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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2023

Edited by
António S. Cruz ,
Ines A. Ferreira ,
Johnny Flentø  and
Finn Tarp
António S. Cruz
Affiliation:
University of Copenhagen
Ines A. Ferreira
Affiliation:
University of Copenhagen
Johnny Flentø
Affiliation:
University of Copenhagen
Finn Tarp
Affiliation:
University of Copenhagen

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Type
Chapter
Information
Mozambique at a Fork in the Road
The Institutional Diagnostic Project
 , pp. 385 - 398
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - SA
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Footnotes are indicated by n. after the page number.

access to justice problems. See judicial system
accountability
audit control. See Administrative Court
civil society promoting. See civil society actors
decentralisation reforms to promote. See decentralisation reforms
deficiencies of. See corruption and cronyism
to donors. See ODA, conditionalities
of education system and teachers, 119, 126–129, 131–133
EITI (Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative), 194–195, 197, 275–276, 279, 292, 318
of healthcare system, 146, 158
of judges, 230, 232–233
parliament, deficiencies of, 71–72, 174, 180, 183, 200, 207–208
Acemoglu, Daron, xx, xxii, 117
Adelman, Irma, 86
Administrative Court (Court of Auditors)
appointments to, 151–152, 207
deficiencies, 323
establishment, 190, 192, 276
role and reporting work, 145, 199, 200, 281, 282, 297
administrative map, 11
ADR (alternative dispute resolution), 70, 98, 218, 223–224, 235–237
agricultural sector
access to justice problems, 97–99, 320–321
cash crops (tobacco, cotton, sugar, cashew etc.), 77, 87, 88, 90, 92, 112, 253, 308, 341
civil society participation, 87, 96, 98–101
Civil War and other violence impacts, 16, 77, 102–103, 306, 336–337
climate change vulnerability, 87, 90, 110, 308, 331, 341
in colonial era, 12n.4, 88
District Development Fund (‘7 million’), 77, 176–180, 184
donor assistance to, 77, 96, 105–107, 337–338
in early post-independence era, 14, 77, 88, 105, 304, 334–335
exports data, 29, 90, 92
food crops, 88–89, 91, 109
market access constraints, 87, 104–105, 323–324, 330–331
natural resources sector development, risks for, 108
policy failures, 38, 73, 77, 87, 92–94, 96–97
private investment in, 90, 96, 342
productivity data, 23–26, 30, 38, 88, 89–92, 269, 288
rural-to-urban migration, 89, 108–109, 336
strategy needs. See agricultural sector, strategy needs
under-investment in, 77, 87, 94, 96–97, 102, 105, 305
workers in, 23, 88, 103, 112. See also poverty and inequality
agricultural sector, strategy needs
agro-industry development, 111–112, 341, 343–344
climate change strategy, 110, 341
decentralisation of services delivery, 79, 112–113
fiscal policies, 108, 109, 113
generally, 6, 78, 86–87, 101, 108, 111, 309, 313, 341–342
irrigation infrastructures, 113
mechanisation, competing views on, 94–95
seeds and fertilisers, investments in, 77, 95n.22, 96n.23, 337n.20
smallholder-focused policies, 77–78, 111, 113, 342
transport infrastructure improvement, 104–105, 113, 323–324, 330–331, 342
Aidt, Toke, 219n.11
Aiginger, Karl, 271–272
Alar, Francisco, 221–222
alternative dispute resolution (ADR), 70, 98, 218, 223–224, 235–237
Angola-style scenario risk, 37, 267, 339, 348
apartheid regime of South Africa, 3–4, 15, 248, 250, 332
Arab population, 10, 331
armed conflict. See Civil War; political instability and violence
Arndt, Channing, 30, 92, 106, 186n.1, 240
audit control. See Administrative Court
Baland, Jean-Marie, xxvi
Baldwin, Elizabeth, 275
banking sector, 27, 38, 198–199, 253, 286, 342
Barnett, Jon, 117–118
Benavot, Aaron, 119
Benfica, Rui, 111
Binder, Alberto, 232
Birdsall, Nancy, 240
Bourguignon, François, 206, 240, 242
Brazil, healthcare system, 157, 158
Bretton Woods institutions, ODA from. See ODA (overseas development assistance)
Brito, Luis de, 169
Brito, Rui, 110
business environment
diagnostics studies of, 36
good governance indicators, xx, xxi
institutional capacity, business persons’ views, 57, 58, 67, 80–81
market competition lacking, 326n.13, 327, 335
business-politics nexus. See also corruption and cronyism
businessmen drug lords, 195, 202, 260
generally, 5, 6, 36, 307
informal institutions, xxvi, 251, 274–275
licences and permits provision, 326n.13, 327, 343, 346
lobbying and campaign funding, 289, 326–327, 335–336
privatisation policies and, 16–17, 251–252, 306, 325–326
Renamo’s exclusion from, 17, 71, 251–252, 306
Buur, Lars, 272, 308
Cabo Delgado armed insurgency, 5, 21, 39, 103, 146, 205, 305, 322, 349
Cabral, Zaida, 235
campaign funding and lobbying, 289, 326–327, 335–336
Canotilho, J.J. Gomes, 214
capital expenditure. See government expenditure
Carvalho, António Santos, 230
cashew production, 88, 90, 92, 112, 253, 341
Castelar, Armando, 226
Castel-Branco, Carlos Nuno, 277, 287
Central Bank of Mozambique, 66, 252, 254, 257, 284, 286, 295
Chang, Manuel, 21, 264
child mortality rate, 33, 34, 144, 149–150
Chinese FDI (foreign direct investment), 187, 194, 195, 202, 260
Chissano, Joaquim, 17, 18, 191, 201, 246, 250, 267, 305
Chivulele, Fernanda Massarongo, 284
