may be referred to one of the series of rocks which enter into the structure of the Federated Malay States.

In the list of fossils from the Silurian rocks of the South of Scotland in the collections of the Geological Survey the two species of Ischadites, I. antiquus, Salter, and I. Königi, Murchison, are entered as occurring in the Llandovery rocks, while a third unnamed species is recorded from the Caradoc. In the list of fossils prepared by Mrs. Gray from the collection made by her from the Silurian rocks of the Girvan district, I. Königi is recorded from the Llandeilo beds of Balclatchie, I. antiquus from the Upper Llandovery of Penkill and the Middle Llandovery of Woodland Point, and I. sp. from the Middle Llandovery of Newlands. Nicholson & Etheridge mentioned only two specimens of Ischadites, one from Balclatchie and the other from Penkill; both were referred to under the name I. Königi, but it was remarked that one of them appeared to possess more the characters of I. antiquus. The first discovery of I. Königi in the Girvan area was made by Mr. Robert Gray and was noticed by Professor J. Young in 1868, and in 1876 the same author recorded it from Penkill in his “Catalogue of Western Scottish Fossils,” p. 13. Dr. Hinde gives both the localities, Balclatchie and Penkill, for the occurrence of I. Königi, but he regards the species I. antiquus as indistinguishable from it. The only other British species mentioned by this author (loc. cit.) is I. Lindströmi, Hinde.

The four years 1904–1907 were marked by the occurrence of three considerable earthquakes, one of which (the Derby earthquake of July 3rd, 1904) disturbed an area of about 25,000 square miles, another (the Doncaster earthquake of April 23rd, 1905) an area of about 17,000 square miles, while the third (the Swansea earthquake of June 27th, 1906) was felt over an area of 66,700 square miles, and, with the exception of the Hereford earthquake of 1896, was the strongest felt in this country during the last twenty years. Besides these, there were 56 others of less intensity, 9 of which originated in England, 44 in Scotland, and 3 in Wales. The total number for the nineteen years 1889–1907 is thus 214, or 50 in England, 137 in Scotland, and 27 in Wales.

Some time ago Mr. R. Cairns, of Ashton-under-Lyne, sent me for identification a large collection of fossil fish-teeth, which he had obtained in a limestone quarry near Sparrowpit, in North Derbyshire, not far from the celebrated “ebbing and flowing well.”

After a prolonged and very careful study of the region on the spot as well as from existing literature, I summarised my observations and conclusions, in 1906, in a paper on the interesting and peculiar formation of the Tygerberg range in the Cape Colony.