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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 May 2024

Roland Erne ,
Sabina Stan ,
Darragh Golden ,
Imre Szabó  and
Vincenzo Maccarrone
Roland Erne
Affiliation:
University College Dublin
Sabina Stan
Affiliation:
Dublin City University
Darragh Golden
Affiliation:
University College Dublin
Imre Szabó
Affiliation:
Central European University, Budapest
Vincenzo Maccarrone
Affiliation:
Scuola Normale Superiore, Florence

Summary

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Type
Chapter
Information
Politicising Commodification
European Governance and Labour Politics from the Financial Crisis to the Covid Emergency
 , pp. 393 - 412
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

access to public services. See coverage levels of public services, NEG prescriptions on
accession policies. See EU enlargement
Adequate Minimum Wage Directive. See also minimum wage regulation; post-Covid NEG regime
adoption of, 39, 128–130, 325–326, 357
collective bargaining provisions, 130, 325
minimum wage-setting provisions, 130, 324–325
significance, 130–131, 306, 350
Albert, Michel, 26
Andriessen, Frans, 135
austerity policies. See expenditure on public services, NEG prescriptions on
aviation services. See civil aviation services
bailout programmes for banks, 1–2, 27–28
bailout programmes for Member States, 27–29, 35–36, 313–314, 361
Ban, Cornel, 103–104
Barrett, Gavin, 28, 39
Barroso, José Manuel, 2, 29
Bartolini, Stefano, 22
Beck, Ulrich, 26, 38
Belgian Platform for Action on Health and Solidarity, 259
Bellamy, Richard, 42–43, 254, 297
Berlusconi, Silvio, 104, 113, 117
Bieler, Andreas, 159, 192–193
Blair, Tony, 103–104
Bolkestein Directive. See service trade liberalisation via Services Directive
Bolkestein, Frits, 50, 138–139, 208
Bourdieu, Pierre, 78–79
Boyer, Robert, 26
Boylan, Lynn, 228
Brexit, 49, 131, 312, 356
Broad Economic Policy Guidelines, 24, 31, 35, 44, 104
broadband services. See telecommunications services
Brooks, Eleanor, 54, 241–243, 253, 256
Büchs, Milena, 105
Burawoy, Michael, 45, 50
bus services, Ireland, 180, 187
Byrne, David, 240
Calmfors, Lars, 32
capitalist accumulation
by dispossession, 47–49
marketisation of public services. See public services marketisation
NEG regime based on logic of, 28–29, 40, 353–354
solidaristic employment and welfare arrangements, tempering function, 21–22, 46–47, 233
carers’ rights regulation, 102, 128
Centrale nationale des employés (CNE) (Belgian trade union), 259
CFR Infrastructura (Romanian railway infrastructure company), 184, 186
CFR Marfă (Romanian state-owned freight railway company), 185
CGT (Confédération Générale du Travail) (French trade union), 262
childcare services, NEG prescriptions on, 148, 156
CIDs (Council Implementing Decisions), 323, 361–362
civil aviation services. See also transport services
European Aviation and Safety Agency, 183
Ireland, commodification of, 177–180
liberalisation (pre-2008), 169–170
CNE (Centrale nationale des employés) (Belgian trade union), 259
coercive power of NEG prescriptions
concept and taxonomy, 80–81, 85, 109–111
employment relations prescriptions, 111, 113–114, 118
EU funds, NEG conditionalities
RRF funds. See Resilience and Recovery Facility (RRF)
social and cohesion funds, 32, 185, 190, 321
Europe 2020 strategy, weakness of, 2, 35
MIP’s coercive power, 85, 278–279
fines for compliance failures, 30–32, 35, 321
post-Covid prescriptions, 321–322
public services prescriptions. See coercive power of public services NEG prescriptions
SGP’s coercive power, 85, 278
Covid-19 pandemic suspension, 9, 232, 265, 306–309, 313, 356
fines for compliance failures, 29–32, 35
synthesising assessment, 276, 280–281, 355
uneven coercive power, challenge for transnational protests, 304–306
coercive power of public services NEG prescriptions
generally, 142, 154–155, 292
on healthcare services, 243, 249
on transport, 177, 183, 188, 202
on water services, 211–213, 220, 229
cohesion funds, 32, 175, 185, 190, 206, 321
collective action, transnational. See transnational collective action
collective bargaining. See also trade unions; wages
Adequate Minimum Wage Directive on, 130, 325
Germany, healthcare worker protests over, 258
Laval Quartet rulings, 106, 120, 128
NEG prescriptions on, 114–116, 283, 329–330, 357
commodifying or decommodifying potential, 62–65, 114, 119–120, 281
pre-2008 wage negotiations, 17, 31, 45, 100–101, 103–104, 121
Commission. See European Commission
commodifying or decommodifying potential of NEG prescriptions
comparative analyses. See comparative analyses of commodifying or decommodifying potential
conceptual framework, 58–60, 85, 108–109, 354–355
employment relations prescriptions, 6–7, 108–109, 114, 116, 118–120, 276–277, 283–284
NRRPs and post-Covid prescriptions, 324–330, 348, 356–357
healthcare services prescriptions, 8, 231–232, 242–243, 253–257
NRRPs and post-Covid prescriptions, 265–266, 343–347, 349, 351
public services prescriptions generally, 7, 142, 147–149, 154–157, 160, 163–164, 276–277
NRRPs and post-Covid prescriptions, 330–335, 348–350, 357
transport services prescriptions, 7, 176–177, 187–190, 200–202
NRRPs and post-Covid prescriptions, 336–338
water services prescriptions, 7–8, 209–210, 213–214, 218–221, 229–230
NRRPs and post-Covid prescriptions, 340–342
comparative analyses of commodifying or decommodifying potential
employment relations and public services prescriptions
expenditure boosts, 279–281
expenditure curtailments, 277–279
generally, 276–277, 283–285, 351
marketising prescriptions, 281–283
public services sectoral prescriptions
expenditure boosts, 291–293
expenditure curtailments, 290–291
generally, 285–290, 296–298
marketising prescriptions, 293–296
quantitative and qualitative prescriptions distinguished, 8–9, 59, 271–276
competitive tendering liberalisation. See public services marketisation
Concessions Directive
healthcare services under, 242, 258, 295
social clause, 163
transport services exclusion from, 295
water services exclusion from, 158, 221–222, 226–227, 305
Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT) (French trade union), 262
Constitutional Treaty and Lisbon Treaty referendums, 24, 139, 320
consultation rights, 102, 116–117
Conte, Giuseppe, 32
contracts of employment. See employment protection
Copeland, Paul, 46–47, 57, 60
Copenhagen accession criteria, 16–17, 137, 235
Cornago, Elisabetta, 321
Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive, 326
corporatisation of public service providers, 69–70
cost-coverage mechanisms, 71–72, 154, 214–215, 252–253. See also coverage levels of public services, NEG prescriptions on
Council of Europe, 19, 360
Council of the European Union
CIDs (Council Implementing Decisions), 323, 361–362
Council of finance ministers, 27, 29–31, 43–44, 104, 107, 189, 191, 219, 231–232
Council of transport ministers, 167–168, 189–191, 200, 294
European Council and Council of Europe distinguished from, 359–360