Cingolani, Luciana, 116, 117
civil servants, 74–75, 79, 249, 310–311, 321
civil society actors
advocacy services, 72, 223
agricultural sector participation, 87, 96, 98, 99–101
budget information made available to, 192, 199, 200, 254
healthcare improvement, neglect of, 154–155
NGOs. See NGOs (non-governmental organisations)
political participation, 64, 65, 69, 71
reforms, potential role in, 70, 72
Civil War (1977–92)
donors’ views on, 247, 248
economic impact, 15–17, 77, 102, 136, 189, 306, 336–337
healthcare services, impact on, 139–140, 146
peace process and accords, 4, 17, 190, 267–268, 304
primary education, impact on, 114
South African and Rhodesian support for Renamo, 5, 14–15, 37, 304, 332, 337
Western support for Renamo, 14n.10, 15n.11
climate change, 87, 90, 110, 308, 331, 341
colonial era, 12–13, 88, 114, 138, 187, 302–303, 331
community courts, 98, 223–224, 235–237
Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (African Union), 96, 97
Constitution of Mozambique
on agricultural sector, 76, 85, 97–98, 101
future revision of, 70, 161
on one-party rule, 164, 190
on right to healthcare services, 145, 156, 161
on rule of law, 144, 168, 207, 221, 224, 227, 236, 322
construction and utilities sector, 23–26
Correia, Gilberto, 228
corruption and cronyism. See also business-politics nexus
in agricultural sector, 77, 94
civil service recruitment and, 74–75, 79, 310
cross-country comparisons, 47
decentralisation and, 72, 77, 119, 315
donor assistance and, 240–241, 259
Embraer scandal, 196
generally, xxii, 38, 71, 151, 197, 219n.11, 322–323
healthcare services, impacts on, 145, 151–152
hidden debt scandal. See hidden debt scandal (2016)
natural resources-led opportunity, risk for, 5, 21, 36–37, 273, 291–292, 328–329
police corruption, 70
public tender awards, 196, 259
reforms to combat, 218–221, 347
in tax administration, 197, 291–292
Cortês, Edson Robert de Oliveira, 335
cotton production, 77, 87, 88, 90, 92, 112, 341
Court of Auditors. See Administrative Court
court reforms, 215–216, 311
COVID-19 pandemic, 22, 30, 110, 206, 302, 308, 346, 349–350
Cramer, Christopher, 306
cronyism. See corruption and cronyism
Cruz, António S., 344–345
cyclones Idai and Kenneth (2019), 21, 22, 87, 110, 308, 331
Dabán, Teresa, 257
Darling-Hammond, Linda, 124
debt, national, 31, 189
decentralisation reforms
administrative map, 11
for agricultural services delivery, 79, 112–113
background to, 20, 162–167, 171, 180, 195, 197, 208, 315
corruption and cronyism, 72, 77, 119, 315
‘decentralisation’ term, 165–166
District Development Fund (‘7 million’), 77, 176–180, 184
for healthcare services delivery, 157
institutional dimension, conceptual framework, 167–171
local elections, 162, 169, 171, 194, 197, 208
municipalisation process, 171–176, 183, 208
provincial governance challenges, 180–184, 208–209, 346–347
defence and security forces, 73, 194, 204–205
deforestation, 88, 90
Delors, Jacques, 124
democracy
civil society actors’ political participation, 64, 65, 69, 71
cross-country comparisons, 44–45
decentralisation reforms to promote. See decentralisation reforms
education system context, 118–119
elections. See elections
Frelimo’s authoritarianism. See Frelimo
key informants’ views on, 71–74, 79
multi-party democracy adoption, 250–251
parliament, deficiencies of, 71–72, 174, 180, 183, 200, 207–208
reform proposals, 73–74, 233–234, 346–347
Democratic Movement of Mozambique (MDM), 18–19, 203n.15
demographic trends, 34–35, 108–109, 120, 308
development aid. See ODA (overseas development assistance)
Dhlakama, Afonso, 14n.10, 15, 18–20, 180, 305
Dietsche, Evelyn, 272
Diogo, Luisa Dias, 16
disaster relief, 21, 331, 337
disease prevalence, 142, 143–144, 155–156. See also healthcare
dispute resolution. See judicial system
District Development Fund (‘7 million’), 77, 176–180, 184
donor assistance. See ODA (overseas development assistance)
drug trade, 194, 195, 202, 259
Dutch disease, 6, 39, 109, 110, 240, 271, 278, 307, 339
Dylan, Bob, 3
economic development, history of
Civil War, economic impact, 15–17, 77, 102, 136, 189
colonial era, 12–13, 88, 114, 138, 187, 302–303, 331
free market reforms. See Economic Rehabilitation and Structural Adjustment Programmes
PFM reforms. See PFM (public financial management) system
post-independence reconstruction, 13–14, 37–38, 114–115, 138–139, 166, 188, 303–304, 331–332
post-war growth, 17, 26, 32, 92, 136, 254
timeline, 40, 327–328
economic development constraints
agricultural sector, relative neglect. See agricultural sector
climate change, 88, 90, 110, 308, 331, 341
corruption and cronyism. See corruption and cronyism
COVID-19 pandemic, 22, 30, 110, 206, 302, 308, 346, 349–350
diagnostic studies, 35–36. See also institutional diagnostic findings
export basket concentration, 28, 29, 39, 338
infrastructure deficiencies, 26, 31, 284–285, 329–330, 339, 340–341, 343
transport infrastructure investment need, 10, 30, 104–105, 113, 323–324, 330–331, 342
institutional deficiencies. See institutional capacity
political instability and violence. See political instability and violence
quantitative survey findings on, 53–60
skills shortages, 5, 74, 234–235, 325, 343, 345–346
literacy and numeracy rates, 32, 33, 114, 121–123, 133–134, 160, 313
southern economic dominance. See southern economic dominance
strategy deficiencies, 6, 36–37, 38–39, 73, 307–309, 340–341
agricultural sector. See agricultural sector, strategy needs
economic growth and development
constraints on. See economic development constraints
demographic trends, 34–35, 108–109, 120, 308
external finance. See FDI (foreign direct investment); ODA (overseas development assistance)
growth data, 22, 26, 30–32, 136, 287, 288
history of. See economic development, history of
inflation rate, 30, 31
institutional capacity and, 301–302
international cooperation for. See international cooperation
macroeconomic management. See macroeconomic management
natural resources-led opportunity. See natural resources-led economic transformation
overview, 3–7, 37–40
productivity. See productivity data
public revenue and expenditure. See government expenditure; tax system
social matters. See labour market; poverty and inequality
southern economic dominance. See southern economic dominance
structural change, 23–30, 287–290
Economic Rehabilitation and Structural Adjustment Programmes
agricultural sector, neglect of, 16, 38, 105
donor conditionality and, 3–5, 15–17, 106, 140, 191, 249–254, 306, 328
PFM (public financial management) system reforms, 190–192, 198–199
privatisation policies, 16–17, 38, 251–252, 306, 325–326, 337n.20
EdM (public electricity company), 321–322
education system
in colonial era, 12, 13n.8, 114
higher education, 78, 312
primary education. See primary education
EITI (Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative), 194–195, 197, 275–276, 279, 292, 318
elections
campaign funding, 251, 326–327, 335–336
closed party candidate lists, 307, 335
cross-country comparisons, 45
key informants’ views on, 71
local elections, 162, 169, 171, 194, 197, 208
post-Civil War introduction of, 17–18, 171, 192, 198, 251–252, 267, 305, 332–333
procedural irregularities, 327
2009 general election and aftermath, 18–19, 195, 203n.15, 260
2014 general election and aftermath, 19, 180–182, 197, 262
elite capture. See corruption and cronyism
Embraer corruption scandal, 196
emergency aid, 21, 331, 337
employment. See labour market
energy sector
energy sovereignty reforms, 75–76
exports data, 29
hydrocarbons. See extractives sector; natural gas sector
Mozal aluminium smelter investments, 26, 287, 308n.6
ENH (national hydrocarbon company), 344
Ethiopia
exports complexity data, 29
growth data, 22
infant mortality rate, 34
institutional capacity, data on, 42, 44–47, 49
primary education in, 34
ethnic diversity, 10, 11, 331
EU policy dialogue mechanism, 256
exchange rate management policy needs, 108, 109
exports
agricultural exports, 29, 90, 92, 109
concentration of, 28, 29, 39, 338
data on, 28–30, 287
external finance. See FDI (foreign direct investment); ODA (overseas development assistance)
extractives sector
economic development led by. See natural resources-led economic transformation
EITI (Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative), 194–195, 197, 275–276, 279, 292, 318
employment data, 23
FDI in. See FDI (foreign direct investment)
macroeconomic policies for, performance of, 283–286
mining sector developments, 269, 281–283, 308n.6
natural gas. See natural gas sector
productivity data, 24–26, 269, 287, 288
South Africa, migrant Mozambican workers, 88
tax revenues from, 291–293
unequal job opportunities, 72
farming. See agricultural sector
FASE educational funding mechanism, 129–132
FDI (foreign direct investment)
from China, 187, 194, 195, 202, 260
data on, 26–28, 287
future need for, 7, 277, 279, 348
investor characteristics and interests, 76
job creation opportunities from, 30, 278–279, 289–290, 297
projected rates and dependency risk, 107–108, 265, 269–271, 287, 289, 294–296, 338–339
southern projects favoured, 329–330
tax revenues from megaprojects, 291–293
Fernando, Paula, 214–215, 218
fertilisers, 87, 95n.22, 102
Filipe, Eléusio, 320–321
fiscal management system. See PFM (public financial management) system
fisheries sector, 29, 72, 252–253
Flentø, Johnny, 186n.1, 201
food insecurity, 19, 32n.21, 87–90, 103, 144, 333–334
foreign direct investment. See FDI (foreign direct investment)
Forquilha, Salvador C., 176, 177
Frelimo (political party)
business links. See business-politics nexus
centralisation of power, background to, 163–165, 315, 334–335
conflicts with Renamo, 19–20, 37, 38, 104, 181–182, 196, 262, 324, 337. See also Civil War
current status, 73, 264–265, 348
defence and security forces, control of, 73, 194, 204–205
economic reforms of. See economic development, history of
elections of. See elections
hardline responses to opposition, 14, 19, 20, 71, 334
municipal politics, influence over, 169, 170, 172, 174–175, 180, 182, 184, 197
separation of powers concerns. See separation of powers
FRELIMO (pre-independence military group), 12–13, 163, 164, 239, 246, 303
Fritz, Verena, 186
Garoupa, Nuno, 227, 238
gas sector. See natural gas sector
Gaulle, Charles de, 245
Gaventa, John, 118
geography of Mozambique, 9–10, 330–331
Ghana, 22, 34, 118
girls’ participation in primary education, 129, 135, 160