NEG Recommendations of, 33–35
QMV in. See qualified majority voting (QMV) in Council
country-specific nature of NEG prescriptions
country-specific recommendations defined, 360–361
national countermovements triggered by, 41, 44, 49, 305, 311–312
post-Covid prescriptions, 320–321
research implications, 4, 42–44, 52, 62, 80–83, 354
specific country studies. See Germany; Ireland; Italy; Romania
synthesising assessments. See coercive power of NEG prescriptions; commodifying or decommodifying potential of NEG prescriptions
transnational collective action, challenge for, 96, 127, 164, 232, 264–265, 304–305, 354
coverage levels of public services, NEG prescriptions on
healthcare services, 251–253
public services generally, 153–154, 349–350
quantitative and qualitative prescriptions distinguished, 71–72
transport services, 187
water services, 214–216
Covid-19 pandemic. See also post-Covid NEG regime
employment relations impact, 130–131
Eurogroup crisis loans, 309–310
hospital bed and equipment shortages, 254–255, 307, 309, 343, 347, 349
lockdowns, 307, 317–318
NRRPs issued during. See National Resilience and Recovery Plans (NRRPs)
road haulage services in, 200
RRF funds. See Resilience and Recovery Facility (RRF)
SGP suspended during, 9, 232, 265, 306–309, 313, 356
state aid rules suspended during, 309
transnational collective action during, 347–348
Crespy, Amandine, 56–57, 71, 241–242
cross-border healthcare services
commercial route, 239–240, 256
Cross-Border Care Directive, 157, 241–242, 257–258, 264
social security route, 234–235
Crouch, Colin, 40
Daly, Mary, 57
Dawson, Mark, 55, 80
De Spiegelaere, Stan, 330
decommodifying potential of NEG prescriptions. See commodifying or decommodifying potential of NEG prescriptions
Degli Abbati, Carlo, 172
Degryse, Christophe, 35
Dehove, Mario, 26
Delors, Jacques, 99, 101, 121
democracy
EU policymaking democratisation, 23–25
European Citizens’ Initiatives, 24, 198
QMV reforms. See qualified majority voting (QMV) in Council
NEG’s democratic deficit. See democratic deficit of NEG regime
referendums. See referendums
social policies and democratisation, 21–22, 46
democratic deficit of NEG regime
alternative methods of governance. See governance
European Parliament’s role limited, 31, 160–164, 256, 263, 313
necessity rationale, 38, 308
popular protests against, 41, 44, 49, 305, 311–312, 356
post-Covid prescriptions, 322
transnational protests against. See transnational collective action
transport prescriptions example, 201
demonstrations, transnational. See transnational collective action
Deutsche Bahn (German state railway company), 173–174, 184, 188, 191–192, 294
Díaz, Yolanda, 319
differentiated integration, NEG as reversed form of, 42–43, 254, 297, 304, 320–321, 355
digitalisation policies, 317–318, 333, 349. See also e-health systems
dockworkers’ strikes, 193, 198, 203, 304
Drinking Water Directives, 205–207, 222, 227, 342
Dublin Bus, 180, 187
Dyrhauge, Helene, 175, 184, 190
EASA (European Aviation and Safety Agency), 183
economic and monetary union (EMU)
accession criteria, 17, 100–101, 136
transport services commodification via, 174–176
Broad Economic Policy Guidelines, 24, 31, 35, 44, 104
core and periphery Member States, differentiated impacts, 17–18
Covid-19 pandemic, Eurogroup response, 309–310
labour and public services impacts, 16–17, 95, 103, 235–237
Maastricht Treaty on. See Maastricht Treaty
soveriegn debt crisis. See eurozone crisis
economic governance, EU
post-2008. See NEG (new economic governance) regime
pre-2008. See EU economic governance (pre-2008)
EDP (excessive deficit procedure) of SGP, 29–30, 32–33, 136, 278–279, 332
e-health systems
European Health Data Space Regulation (draft), 345–347
NEG prescriptions on, 70, 76, 251, 296, 317, 344
EHIC (European Health Insurance Card), 234–235, 242
employee information and consultation rights, 102, 116–117
employment protection
flexible working rights, 102, 128, 324
flexicurity policies (pre-2008), 25, 105
Germany, mini-jobs, 118, 282–283, 324
information and consultation rights, 102, 116–117
Italy, Jobs Act, 117, 153, 281
NEG prescriptions on, 31, 36, 117, 282–283, 328–329
commodifying or decommodifying potential, 65–66, 118–119, 281
for pregnant workers, 102, 128
self-employed worker status, 131, 326
employment relations
commodification of. See labour commodification
democratisation of, 21–22, 46
dimensions of. See collective bargaining; employment protection; wages
EU governance pre-2008. See employment relations governance (pre-2008)
MIP social indicators, 31–32
NEG, labour politics of, 3, 13–14, 44–46, 306, 311–312, 353, 357–358
transnational collective action. See transnational collective action
post-Covid. See Adequate Minimum Wage Directive; post-Covid NEG regime
self-employed worker status, 131, 326
trade unions. See trade unions
employment relations governance (pre-2008)
approaches characterising, 1, 20–21, 25
flexicurity policies, 25, 105
health and safety policies. See occupational health and safety
phases, 97, 120–121, 129
1950s–1980s, 97–99
1980s–1990s, 99–103
2000–2008, 103–107
wage moderation policies, 17, 31, 100–101, 103–104
employment security. See employment protection
EMU. See economic and monetary union (EMU)
enhancing social inclusion policies. See social inclusion policies
enlargement policies. See EU enlargement process
ENPCHSP. See European Network Against Privatisation and Commercialisation of Health and Social Protection (ENPCHSP)
environmental policies
EU’s competence for, 207
green economy policy rationale, 156, 202, 221, 292, 316–317, 340
post-Covid transport measures, 338–340
post-Covid water service measures, 341–342
EPSU. See European Public Service Union (EPSU)
Erne, Roland, 39, 49, 85, 95, 127, 160, 308–309
writing with Béthoux and Golden, 50, 121, 139, 174, 311–312, 320
writing with Jordan and Maccarrone, 9, 35, 39, 83, 85, 271, 278
writing with Maccarrone and Golden, 16, 324–325
writing with Maccarrone and Regan, 88, 112, 115, 153, 182, 327
writing with Nowak, 4, 9, 46, 62, 89–91, 121, 193, 223
writing with Stan, 3, 45, 83, 88, 104, 232, 234–235, 309, 349
writing with Szabó and Golden, 5, 24, 39, 45, 50, 88, 137, 158, 193, 198, 202–203, 210, 216, 226, 230, 306
ESM (European Stability Mechanism), 310, 361
ETF. See European Transport Workers’ Federation (ETF)
ETUC. See European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC)
EU competence
‘competence creep’ strategies and arguments, 28–29, 38, 105, 108, 158, 318–319
for decommodifying measures, arguments for, 38–39, 130, 325–326
for environmental policies, 207
EU economic governance (post-2008). See NEG (new economic governance) regime
EU economic governance (pre-2008)
asymmetry of economic and social integration, 14–16, 18
employment relations governance. See employment relations governance (pre-2008)
EMU. See economic and monetary union (EMU)
‘governance’ term, 41–42
neoliberalism, emergence of, 134–135, 169–170
political dynamics, 18–25