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, 148, 159n.14
Gomes, Conceição, 229
good governance indicators, xx, xxi, 118
‘Governance and the Law’ (World Bank report), xxi
government expenditure. See also PFM (public financial management) system; tax system
agricultural sector, under-investment in, 77, 87, 94, 96–97, 102, 105, 305
data on, 27, 31, 189
defence and security, 193
infrastructure development, 26, 31, 284–285, 329–330, 339, 340–341, 343
transport investment need, 10, 30, 104–105, 113, 323–324, 330–331, 342
municipalisation process, 172–173, 176–180
public services provision, 33, 39, 255
healthcare underfunding, 147–148, 157–158
primary education underfunding, 125–126, 131, 134, 314
regional disparities, 39, 86, 148–150
growth diagnostics, xxv, 4
Guadagni, Marco, 235
Guebuza, Armando
appointment as President, 18, 201, 258
District Development Fund (‘7 million’), guidance on, 176–177
donor dissatisfaction with, 195, 197, 202, 204, 260
hardline response to opposition, 19, 20
hidden debt scandal. See hidden debt scandal (2016)
one-party system strengthened by, 18, 307, 329
Gunning, Jan Willem, 206, 240, 242
Halleröd, Björn, 117
Hammergren, Linn, 226
Hanson, Jonathan K., 116
Hanushek, Eric A., 133
Hausmann, Ricardo, xxv, 4
healthcare
disease prevalence, 142–144, 155–156
donor assistance for, 140, 148, 152–153, 159, 255, 265, 314
‘health,’ concept and social determinants, 137, 154
healthcare professionals, 145, 147, 150, 151
history of services delivery, 138–140
infant and maternal mortality rate, 33, 34, 144, 149–150
institutional deficiencies. See healthcare, institutional deficiencies
National Health System structure, 140–141
NGO provision of, 140, 141, 150
private services, 139–141, 153, 154
reform proposals, 156–159, 161, 345
traditional medicine, 103, 141–143, 158–159
healthcare, institutional deficiencies
causes of, 154–155, 160–161, 314
citizen access and participation, 145–146, 158
corruption and cronyism, 145, 151–152
political instability and violence, 146–147
rule of law, 144–145, 151–152
sovereignty and independence, 152–153, 159
state capacity, 147–150, 156
Henstridge, Mark, 203, 271
Hickey, Sam, 115
hidden debt scandal (2016)
donor support, impact on, 20–21, 106, 130, 132, 197, 203–205, 263–264
economic impact, 21, 73, 203
FDI (foreign direct investment), impact on, 271
outline of, 20, 30, 187, 196, 203, 263
parliamentary and judicial responses, 207, 219–220
other mentions, 4, 5, 210, 284n.10, 307, 318, 322
higher education, 78, 312
historical case studies, xxi–xxii
Hodges, Tony, 199n.14
Holman, Edwin, 110
Honwana, João, 17, 18
Hossain, Naomi, 115
humanitarian aid, 21, 331, 337
IMF (International Monetary Fund)
emergency aid, 21
Mozambique membership decision, 249
ODA from. See ODA (overseas development assistance)
independence
from donor dependency. See sovereignty vs. donor dependency
from Portugal, 3, 5, 12–13, 37, 163, 239, 246, 303, 331–332
industrial policy, 113, 271–272, 278–279, 295, 296, 307–308, 342–344
inequality. See poverty and inequality
infant mortality rate, 33, 34, 144, 149–150
inflation rate, 30, 31
informal institutions, xxvi, 251, 274–275
informal labour market, 35, 112, 188, 349
infrastructure development
generally, 26, 31, 284–285, 329–330, 339, 340–341, 343
transport infrastructure, 10, 30, 104–105, 113, 323–324, 330–331, 342
Institute for Legal Representation and Assistance (IPAJ), 218, 220, 222–223, 236
institutional capacity
conceptual framework, 116–119, 168–171
cross-country comparisons. See institutional capacity, cross-country comparisons
economic development and, 301–302
good governance indicators, xx, xxi, 118
in-depth studies of. See agricultural sector; decentralisation reforms; healthcare; judicial system; natural resources-led economic transformation; PFM (public financial management) system; primary education; sovereignty vs. donor dependency
informal institutions, xxvi, 251, 274–275
institutional diagnostic findings. See institutional diagnostic findings
‘institutions’ term, xxvi, 68, 137, 168, 274
qualitative survey on. See institutional capacity, key informants’ views
quantitative survey on. See institutional capacity, quantitative survey
state capacity. See state capacity
institutional capacity, cross-country comparisons
democracy and citizenship indicators, 44–45
Mozambican uniqueness caveat, 301
overview, 41–43, 309–310
political instability and violence, 45–46
rule of law and judicial independence, 43–44
sovereignty and independence, 48–49
state capacity, 47–48
institutional capacity, key informants’ views
on agricultural sector, 76–78
on civil service recruitment, 74–75, 79, 310–311
democracy and citizenship indicators, 71–72, 79
on education system, 78–79
interview design, 68
on political instability and violence, 72–74
on rule of law and judicial independence, 68–70, 79
on sovereignty and independence, 75–76, 79
institutional capacity, quantitative survey
design, implementation, and respondents, 50–53, 310
economic development constraints, views on, 53–60, 80–82
quality of institutions, views on, 60–67, 80–82, 311
institutional diagnostic findings
deep factors explaining deficiencies, 330–339, 348–350