public services governance. See public services governance (pre-2008)
service trade liberalisation. See service trade liberalisation via Services Directive
single market. See single market project
EU enlargement
Copenhagen accession criteria, 16–17, 136–137, 235
core and periphery Member States, differentiated impacts, 17–18
public services commodification and, 136–137, 193
water governance and, 206–207
workers’ free movement restrictions, 99–100
EU integration. See single market project
EU legal instruments, 360
Euratom (European Atomic Energy Community), 20
Europe 2020 strategy, 2, 33, 35, 361
European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), 20
European Aviation and Safety Agency (EASA), 183
European Central Bank, 27–29, 103
European Citizens’ Initiatives, 24, 198
examples. See Fair Transport; Right2Water
European Coal and Steel Community, 19–20
European Commission
bank bailout approvals, 1–2, 27
Covid-19 pandemic relief programmes, 309–310, 312
definition, 360
democratisation of policymaking, 23–24
eurozone crisis role, 27–29
NEG enforcement powers, 29–32
NEG implementation assessments by, 36
NRRP implementation assessments by, 313–320, 323–324
rail services, competition enforcement action, 191–192
state aid regulation. See state aid regulation
wage policy competence claim, 108
European Council
Council of the European Union and Council of Europe distinguished from, 359–360
EU Constitution, call for, 23
role, 20
European Federation of Salaried Doctors, 262
European Health Data Space Regulation (draft), 345–347
European Health Insurance Card (EHIC), 234–235, 242
European Network Against Privatisation and Commercialisation of Health and Social Protection (ENPCHSP)
establishment, 8, 259, 265
membership, 259, 263
‘Our health is not for sale’ annual days of action, 259–264, 306, 356
post-Covid protests organisation, 347–348
European Parliament
definition, 360
legislative role, 18, 20, 171
NEG regime, role limited, 31, 160–164, 256, 263, 313
service trade liberalisation opposition, 24, 139–140
European Pillar of Social Rights, 127–128, 160, 222, 316
European Public Service Union (EPSU)
Cross-Border Care Directive opposition, 257–258, 264
European Health Data Space Regulation response, 347
healthcare commodification protests, support for, 262–264
healthcare workers’ protests organisation (post-Covid), 347–348
NEG regime protests organisation, 8, 159, 302
Right2Water. See Right2Water (European Citizens’ Initiative)
Procurement Directive protests organisation, 222, 239, 258
Services Directive protests organisation, 223–226, 257, 302
European Semester process
NEG prescriptions integration role, 2, 34–35
NRRP, Commission assessments, 313–320, 323–324
outlined, 209, 361
trade union participation in, 127
European Stability Mechanism (ESM), 310, 361
European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC)
establishment, 98
in pre-2008 period, 99, 101–102, 121
NEG regime protests organisation, 121, 127, 159–160
NEG regime social dialogue, 127–129, 160, 264–265
European Transport Workers’ Federation (ETF)
aim, 192–193
Fair Transport (European Citizens’ Initiative), 7, 198–200, 202–203
pre-2008 period protests, 202, 301–302, 304
Public Services Obligation Regulation welcomed by, 172
rail services measures, concerns about, 191
road haulage workers’ rights initiatives, 200
Eurosceptic politics, 44, 49, 305, 311–312, 356
eurozone crisis
German opposition to debt mutualisation policies, 310–311
Member State bailout programmes, 27–29, 35–36, 313–314, 361
NEG adoption during, 1–2, 13, 25–27, 37–38, 95–96, 107
excessive deficit procedure of SGP, 29–30, 32–33, 136, 278–279, 332
expenditure on public services, NEG prescriptions on
cross-sectoral synthesising assessment, 290–293
general public spending, 66–68, 146–149
healthcare services spending, 243–248, 290–291, 318
in Covid-19 pandemic and post-Covid period, 332–333, 350
public sector wages. See public sector wages
transport spending, 180–182, 187–188
water services spending, 218
Fair Transport (European Citizens’ Initiative), 7, 198–200, 202–203
female labour market participation, prescriptions on, 148, 156, 248, 293
Ferrovie dello Stato (Italian state railway company), 184, 186
Finger, Matthias, 175, 189
Fiscal Treaty (Treaty on Stability, Coordination, and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union), 30, 121, 147
Fischbach-Pyttel, Carola, 257
flexible working rights, 102, 128, 324
flexicurity policies (pre-2008), 25, 105
Forum Italiano dei Movimenti per L’acqua, 91, 184–185, 227–228
France
Constitutional Treaty referendum, 24, 139, 320
NEG prescriptions for, 35
public services tradition, 133
state aid provision, 137–138
gender equality policies, 99, 131
Germany
business associations
Covid-19 resilience and recovery funds, support for, 310–312
opposition to NEG, 27, 311
Deutsche Bahn (state railway company), 173–174, 184, 188, 191–192, 294
employment relations prescriptions. See Germany, employment relations prescriptions
healthcare services, EMU convergence criteria impact, 236–237, 251
mini-jobs, 118, 282–283, 324
minimum wage regulation, 327–328, 348
MIP’s wage policy, reception in, 107–108
NRRP for. See Germany, NRRP (National Resilience and Recovery Plan)
private hospitals, 254, 258
public services prescriptions. See Germany, public services prescriptions
public services tradition, 133
rail services liberalisation, resistance to, 173–174
road haulage regulation, 171
transport reform, post-Covid, 338
wage moderation policies (pre-2008), 31, 103–104, 119, 284
water charges, protests against, 226–227
Germany, employment relations prescriptions
on collective bargaining, 64, 115–116, 281
on employment protection, 118–119, 281–283
on public sector wages, 279
on wage levels, 111, 113, 119–120, 324
Germany, NRRP (National Resilience and Recovery Plan)
on healthcare services, 344–345
on transport services, 337–338
Germany, public services prescriptions
on expenditure, 147–149, 156, 181–182, 218, 279
on healthcare services, 78, 82, 247, 249–250, 290–291, 344
on public procurement, 148–150, 155, 216–217, 222, 227
on public sector wages, 279
on transport, 148, 181–184, 188–189, 202
on water services, 216–220, 340
rebalance the EU economy rationale, 6, 113, 220, 279–280, 293, 324
global financial crisis, 1–2, 27. See also eurozone crisis
glossary of terms, 359–362
Golden, Darragh, 128, 258, 263
writing with Béthoux and Erne, 50, 121, 139, 174, 311–312, 320
writing with Maccarrone and Erne, 16, 324–325
writing with Szabó and Erne, 5, 24, 39, 45, 50, 88, 137, 158, 193, 198, 202–203, 209–210, 216, 226, 230, 306
governance
by ad hoc prescriptions. See NEG prescriptions
by law, 87, 188, 221–223, 257, 276, 338
by numbers, 24, 29, 70
MIP’s scoreboard of indicators, 31–32, 107–108, 112, 278–279
ULCs (unit labour costs) benchmark, 107, 112, 119, 276–279, 284, 296
NEG model, TNC corporate governance analogy, 3, 5, 42–46, 305, 319
pre-2008 period. See employment relations governance (pre-2008); EU economic governance (pre-2008); public services governance (pre-2008)
technocratic, 13–14, 33, 51, 55, 357
term, 41–42
green economy policy rationale, 156, 202, 221, 292, 316–317, 340. See also environmental policies
Greer, Ian, 69, 71
Greer, Scott L., 54
Griffith-Jones, Stephany, 26
Haas, Ernst, 20
Hall, David, 206
Harvey, David, 47–48, 59
health and safety regulation. See occupational health and safety
healthcare services. See also Covid-19 pandemic; social welfare
commodifying or decommodifying potential of prescriptions, 8, 231–232, 242–243, 253–257
NRRPs and post-Covid prescriptions, 265–266, 343–347, 349, 351
coverage level prescriptions, 251–253
cross-border provision. See cross-border healthcare services
e-health systems
European Health Data Space Regulation (draft), 345–347
NEG prescriptions on, 70, 76, 251, 296, 317, 344
EMU convergence criteria, impact on, 235–237, 251, 264
EU governance (pre-2008), 231–232
1950s–1990s, 232–235
1990s–2000, 235–237, 264
2000–2008, 140, 237–242
expenditure, prescriptions on, 243–248, 290–291, 318
Germany, prescriptions on, 78, 82, 247, 249–250, 290–291, 344
hospitals, private services and privatisations, 60, 254–255, 258
Ireland, prescriptions on. See Ireland, healthcare services prescriptions
Italy, prescriptions on, 77–78, 82, 248–249, 252, 293
marketisation reforms (pre-2008), 140, 237–242, 256
NEG application, socialisation thesis on, 54
provider-level governance, prescriptions on, 250–251, 295–296
Romania, prescriptions on. See Romania, healthcare services prescriptions
sector-level governance, prescriptions on, 248–250, 295–296
healthcare services, transnational collective action on
healthcare worker protests (post-Covid), 347–348
NEG regime protests, 239, 257–265, 306, 356
Services Directive inclusion protests, 8, 232, 238–240, 256–257
Henrich-Franke, Christian, 168
Héritier, Adrienne, 171
hiring and firing mechanisms. See employment protection
Höpner, Martin, 120
horizontal–vertical EU integration paradigm
adoption of, 37–41, 95–96, 353–354
democratic deficit of. See democratic deficit of NEG regime
labour politics of NEG, 2–3, 13–14, 44–46, 306, 311–312, 353, 357–358
transnational collective action. See transnational collective action
modes distinguished, 39–40, 44, 359
prescriptions, country-specific nature. See country-specific nature of NEG prescriptions
Horn, Laura, 121
Huws, Ursula, 305–306
Hyman, Richard, 84, 106
information and consultation rights, 102, 116–117
Insurance Directive, 242
internal market. See single market project
International Monetary Fund, 27–29, 42
Ireland
bus services, 180, 187
corporatist agreements (pre-2008), 100–101
employment relations prescriptions. See Ireland, employment relations prescriptions
healthcare services, EMU convergence criteria impact, 236–237
healthcare workers’ protests, 258–259
industrial cluster policies (pre-2008), 17–18
NRRP for. See Ireland, NRRP (National Resilience and Recovery Plan)
private hospitals, 254–255, 266
privatisations, 153
public services prescriptions. See Ireland, public services prescriptions
Ireland, employment relations prescriptions
employment protection, no specific prescriptions, 117–118
on collective bargaining, 115
on healthcare workers (post-Covid), 327
on public sector wages, 111–112, 146, 277–278
on wage levels generally, 119, 327
Ireland, healthcare services prescriptions
cost-efficiency and managerialism, 76–78, 249–251, 254–255, 295–296
generally, 82, 247, 291
post-Covid prescriptions, 327, 343
sector-level governance mechanisms, 249
Ireland, NRRP (National Resilience and Recovery Plan)
on healthcare services, 327, 344
on transport services, 337
on water services, 341
Ireland, public services prescriptions
digitalisation measures, 333
on expenditure, 147, 163–164, 181, 277–278
social infrastructure investments, 148–149, 156, 202, 279–280
on healthcare services. See Ireland, healthcare services prescriptions
on privatisation, 151
on public procurement, 340–341
on public sector wages, 111–112, 146, 277–278
on water services. See Ireland, water services prescriptions
transport, no specific prescriptions, 176, 182–183, 189
Ireland, water services prescriptions
cost-coverage mechanisms, 214–215, 219, 223, 294–295
investment prescriptions, 218, 220–221, 340
Irish Water incorporation, 214–216
national protests against, 215–216, 223, 228, 230, 306
Italian Water Movements Forum, 91, 184–185, 227–228
Italy
Commission enforcement action against, 32
corporatist agreements (pre-2008), 100–101
employment relations prescriptions. See Italy, employment relations prescriptions
general strike (2002), 104, 117
healthcare services, EMU convergence criteria impact, 236–237, 251
Jobs Act, 117, 153, 281
NRRP for. See Italy, NRRP (National Resilience and Recovery Plan)
private hospitals, 254
public services prescriptions. See Italy, public services prescriptions
public services tradition, 133
rail services liberalisation, resistance to, 173–174
Right2Water campaign support in, 227–228
road haulage regulation, 171
Italy, employment relations prescriptions
on collective bargaining, 115
on employment protection, 31, 36, 117, 119
on public sector wages, 112–113, 146–147
on wages generally, 327
Italy, NRRP (National Resilience and Recovery Plan)
on healthcare services, 327, 344–345
on public administration, 334
on public procurement, 334
on transport services, 337
on water services, 341
Italy, public services prescriptions
on expenditure, 147–149, 163–164, 182, 248, 279–280
on healthcare services, 77–78, 82, 248–249, 252, 293, 344
on privatisation, 152, 185–186, 192, 281–282
on professional services liberalisation, 77–78, 150
on public administration, 152–153
on public procurement, 150–151, 155–156, 184–185, 201, 217–218, 336
on public sector wages, 112–113, 146–147
on SOE governance, 152, 186–187, 216
on transport, 148, 182–184, 189, 294
on water services, 217–219
Jobs Act (Italy), 117, 153, 281
Jordan, Jamie, 85
Juncker, Jean-Claude, 127–128, 199, 202, 280, 304
Kaeding, Michael, 167, 170
Kallas, Siim, 174
Kerwer, Dieter, 170
Kölliker, Alkuin, 43
Krachler, Nick, 69, 71
Kriesi, Hanspeter, 89, 159
Kröger, Sandra, 42–43, 254, 297
Kyprianou, Markos, 240
labour commodification. See also employment relations
coercive power of NEG prescriptions, 111, 113–114, 118
commodifying or decommodifying potential of NEG prescriptions, 6–7, 108–109, 114, 116, 118–120, 276–277
post-Covid prescriptions, 324–330, 348
conceptual framework, 58–60, 85, 108–109, 354–355
dimensions of. See under collective bargaining; employment protection; wages
in pre-2008 period, 18, 22, 48, 103–107
negative–positive EU integration, effects on, 15–16, 22
neoliberalism driving, 46–49, 81–83
overview, 60–61
public sector employment. See public sector wages
specific country studies. See Germany, employment relations prescriptions; Ireland, employment relations prescriptions; Italy, employment relations prescriptions; Romania, employment relations prescriptions