key institutional deficiencies, 4–7, 36, 38–40, 80, 319–323
proximate causes of deficiencies, 323–330
reform needs. See agricultural sector, strategy needs; judicial system, reform needs
reform proposals mapped to deficiencies, 6–7, 36–37, 73–74, 233–234, 266–267, 317–318, 339–348
Institutional Diagnostic Project
background, xix–xxiv
development, xix, xxiv–xxvi
methodology, xxvi–xxviii
interest rate dynamics, 286
international cooperation
‘cooperation partners’ (donors). See ODA (overseas development assistance)
cross-country comparisons, 48–49
in education sector, 117–118, 129, 132
survey respondents’ views on, 64, 310, 312
International Monetary Fund. See IMF (International Monetary Fund)
IPAJ (Institute for Legal Representation and Assistance), 218, 220, 222–223, 236
Isaksen, Jan, 20
Jensen, Henning Tarp, 86, 341
jobs market. See labour market
Jones, Sam, 24, 112, 113, 240
judicial system
ADR and community courts, 70, 98, 218, 223–224, 235–237
agricultural sector, access to justice problems, 97–99, 320–321
anti-corruption reforms, 218–221
citizen alienation from, 336
court reforms, 215–216, 311
cross-country comparisons, 43–44
efficiency concerns, 69, 216–217, 221–222, 227
hidden debt scandal, judicial response, 207, 219–220
independence, rationale for, 213–214, 224–227
judicial appointments, 69, 70, 151–152, 207, 311, 322
legal profession, 69, 70, 218, 222–223, 234–235
NGO advocacy services, 72, 223
judicial system, reform needs
ADR and community court reforms, 70, 235–237
court network extension, 222
democratic judicial culture, 233–234
independence conceived as fundamental right, 230
law reform improvements, 231–232
self-governance mechanisms, 7, 69, 70, 232–233, 346
shared and agent-led strategy, 228–230, 238, 316
training improvements, 69, 70, 229–230, 234–235
Kepe, Thembela, 118
Khan, Mushtaq, xx, 273, 274
Kierkegaard, Søren, 244–245
Kim, Jim Yong, 153
labour market
agricultural workers, 23, 88, 103, 112
employment law reforms, 75
extractive sector, local content promotion, 272, 278–279, 289–290, 297, 344–345
informal market, 35, 112, 188, 349
manufacturing sector, 23, 25, 289
public sector workers. See public sector; teachers
sectoral employment data, 23, 25, 33
unemployment rate, 160
working age population, 34–35, 78, 308
land administration and management
access to justice problems, 97–99, 320–321
corruption and cronyism in, 77, 94
decentralisation and, 112
deforestation, 88, 90
smallholder-focused reform proposals, 77–78, 111, 113, 342
Langa, Epifânia, 289
Lao People’s Democratic Republic, institutional capacity data, 42, 44–47, 49
law concept and law reforms, xxvi, 231–232, 234
legal profession, 69, 70, 218, 222–223, 234–235
Lewis, Arthur, xx
licences and permits provision, 326n.13, 327, 343, 346
life expectancy, 34
Lin, Justin Yifu, 342
liquefied natural gas (LNG) production, 270, 289
literacy and numeracy rates, 32, 33, 114, 121–123, 133–134, 160, 313
Lledó, Victor, 36
LNG (liquefied natural gas) production, 270, 289
lobbying and campaign funding, 289, 326–327, 335–336
local government. See decentralisation reforms
Lopes, Carlos, 238
Machel, Samora, 13, 15, 16, 247–249, 303, 305
macroeconomic management
development strategy deficiencies, 6, 36–39, 73, 307–309, 340–341
agricultural sector. See agricultural sector, strategy needs
Dutch disease prevention challenge, 6, 39, 109, 110, 240, 271, 278, 307, 339
evaluated, 30–31, 283–286, 308
expenditure. See government expenditure
industrial policy, 113, 271–272, 278–279, 295, 296, 307–308, 342–344
natural resources-led strategy proposals, 296–297, 318–319, 344–345
PARPAs (Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers), 40, 192, 194, 201, 338
PFM system. See PFM (public financial management) system
tax system. See tax system
Magaia, Flavio, 121
Malabo Declaration on Accelerated Agricultural Growth (African Union), 96, 97, 342
Malawi
infant mortality rate, 34
institutional capacity, data on, 42, 44–47, 49
Mandela, Nelson, 136
Manning, Richard, 256
manufacturing sector
employment data, 23, 25, 289
exports data, 29
Mozal aluminium smelter investments, 26, 287, 308n.6
productivity data, 24–26, 36, 288
Matsangaíssa, André, 15
McColskey, Wendy, 124
MDM (Democratic Movement of Mozambique), 18–19, 203n.15
microcredit provision, 342
Millo, Yiftach, 117–118
mining. See extractives sector
Miningou, Elise Wendlassida, 118
MNR (Mozambican National Resistance). See Renamo
Momade, Ossufo, 20
Mondlane, Eduardo, 303
Monga, Célestin, 342
Morand, Charles-Albert, 231
Mosca, João, 106
Moss, Todd, 240
Mozal aluminium smelter investments, 26, 287, 308n.6
Mozambican Bar Association (OAM), 98–99, 218, 220, 222–223
municipal government. See decentralisation reforms
National Criminal Investigation Service (SERNIC), 221
national debt, 31, 189
National Development Strategy 2015–35 (NDS), 273, 276–277, 283, 293–294
National Health System. See healthcare
natural gas sector. See also extractives sector
economic development led by. See natural resources-led economic transformation
FDI in. See FDI (foreign direct investment)
gas fields discovery, 3, 4, 21, 187, 195, 269, 307
LNG (liquefied natural gas) production, 270, 289
Natural Gas Master Plan, 280–281