transnational action resisting. See transnational collective action
labour politics of NEG regime, 2–3, 13–14, 44–46, 306, 311–312, 353, 357–358. See also transnational collective action
Laval Quartet rulings, 106, 120, 128
legal instruments of EU, 360
Leisink, Peter, 106
Leyen, Ursula von der, 130, 202, 307, 316
Lindberg, Leon N., 169
Lisbon Strategy, 24–25
Lisbon Treaty and Constitutional Treaty referendums, 24, 139, 320
Lobina, Emanuele, 206
Maastricht Treaty
as multilevel governance regime, 20–21, 23–24
Broad Economic Policy Guidelines introduced by, 24, 31, 35, 44, 104
EMU accession criteria, 17, 100–101, 136
environmental governance competence under, 207
healthcare services impact, 235–237
QMV (qualified majority voting) rules, 20, 23, 101
Social Protocol, 16, 23, 101–103
Maccarrone, Vincenzo, 46, 319, 326
writing with Erne and Golden, 16, 324–325
writing with Erne and Jordan, 9, 35, 39, 83, 85, 271, 278
writing with Erne and Regan, 88, 112, 115, 153, 182, 327
Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP)
aim, 35
coercive power, 85, 278–279
fines for compliance failures, 30–32, 35, 321
definition, 361
scoreboard of indicators, 31–32, 107–108, 112, 278–279
Social Imbalances Procedure counterpart proposal, 351–352
wage policy, 107–108
macroeconomic imbalances
definition, 2, 30–31
eurozone crisis. See eurozone crisis
German prescriptions, rebalance the EU economy rationale, 6, 113, 220, 279–280, 293, 324
MIP. See Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP)
Macron, Emmanuel, 310
Majone, Giandomenico, 13
managerialisation of public service providers, 70, 72
marketisation of public services. See public services marketisation
Martin, Andrew, 45, 299
Marx, Karl, 44–45, 47
Mazzucato, Mariana, 202, 292
McAlevey, Jane, 51
McGowan, Lee, 172
Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs), bailout programmes under, 27–29, 35–36, 313–314, 361
Merkel, Angela, 310–312
Messulam, Pierre, 175, 189
mini-jobs (Germany), 118, 282–283, 324
minimum wage regulation. See also wages
Directive on. See Adequate Minimum Wage Directive
generally, 62
Germany, adoption of, 327–328, 348
Ireland, prescriptions on, 112, 119, 327
for posted workers, 128
Romania, prescriptions on, 112
MIP. See Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP)
Miró, Joan, 56–57
Monti, Mario, 117, 132, 192, 282
Morandi Bridge disaster (2018), 182, 336
Morton, Adam David, 192
MoUs (Memoranda of Understanding), bailout programmes under, 27–29, 35–36, 313–314, 361
Nanetti, Raffaella Y., 175
national protests against NEG regime, 41, 44, 49, 305, 311–312, 356
National Resilience and Recovery Plans (NRRPs)
background to adoption, 310–312
characteristics, 320–322, 357
Commission’s assessments of, 313–319, 323–324
definition, 361
on employment relations, 328–329, 348, 350
on healthcare services, 343–347, 349, 351
on transport services, 336–338
on water services, 341–342
policy orientation of. See post-Covid NEG regime
nationalisation policies, 134, 138. See also public services privatisation
NEG (new economic governance) regime
adoption of, 1–2, 13, 25–27, 37–38, 95–96, 107
analytical contributions of study, 353–358
in Covid-19 pandemic and post-Covid period. See Covid-19 pandemic; post-Covid NEG regime
democratic deficit. See democratic deficit of NEG regime
Europe 2020 strategy, 2, 33, 35, 361
European Semester process. See European Semester process
horizontal–vertical paradigm. See horizontal–vertical EU integration paradigm
legality questionable, 28, 38–39
MIP strand. See Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP)
MoU strand (bailout programmes), 27–29, 35–36, 313–314, 361
policy orientation, commodification–decommodification axis. See commodifying or decommodifying potential of NEG prescriptions; labour commodification; post-Covid NEG regime; public services commodification
policy orientation, socialisation thesis, 53–55, 79, 160
politicisation of. See politicisation
prescriptions. See NEG prescriptions
research design and methodology. See NEG regime, research design and methodology
SGP strand. See Stability and Growth Pact (SGP)
Six-Pack laws, 13–14, 29–30, 39, 83–84, 147, 361
social dialogue on, 127–129, 160, 264–265
TNC corporate governance analogy, 3, 5, 42–46, 305, 319
Two-Pack laws, 29–30, 147
NEG prescriptions
bailout programmes, 27–29, 35–36, 313–314, 361
coercive power. See coercive power of NEG prescriptions
commodifying or decommodifying potential. See commodifying or decommodifying potential of NEG prescriptions
communicative contexts of, 78–81
country-specific nature. See country-specific nature of NEG prescriptions
in Covid-19 pandemic and post-Covid period. See National Resilience and Recovery Plans (NRRPs); post-Covid NEG regime
definition, 2, 361
European Semester process integrating. See European Semester process
implementation, Commission’s assessments, 36
MIP indicators, linkage to, 31
policy contexts, 81–83
policy rationales. See policy rationales of NEG prescriptions
quantitative and qualitative types. See quantitative and qualitative NEG prescriptions
semantic analysis of, 55–57, 74–78, 85
NEG regime, research design and methodology
case selection and analytical strategy, 84–85, 87–88, 141–142
coercive power, taxonomy of, 80–81, 85, 109–111
country-specific prescriptions, research implications, 4, 42–44, 52, 62, 80–83, 354
data collection and sources, 88–91
overview, 4–6, 73–74, 83–84
semantic analysis of prescriptions, 55–57, 74–78, 85
negative–positive EU integration paradigm, 15–16, 39–40
neoliberalism
commodification and, 1, 46–49, 81–83
emergence in EU governance, 134–135, 169–170
network services liberalisation, 23, 135–136, 172–173
Nowak, Jörg, 4, 9, 46, 62, 89–91, 121, 193, 223
NRRPs. See National Resilience and Recovery Plans (NRRPs)
Ocampo, José Antonio, 26
occupational health and safety
pregnant workers, 102, 128
Single European Act, measures under, 23, 101
working time regulation, 102, 128
Open Method of Coordination, 24, 35, 44, 105, 120
Orbán, Viktor, 318–319, 321
ordinary legislative procedure, 23, 32–33, 41, 158, 221, 263
outsourcing of public services, 69
Palacio, Loyola de, 171
parental rights regulation, 102, 128
Patel, Kiran Klaus, 168–169
Pay Transparency Directive (proposed), 326
People’s Health Movement (PHM) Europe, 91, 259, 262
platform companies, 131, 317–318, 326
Pochet, Philippe, 35
Polanyi, Karl, 50, 61
policy rationales of NEG prescriptions
to boost competitiveness and growth, 155, 163, 220, 280
digitalisation policies, 317–318, 333, 349
enhancing social inclusion. See social inclusion policies
generally, 271, 291–293, 330–332, 340, 356
green economy, 156, 202, 221, 292, 316–317, 340
labour market participation expansion, 148, 156, 248, 255, 293
payroll taxes reduction, 255, 296
private sector involvement in public services promotion, 155–156, 280, 336
to rebalance the EU economy, 6–7, 113, 220, 229, 279–280, 293, 324
political will of EU executives, 295
politicisation