new institutional arrangements for, 279
security arrangements for, 204–205, 260
tax revenues from, 292
projections, 108, 241, 269
unequal job opportunities, 72
natural resources-led economic transformation
analytical framework, 273–275
corruption and cronyism risk, 5, 21, 36–37, 273, 291–292, 328–329
hidden debt scandal. See hidden debt scandal (2016)
current performance evaluated, 283–286, 293–294
FDI dependency risk, 107–108, 265, 269–271, 287, 294–296, 338–339
local content promotion, 272, 278–279, 289–290, 297, 344–345
policy and institutional reforms to promote, 273, 275–283, 290, 295–296, 318
revenue projections, 108, 241, 269
scholarly insights on, 271–272, 277
strategy proposals, 296–297, 318–319, 344–345
SWF (sovereign wealth fund) creation, 272, 293, 295, 297, 345
NDS (National Development Strategy) 2015–35, 273, 276–277, 283, 293–294
nepotism. See corruption and cronyism
NGOs (non-governmental organisations)
advocacy services, 72, 223
agricultural sector participation, 87, 96, 98–101
domestic NGOs lacking, 336
donor financing of, 264
healthcare provision by, 140, 141, 150
Nielson, Poul, 193, 256
Nkomati Accord (non-aggression pact with South Africa), 16, 249, 304, 306
non-governmental organisations. See NGOs (non-governmental organisations)
Norfolk, Simon, 320–321
North, Douglass, xx, xxvi, 168
north-south economic divide. See southern economic dominance
Nova, Yara, 97
numeracy and literacy rates, 32, 33, 114, 121–123, 133–134, 160, 313
Nyusi, Filipe
appointed President, 19, 197, 305n.3, 335
challenges and policy priorities, 20–22, 219–220, 228n.22, 348
Renamo, relations with, 20, 180, 305
OAM (Mozambican Bar Association), 98–99, 218, 220, 222–223
ODA (overseas development assistance)
agricultural sector funding, 77, 96, 105–107, 337–338
conditionalities. See ODA, conditionalities
current status, 264–265
data on, 28
decentralisation reforms, support for, 171, 175–176
donor motivations. See ODA, donor motivations
education system funding, 129–132, 134–135, 255, 265, 314
emergency aid, 21, 331, 337
general budget support. See ODA for general budget support
healthcare funding, 140, 148, 152–153, 159, 255, 265, 314
hidden debt scandal, impact on, 20–21, 106, 130, 132, 197, 203–205, 263–264
sovereignty concerns. See sovereignty vs. donor dependency
ODA, conditionalities
free market economy terms, 3–5, 15–17, 106, 140, 191, 249–254, 306, 328
for general budget support, 186–187, 192–193, 201–202, 206
generally, 242–244, 349
ODA, donor motivations
Bretton Woods institutions, 249–254
general budget support donors, early years, 206–207, 254–259
generally, 244–246, 266, 337, 349
security and commercial concerns, 259–265, 317–318, 338
Soviet and socialist countries, 246–248
ODA for general budget support
conditionality, 186–187, 192–193, 201–202, 206
frozen, 195–196, 203–204, 259–265, 317–318
generally, 186, 190, 194, 200
motivations, 206–207, 254–259
Ostrom, Elinor, 275
Page, John, 339
Panguene, Armando, 246
parliament, deficiencies of, 71–72, 174, 180, 183, 200, 207–208
PARPAs (Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers), 40, 192, 194, 201, 338
Paul, Samuel, 118
Pedroso, João, 234
permits and licences provision, 326n.13, 327, 343, 346
Pesoa, Mario, 257
PFM (public financial management) system. See also government expenditure; tax system
audit control. See Administrative Court
decentralisation reforms and, 208–209
donor assistance. See ODA for general budget support
overview of reforms, 185–187, 315–316
reform phases
1975–86, 187–189, 197–198
1987–94, 190–192, 198–199
1994–2002, 192–193, 199
2002–09, 193–195, 199–202
2010-present, 195–197, 203–206, 209–210
timeline and selected reforms, 210–212
piracy in Mozambican waters, 259
Pitcher, M. Anne, 306
police, public trust in, 48, 70, 220–221
political history of Mozambique
colonial era, 12–13, 88, 114, 138, 187, 302–303, 331
decentralisation reforms. See decentralisation reforms
Frelimo-Renamo conflicts, 19–20, 37, 38, 104, 196, 262, 324, 337. See also Civil War
Frelimo’s authoritarianism. See Frelimo
independence, 3, 5, 12–13, 37, 163, 239, 246, 303, 331–332
multi-party democracy adoption, 250–251. See also elections
Nkomati Accord and IMF membership, 16, 248–249, 304, 306
political instability and violence
agricultural sector, impacts on, 16, 77, 102–103
Cabo Delgado armed insurgency, 5, 21, 39, 103, 146, 205, 305, 322, 349
cross-country comparisons, 45–46
decentralisation to mitigate risk, 169–170, 181–182, 209
Frelimo-Renamo conflicts, 19–20, 37, 38, 104, 196, 262, 324, 337. See also Civil War
future risks, 349
hardline government responses to opposition, 14, 19, 20, 71, 334
healthcare services, impacts on, 139–140, 146–147
key informants’ views, 72–74
piracy in Mozambican waters, 259
strong regime changes, 328, 335
tourism, impact on, 103, 252
political participation. See democracy
politics and business. See business-politics nexus
population data
demographic trends, 34–35, 108–109, 120, 308
ethnic diversity, 10, 11, 331
post-Washington consensus, xx
poverty and inequality
data on, 31–34, 136–137, 159–160
educational services inequality, 123
food insecurity, 19, 32n.21, 87–90, 103, 144, 333–334
healthcare services inequality. See healthcare