depoliticised policymaking of NEG. See governance
of EU integration, 18–19, 22, 49
labour politics of NEG regime, 2–3, 13–14, 44–46, 306, 311–312, 353, 357–358
by social movements and trade unions. See transnational collective action
term, 359
theory on, 5–6, 46, 50–51
popular protests against NEG regime, 41, 44, 49, 305, 311–312, 356
Port Services Directives, 193, 199, 202, 269–270
positive–negative EU integration paradigm, 15–16, 39–40
post-Covid NEG regime
characteristics of prescriptions, 320–322
employment relations prescriptions, 324–330, 348, 356–357
healthcare services governance, 342–347
minimum wage regulation. See Adequate Minimum Wage Directive
policy orientation, synthesising assessment, 348–351
public service prescriptions generally, 330–335, 348–350, 357
transnational collective action against, 335, 338–339, 347
transport governance, 338–340
water services governance, 340–342
posted workers’ rights, 102, 106, 128, 200
power relations, study of, 6, 42, 53, 57, 82, 84–85
PPPs (public–private partnerships), 60, 69, 137, 202, 207, 222
pregnant workers’ rights, 102, 128
privatisation policies. See public services privatisation
Procurement Directives
healthcare services under, 242, 258
social and environmental content, 140, 163, 222
transnational collection action against, 193, 222, 239, 258
transport services under, 169
professional services liberalisation prescription, Italy, 77–78, 150
protests, transnational. See transnational collective action
public procurement policies. See public services marketisation
public sector wages
commodifying or decommodifying policies, 66, 108, 277–281
Germany, prescriptions on, 279
healthcare worker protests, 258, 347–348
Ireland, prescriptions on, 111–112, 146, 216, 277–278
Italy, prescriptions on, 112–113, 146–147, 149
Romania, prescriptions on, 112, 146, 277–278, 328, 334
public services commodification
comparative analysis of NEG prescriptions. See coercive power of public services NEG prescriptions; commodifying or decommodifying potential of NEG prescriptions
conceptual framework, 58–60, 85, 108–109, 354–355
coverage level dimension. See coverage levels of public services, NEG prescriptions on
EU enlargement process driving, 136–137
in pre-2008 period, 17, 22, 48
marketisation policies, 8, 106–107, 137, 140, 237–242
via Services Directive. See service trade liberalisation via Services Directive
neoliberalism driving, 46–49, 81–83
overview, 66, 72
public sector employment. See public sector wages
resource level dimension. See expenditure on public services, NEG prescriptions on
sectors analysed. See healthcare services; transport services; water services
specific country studies. See Germany, public services prescriptions; Ireland, public services prescriptions; Italy, public services prescriptions; Romania, public services prescriptions
transnational action resisting. See transnational collective action
via marketisation. See public services marketisation
via privatisation. See public services privatisation
public services governance (pre-2008)
approaches characterising, 1, 20–21, 25, 132, 137
marketisation policies, 8, 106–107, 137, 140, 237–242
network services liberalisation, 23, 135–136, 172–173
phases, 133, 163
1950s–1980s, 133–134
1980s–1990s, 134–138
2000–2008, 138–141
privatisation policies, 59–60, 136–137, 173
service trade liberalisation. See service trade liberalisation via Services Directive
specific sectors. See healthcare services; transport services; water services
state aid regulation. See state aid regulation
public services marketisation
concept, 68–69, 71–72
EU laws on. See Concessions Directive; Procurement Directives
Germany, prescriptions on. See under Germany, public services prescriptions
healthcare marketisation reforms. See under healthcare services
in pre-2008 period, 8, 106–107, 137, 140, 237–242
Ireland, prescriptions on, 340–341
Italy, prescriptions on. See under Italy, public services prescriptions
managerialisation of providers, 70, 72
NEG prescriptions on, synthesising assessment, 281–283, 293–296
outsourcing, 69
post-Covid prescriptions on, 333–335
PPPs (public–private partnerships), 60, 69, 137, 202, 207, 222
privatisation. See public services privatisation
Romania, prescriptions on, 150–152, 184
SOEs, corporate governance prescriptions, 152, 186–187, 216, 332, 334–335, 337–338
transport services, 172, 182–185, 188–190, 201, 338
water services, 216–218
public services privatisation
generally, 48
‘implicit’ privatisation, 68
in Ireland, 153
marketisation via, 72
NEG prescriptions on, 151–152, 185–186, 192, 201, 254–255, 281–282, 294
in pre-2008 period, 59–60, 136–137, 173, 175, 254
private hospitals, 60, 254–255, 258
privatisation types, 70
public transport services. See transport services
qualified majority voting (QMV) in Council
health and safety measures adopted by, 23, 101–102
Lisbon Treaty reforms, 169, 174
Maastricht Treaty reforms, 20, 23, 101
reversed QMV on NEG fines on compliance failures, 29–30
Single European Act reforms, 20, 101–102, 135, 170
quantitative and qualitative NEG prescriptions
employment relations prescriptions, 61
generally, 8–9, 59, 271–276
public services prescriptions, 66–72, 285
Radaelli, Claudio M., 188
rail services. See also transport services
Commission competition enforcement action, 191–192
commodification via NEG prescriptions, 175, 294
EU laws on (post-2008), 183–191, 193, 338–340
EU laws on (pre-2008), 170–174, 176, 200
Germany, prescriptions on, 184, 188–189
Ireland, NRRP on, 337
Italy, prescriptions on, 294, 337
privatisations, 185–186, 192, 201, 294
Romania, prescriptions on, 180–181, 183, 186, 189, 201, 294
referendums
generally, 49
on Constitutional Treaty and Lisbon Treaty ratification, 24, 139, 320
on Italian compulsory competitive tendering rules, 184–185, 201, 217–218, 227–228
Regling, Klaus, 314
regulatory independence of public services, 68
Rehn, Olli, 39
remuneration. See wages
Renzi, Matteo, 117, 152–153, 186–187
research design and methodology. See NEG regime, research design and methodology
Resilience and Recovery Facility (RRF). See also National Resilience and Recovery Plans (NRRPs)
background to adoption, 310–312, 361
healthcare commodification, potential effect on, 265–266, 351
NEG conditionalities, 9, 185, 321–322, 349–351, 356
NRRP implementation assessments, 313–320, 323–324
post-Covid prescriptions related to, 320–322
resource level prescriptions. See expenditure on public services, NEG prescriptions on
reversed differentiated integration, NEG as, 42–43, 254, 297, 304, 320–321, 355
reversed qualified majority voting (QMV) on NEG fines, 29–30
Right2Water (European Citizens’ Initiative)
Citizens’ Initiatives generally, 24, 198
country-level support for, 227–228
effects of, 158, 199–200, 203, 226–227, 230, 305–306
reasons for success, 199, 226
road haulage services, 170–171, 200
Rokkan, Stein, 22
Romania
employment relations prescriptions. See Romania, employment relations prescriptions
healthcare services prescriptions. See Romania, healthcare services prescriptions
hospital privatisations, 60, 254, 258
Labour Code (2003), 103–104, 114
NRRP for. See Romania, NRRP (National Resilience and Recovery Plan)
public services prescriptions. See Romania, public services prescriptions
Romania, employment relations prescriptions
on collective bargaining, 114–115, 119–120, 283, 329–330, 356–357
on employment protection, 116–117, 119
on public sector wages, 112, 146, 277–278, 328, 334
on wage levels generally, 112
Romania, healthcare services prescriptions
cost-efficiency and managerialism, 78, 85, 248–251, 254–255, 295–296
coverage levels, 251–253, 291–293, 296
generally, 82
post-Covid prescriptions, 327, 343
resource levels, 243–247, 290–291
Romania, NRRP (National Resilience and Recovery Plan)
on employment relations, 328–329, 348, 350
on healthcare services, 344–345
on public procurement, 334
on public services digitalisation, 333–334
on SOE governance, 332, 334–335, 337–338
on water services, 341–342
Romania, public services prescriptions
on expenditure, 147–149, 163–164, 243–247, 277–280, 332
on healthcare services. See Romania, healthcare services prescriptions
on privatisation, 151–152, 185, 281–282
on public administration, 152, 327
on public procurement, 150–151, 184
on public sector wages, 112, 146, 277–278, 328, 334
rural areas, prescriptions affecting, 147–148, 153–154, 156, 215–216, 221, 229
on SOE governance, 152, 186
on transport, 148, 180–181, 183, 185–186, 189, 201, 294
on water services, 215–216, 218–221, 229, 340
Ross, George, 45, 299
RRF. See Resilience and Recovery Facility (RRF)
Rüffert case, 106–107, 140
Ryanair, 23, 180, 183
Sabato, Sebastiano, 330, 351–352
salaries. See wages
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 138
Savage, James D., 175
Scharpf, Fritz, 15–16, 23, 39–40
Scheingold, Stuart A., 169
Schmid, Achim, 68
Schmidt, Vivien A., 265, 307–308
Schmitter, Philippe C., 41
Scholz, Olaf, 312, 328
Schot, Johan, 168–169
Schröder, Gerhard, 103–104, 236
Schulten, Thorsten, 45
Schuman, Robert, 20
security of employment tenure. See employment protection
Seeliger, Martin, 120
self-employed worker status, 131, 326
service trade liberalisation via Services Directive
background to, 17
consequences of failure, 24, 41
opposition to. See Services Directive opposition
Services Notification Procedure Directive (proposal), 157–158, 230
Services Directive opposition
country-of-origin principle controversies, 105–106, 139, 208–209
generally, 24, 96, 121, 139–141, 158–159, 284, 320
to healthcare services inclusion, 8, 232, 238–240, 256–257
private sector unions’ support for, 302–303
to water services inclusion, 209, 223–226
services of general economic interest (SGEI), 133–134, 138, 172, 208–209, 237–238. See also state aid regulation
SGP. See Stability and Growth Pact (SGP)
silent revolution, 2, 25–27, 29, 37–38, 243
single currency. See economic and monetary union (EMU)
Single European Act
mutual recognition principle, 99
negative integration approach, 16, 22, 41, 45
occupational health and safety measures, 23, 101
QMV (qualified majority voting) rules, 20, 101–102, 135, 170
single market project
core and periphery Member States, differentiated impacts, 17–18
cross-border healthcare. See cross-border healthcare services
economic and social integration differentiated, 14–16, 18
free movement of workers, competitive pressures from, 17–18, 22, 45, 95, 99–100
freedoms, commodifying effect of, 106–107
marketisation reforms. See public services marketisation
negative–positive integration paradigm, 15–16, 39–40
political integration initiatives, 18–21
SEA on. See Single European Act
service trade liberalisation. See service trade liberalisation via Services Directive
social policies, 16–17, 23, 99, 101–103, 233
state aid regulation. See state aid regulation
Six-Pack laws, 13–14, 29–30, 39, 83–84, 147, 361
social and cohesion funds, 32, 175, 185, 190, 206, 321
social inclusion policies
for rural areas in Romania, 147–148, 153–154, 156, 215–216, 221, 229
generally, 111, 255–256, 292–293
Social Protocol, Maastricht Treaty, 16, 23, 101–103
social reproduction of labour, 46–47, 60–62, 97–98
Social Rights, European Pillar of, 127–128, 160, 222, 316
social welfare. See also healthcare services
benefits levels, 62
cross-border healthcare, social security route, 234–235
democratisation, link to, 21–22, 46
EU citizens’ benefits rights, 233
MIP social indicators, 31–32
socialisation thesis (on NEG policy orientation), 53–55, 79, 160
SOEs, corporate governance prescriptions, 152, 186–187, 216, 332, 334–335, 337–338
solidaristic employment and welfare arrangements
capitalist accumulation, tempering function, 21–22, 46–47, 233
decommodifying potential of prescriptions. See commodifying or decommodifying potential of NEG prescriptions
Spasova, Slavina, 330, 351–352
spending on public services. See expenditure on public services, NEG prescriptions on
Springford, John, 321
Stability and Growth Pact (SGP)
aim, 35, 136
coercive power, 85, 278
fines for compliance failures, 29–32, 35
Covid-19 pandemic, suspension during, 9, 232, 265, 306–309, 313, 356
definition, 361
EDP (excessive deficit procedure), 29–30, 32–33, 136, 278–279, 332
greater fiscal flexibility, calls for, 127, 332
‘Growth’ element added, 57
Stan, Sabina, 60, 237, 253
writing with Erne, 3, 45, 83, 88, 104, 232, 234–235, 309, 349
state aid regulation
bank bailouts, exemptions for, 27
Covid-19 pandemic, suspension during, 309
Directive 80/723/EEC, 134–135
healthcare sector and, 238
SGEI (services of general economic interest) concept, 133–134, 138, 172, 208–209, 237–238
transport sector and, 169
state-owned enterprises, NEG prescriptions on, 152, 186–187, 216, 332, 334–335, 337–338
Sterkel, Gabriele, 45
Stevens, Handley, 169–170
Stiglitz, Joseph E., 26, 62
Streeck, Wolfgang, 16, 23, 50, 120
strikes, transnational. See transnational collective action
structure-agency nexus, 54–55
SUD-Health Social (French trade union), 259
Supiot, Alain, 38
SURE funds, 324
Sutherland, Peter, 135
Sweden, collective bargaining in, 64
Szabó, Imre, 66, 112, 318–319
writing with Golden and Erne, 5, 24, 39, 45, 50, 88, 137, 158, 193, 198, 202–203, 209–210, 216, 226, 230, 306
writing with Kahancová, 216, 258
technocratic governance, 13–14, 33, 51, 55, 357
telecommunications services
Italy, prescription on, 148
Romania, prescription on, 148
sector liberalisation, 23, 135
Teutsch, Michael, 170
TNCs. See transnational corporations (TNCs)
Tooze, Adam, 316
trade unions
collective bargaining by. See collective bargaining
EPSU. See European Public Service Union (EPSU)
ETF. See European Transport Workers’ Federation (ETF)
ETUC. See European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC)
EU’s competence for decommodifying measures, union arguments on, 38–39, 130, 325–326
Laval Quartet rulings, 106, 120, 128
Lisbon strategy response, 25
market integration competitive pressures faced by, 16–18, 22, 45, 95, 99–100