infant and maternal mortality rate, 33, 34, 144, 149–150
literacy and numeracy rates, 32, 33, 114, 121–123, 133–134, 160, 313
overview, 5–6
PARPAs (Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers), 40, 192, 194, 201, 338
regional disparities. See southern economic dominance
rural poverty, 76, 85, 86, 148–150, 321–322, 349
social protection need, 346
Presidential powers, 6, 71, 179, 207, 307
primary education
cross-country comparisons, 33, 34
donor assistance for, 129–132, 134–135, 255, 265, 314
dropout rate, 114, 121, 129
enrolment data, 119–120, 133
girls’ participation, 129, 135, 160
institutional deficiencies, 130–133, 314
conceptual framework, 116–119
introduction to study, 114–116
literacy and numeracy rates, 32, 33, 114, 121–123, 133–134, 160, 313
pupil-teacher ratio data, 120, 121, 123–124
reform proposals, 79, 135, 345–346
school infrastructure deficiencies, 125–126, 131, 134
teacher-related concerns. See teachers
private services sector
employment data, 23
healthcare services, 139–141, 153, 154
productivity data, 24–26
privatisation policies, 16–17, 38, 251–252, 306, 325–326, 337n.20
productivity data
agricultural sector, 23–26, 30, 38, 88, 89–92, 269, 288
construction and utilities sector, 24–26
extractives sector, 24–26, 269, 287, 288
manufacturing sector, 24–26, 36, 288
private services sector, 24–26
public sector, 24–26
provincial government. See decentralisation reforms
public debt, 31, 189
public financial management system. See PFM (public financial management) system
public sector. See also healthcare; primary education
civil servants, 74–75, 79, 249, 310–311
consumption data, 27
employment data, 23, 33
healthcare professionals, 145, 147, 150, 151
institutional capacity, public sector workers’ views, 59–60, 67
productivity data, 24–26
teachers. See teachers
Reagan, Ronald, 15, 250
regional cooperation. See international cooperation
Renamo
business-politics nexus, exclusion from, 17, 71, 251–252, 306
centralised leadership, 336
Civil War peace process, Renamo perspective, 267–268
conflicts with Frelimo, 19–20, 37, 38, 104, 181–182, 196, 262, 324, 337. See also Civil War
foundation, 14–15, 304
healthcare improvement, neglect of, 154–155
military capability, 17–18, 73
provincial governance, challenges for, 180–183
rent-seeking. See corruption and cronyism
Rhodesia
Renamo support during Civil War, 5, 14, 37, 304, 332, 337
UN sanctions enforcement by Mozambique, 14, 304
Zimbabwean independence, 15, 304
Rice, Jennifer King, 124
rivers, 9–10, 89, 330
road infrastructure, 10, 30, 104–105, 113, 323–324, 330–331, 342
Robinson, James, xx, xxii
Rodrigues, Sónia, 231
Rodrik, Dani, xxv, 271–272
Roe, Alan, 203, 271
rule of law. See also separation of powers
concept and prerequisites, 116–117, 222n.18, 225–227
constitutionally enshrined, 144, 168, 207, 221, 224, 227, 236, 322
corruption and cronyism. See corruption and cronyism
cross-country comparisons, 43–44
Frelimo’s authoritarianism. See Frelimo
healthcare, deficiencies affecting, 144–145, 151–152
key deficiencies, 5, 6
of judicial system. See judicial system
key informants’ views on, 68–70, 79
law concept and law reforms, xxvi, 231–232, 234
police, public trust in, 48, 70, 220–221
Sambo, Liria, 111
sanitation and safe drinking water, 33, 86, 143, 147, 160, 166
Santos, Boaventura de Sousa, 214–215, 225n.20, 227n.21
Santos, Susana, 226
savings, data on, 27. See also FDI (foreign direct investment)
Schiller, Armin von, 173
schools, primary. See primary education
security and defence forces, 73, 194, 204–205
seeds, 77, 95n.22, 96n.23, 102, 337n.20
separation of powers. See also rule of law
Administrative Court (Court of Auditors) appointments, 151–152, 207
decentralisation reforms. See decentralisation reforms
hidden debt scandal and, 207
judicial appointments, 69, 70, 151–152, 207, 311, 322
parliament, deficiencies of, 71–72, 174, 180, 183, 200, 207–208
politicians replacing technocrats, 18, 307, 329
Presidential powers, 6, 71, 179, 207, 307
reform proposals, 7, 73
SERNIC (National Criminal Investigation Service), 221
‘7 million’ (District Development Fund), 77, 176–180, 184
Sherwood, Robert M., 225–226
Sigman, Rachel, 116
Simango, Daviz, 18
Simango, Uria, 303
Simão, Leonardo Santos, 186n.1, 201
SISTAFE (State Financial Administration System), 190, 193–194, 200, 201
skills shortages
generally, 5, 74, 234–235, 325, 343, 345–346
literacy and numeracy rates, 32, 33, 114, 121–123, 133–134, 160, 313
smallholder-focused reform proposals, 77–78, 111, 113, 342
Smith, William C., 119
Soares, Maria do Carmo, 235
social protection need, 346
Sørensen, Bjørn Bo, 86–87, 341
South Africa
apartheid regime, 3–4, 15, 248, 250, 332
economic links to southern Mozambique, 5, 11–12, 303, 332–334
former Mozambican Minister of Finance jailed in, 205
Law Reform Commission of, 231–232
mining industry, migrant Mozambican workers, 88
Nkomati Accord with, 16, 249, 304, 306
Renamo support during Civil War, 5, 14–15, 37, 304, 332, 337
southern economic dominance. See also poverty and inequality
demographic distribution across regions, 34–35
ethnic dimension, 11, 15
investment policies favouring south, 329–330