NEG policies, perceptions of, 26, 91
rights under EU law, 62
Services Directive, opposition to, 24, 96, 105–106
transnational collective action by. See transnational collective action
transnational collective action
agency-oriented factors affecting, 269
commodifying script prerequisite, 269–270, 303, 355–356
country-specific nature of prescriptions, challenge for, 96, 127, 164, 232, 264–265, 304–305, 354
cross-border competition, challenge for, 193, 198
in Covid-19 pandemic, 347–348
EPSU-organised. See European Public Service Union (EPSU)
ETUC-organised. See European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC)
EU actors targeted, explanations for, 301–303
European Parliament’s limited NEG role, challenge for, 160–164, 263
future priorities, 9
healthcare commodification protests, 258–265, 306, 356
labour politics of NEG regime, 2–3, 13–14, 44–46, 306, 311–312, 353, 357–358
lists of NEG regime protests, 159–160
post-Covid period, 335, 338–339, 347–348
pre-2008 period, 299
dockworkers’ strikes, 193, 198, 203, 304
Procurement Directives protests, 193, 222, 239, 258
Services Directive protests. See Services Directive opposition
private and nation state actors targeted, dearth of protests, 299–301
research data on, 89–91
structural factors affecting, 49–52, 160–163
transport commodification protests, 7, 192–200, 202–203, 338–339
uneven coercive power of prescriptions, challenge for, 304–306
water rights campaign. See Right2Water (European Citizens’ Initiative)
transnational corporations (TNCs)
corporate governance, NEG regime compared, 3, 5, 42–46, 305, 319
digital platform companies, 131, 317–318, 326
ETUC promoting democracy in. See European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC)
healthcare service and pharmaceutical companies, 256–257, 345–347
water companies, 206–207, 222, 226
transport services
buses, 180, 187
civil aviation. See civil aviation services
commodification via EMU accession criteria, 174–176
commodifying or decommodifying potential of prescriptions, 7, 176–177, 187–190, 200–202
NRRPs and post-Covid prescriptions, 336–338
compulsory competitive tendering rules, 172
coverage level prescriptions, 187
EU governance (pre-2008), 167–168, 200
1950s–1970s, 168–169
1980s–1990s, 169–171
2000–2008, 171–174
EU laws on (post-2008), 190–193, 338–340
expenditure, prescriptions on, 180–182, 187–188
Germany, prescriptions on, 148, 181–184, 188–189, 202
Ireland, no specific prescriptions on, 176, 182–183, 189
Italy, prescriptions on, 148, 182–184, 189, 294, 337
provider-level governance, prescriptions on, 185–187, 201
railways. See rail services
Romania, prescriptions on, 148, 180–181, 183, 185–186, 189, 201, 294
sector-level governance, prescriptions on, 182–185, 188–190, 201, 294
transnational collective action on, 7, 192–200, 202–203, 338–339
Treaty on Stability, Coordination, and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union (Fiscal Treaty), 30, 121, 147
Turnbull, Peter, 193
Two-Pack laws, 29–30, 147
Umney, Charles, 69, 71
unit labour costs (ULCs) benchmark, 107, 112, 119, 276–279, 284, 296
United Kingdom
Brexit, 49, 131, 312, 356
collective bargaining in, 63–64
Maastricht Treaty Social Protocol rejection, 101
privatisation policies, 59–60, 136
unjustified dismissal protections. See employment protection
Urban Waste-Water Treatment Directives, 206–207, 342
utilities
commodification. See public services commodification
network services liberalisation, 23, 135–136, 172–173
sectors analysed. See transport services; water services
Vanhercke, Bart, 54, 78, 330, 351–352
Vanheuverzwijn, Pierre, 56–57
Vanpool, Christine and Todd, 74–75
Velde, Didier van de, 173
Veolia (transnational water and transport services corporation), 180, 213, 226
ver.di (German trade union), 91, 226
vertical integration. See horizontal–vertical EU integration paradigm
Viking and Laval cases, 106, 120, 128
wages
collective bargaining of. See collective bargaining
gender equality policies, 99, 131
minimum wage regulation. See Adequate Minimum Wage Directive; minimum wage regulation
MIP’s wage policy, 107–108
moderation policies (pre-2008), 17, 31, 100–101, 103–104, 284
NEG prescriptions on, 61–62, 111–114, 119–120, 277–281, 327–328
of public sector workers. See public sector wages
Pay Transparency Directive (proposed), 326
Water Framework Directive, 206–208, 295
water services
commodification via Services Directive inclusion, 208–209, 219, 223–226
commodifying or decommodifying potential of prescriptions, 7–8, 209–214, 218–221, 229–230
NRRPs and post-Covid prescriptions, 340–342
coverage level prescriptions, 214–216
EU governance (pre-2008), 204–205
1970s–1990s, 205–206, 229
1990s–2000, 206–208, 229
2000–08, 208–209, 219, 229
EU laws on (post-2008), 221–223, 226–227, 342
expenditure, prescriptions on, 218
Germany, prescriptions on, 216–220, 340
Ireland, prescriptions on. See Ireland, water services prescriptions
Italy, prescriptions on, 217–219
PPPs (public–private partnerships) for, 60, 207
provider-level governance, prescriptions on, 216, 294–295
Romania, prescriptions on, 215–216, 218–221, 229, 340
sector-level governance, prescriptions on, 216–218, 294–295
transnational campaign on. See Right2Water (European Citizens’ Initiative)
welfare services. See social welfare
Wiedemuth, Jörg, 45
Wilks, Stephen, 172
women’s labour market participation, prescriptions on, 148, 156, 248, 293
workplace health and safety regulation. See occupational health and safety
World Bank’s ‘good governance’ interventions, 42
Wüest, Bruno, 89
Würth, Reinhold, 311
Zeitlin, Jonathan, 54, 78
Zuboff, Shoshana, 345

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  • Index
  • Roland Erne, University College Dublin, Sabina Stan, Dublin City University, Darragh Golden, University College Dublin, Imre Szabó, Central European University, Budapest, Vincenzo Maccarrone, Scuola Normale Superiore, Florence
  • Book: Politicising Commodification
  • Online publication: 30 May 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009053433.021
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  • Index
  • Roland Erne, University College Dublin, Sabina Stan, Dublin City University, Darragh Golden, University College Dublin, Imre Szabó, Central European University, Budapest, Vincenzo Maccarrone, Scuola Normale Superiore, Florence
  • Book: Politicising Commodification
  • Online publication: 30 May 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009053433.021
Available formats
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To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Index
  • Roland Erne, University College Dublin, Sabina Stan, Dublin City University, Darragh Golden, University College Dublin, Imre Szabó, Central European University, Budapest, Vincenzo Maccarrone, Scuola Normale Superiore, Florence
  • Book: Politicising Commodification
  • Online publication: 30 May 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009053433.021
Available formats
×