north-south transport infrastructure, 10, 30, 104–105, 113, 323–324, 330–331, 342
political instability and violence linked to, 21, 72, 103–104, 322, 349
proximity to South Africa influencing, 5, 11–12, 303, 332–334
public services provision, regional disparities, 39, 86, 148–150
rural-to-urban migration, 89, 108–109, 336
sovereignty vs. donor dependency. See also ODA (overseas development assistance)
agricultural sector policies, 105–107
aid acceptance to safeguard sovereignty, 250, 317
cross-country comparisons, 48–49
decentralisation reforms, 170–171, 175–176, 183
donor motivations. See ODA, donor motivations
education system policies, 117–118, 131–132
FDI dependency risk, 107–108, 265, 269–271, 287, 289, 294–296, 338–339
generally, 239, 328, 337–338
healthcare policies, 152–153, 159
institutions, influences of aid on, 206–207, 240–244, 307
key informants’ views on, 75–76, 79
reform proposals, 266–267, 317–318, 347–348
‘sovereignty’ term, 170n.5, 243, 244
state capacity
cross-country comparisons, 47–48
decentralisation and, 170, 175, 180–184
donors undermining. See sovereignty vs. donor dependency
generally, 47, 116–117, 321–322
healthcare provision and, 147–150, 156, 314
key informants’ views on, 74–75, 310
primary education provision and, 130–132, 314
violence undermining. See political instability and violence
State Financial Administration System (SISTAFE), 190, 193–194, 200, 201
Structural Adjustment Programme. See Economic Rehabilitation and Structural Adjustment Programmes
structural change to economy, 23–30, 287–290
Strutt, Courtney, 118
sugar production, 77, 88, 90, 92, 112, 308, 341
Suleman, Mohamed Bachir, 260
Sumich, Jason, 17, 18
Tanzania
corruption and cronyism, 47, 291–292
exports complexity data, 29
growth data, 22
infant mortality rate, 33, 34
institutional capacity, data on, 42, 44–47, 49
primary education in, 33, 34
Tarp, Finn, 24, 86, 112, 113, 240, 339, 341
Tax Authority, 190, 194, 199, 200, 281, 282, 290–292
tax system. See also government expenditure; PFM (public financial management) system
corruption and cronyism in, 197
development aid and taxation, 240–242
healthcare tax proposal, 157
local taxes and revenue transfer, 173–174, 180–181
reforms to, 188, 190, 194, 199
revenue data, 30, 31, 188, 200, 241n.1, 291–293
teachers. See also primary education
absenteeism, 125, 128–129
performance monitoring deficiencies, 126–129, 133–135
pupil-teacher ratio data, 120, 121, 123–124, 130
recruitment and training, 124–125, 131, 134
voice and political participation of, 119, 132–133
Thatcher, Margaret, 15
Tibana, Roberto, 199n.14
Timbane, Tomás Luís, 220
tobacco production, 77, 87, 90, 92, 308n.6
tourism, 79, 103, 252, 344
traditional medicine, 103, 141–143, 158–159
transport infrastructure, 10, 30, 104–105, 113, 323–324, 330–331, 342
Trindade, João Carlos, 234
Tschirley, David, 111
Uganda, institutional capacity data, 42, 44–47, 49
unemployment rate, 160
United Nations
development assistance from, 247, 248, 253, 256
peacekeepers, 267–268
sanctions against Rhodesia, 14, 304
universities, 78, 312
uprisings. See political instability and violence
utilities and construction sector, 23–26
Velasco, Andrés, xxv
Véron, Rene, 119
Vietnam, institutional capacity data, 42, 44–47, 49
violence. See political instability and violence
Warren, Ashley, 159n.14
Washington Consensus, xix–xx
water and sanitation services, 33, 86, 143, 146, 160, 166
welfare system need, 346
Whitfield, Lindsay, 308
Williams, Aled, 20
Williamson, Oliver E., 275
women
female agricultural workers, 103
girls’ participation in primary education, 129, 135, 160
institutional capacity, elite women’s views, 56, 57, 66–67
maternal mortality rate, 144, 149
World Bank
diagnostic of Mozambique economy, 36
on natural capital investments, 272
ODA from. See ODA (overseas development assistance)
young labour force, 34–35, 78, 308
Zambézia province, 34, 90, 97, 124, 150, 324, 349
Zambia, institutional capacity data, 42, 44–47, 49
Zimbabwean independence, 15, 304. See also Rhodesia
Zuma, Jacob, 264

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  • Index
  • Edited by António S. Cruz, University of Copenhagen, Ines A. Ferreira, University of Copenhagen, Johnny Flentø, University of Copenhagen, Finn Tarp, University of Copenhagen
  • Book: Mozambique at a Fork in the Road
  • Online publication: 14 December 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009265799.018
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  • Index
  • Edited by António S. Cruz, University of Copenhagen, Ines A. Ferreira, University of Copenhagen, Johnny Flentø, University of Copenhagen, Finn Tarp, University of Copenhagen
  • Book: Mozambique at a Fork in the Road
  • Online publication: 14 December 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009265799.018
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  • Index
  • Edited by António S. Cruz, University of Copenhagen, Ines A. Ferreira, University of Copenhagen, Johnny Flentø, University of Copenhagen, Finn Tarp, University of Copenhagen
  • Book: Mozambique at a Fork in the Road
  • Online publication: 14 December 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009265799.018
Available formats
×