The Glacial deposits along the Norfolk and Suffolk coasts are important to geologists and archaeologists, as some of the formations here, even those which are later than the Cromer Forest Bed Series, are earlier than those of many other districts. Finds of Palaeolithic implements in this area have not so far been abundant, but an industry was recorded by us in 1938 (see Nature, 19th November, 1938, p. 912), and it is now possible to give greater details about its mode of occurrence. The geological dating of this industry will be discussed first, and the implements will then be considered from the archaeological point of view.

During the autumn of 1939 a series of bores were put down in the area immediately west of Green's Farm, 3 miles S.W. of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and 1½ miles E.S.E. of Whickham. Only one bore was carried beyond the Hutton seam, and in the thick sandstone beneath 1 that coal the borer recorded the presence of five “ limey bands ”. These bands were 10, 3, 5, 7, and 4 inches thick at 82, 103, 110, 113, and 116 feet respectively, below the Hutton seam. Each appeared to be a hard, compact, fine-grained greyish sandstone, no different from the remainder of the bed, except that it effervesced freely with dilute hydrochloric acid. On attempting to break open the 7 in. band it parted along a vertical joint, on the face of which were found the crystals of millerite.

Venanzite. Venanzite is a volcanic rock consisting essentially of y melilite, leucite, olivine, and a little phlogopitic biotite, which occurs as small lava-flows of late- or post-Pliocene age near San Venanzo, Umbria, Italy. This isolated centre of activity lies north-west of Lake Bolsena and is regarded as an outlying part of the Vulsinian district of the Roman netroaranhic nrovince.

An interesting zoo-geographical study of the islands and the mainland of the East African coastal region, has just been completed and the results have been published as a paper in the proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (1941). Messrs. Moreau and Pakenham in this study have raised the question of the age of the faults, which played such a large part in causing the separation of the island of Pemba. They quote Sir Edmund Teale and C. Gillman: “ There is no reason why land connections should not have persisted long after the Miocene, and probably right into the Pleistocene.” The purpose of the following article is to restate the facts and to discuss the above conclusion. In the view of the writer no new geological evidence has arisen to cause him to change his original estimate, that Pemba Island dates from the late Miocene or early Pliocene (1928).

The rocks exposed along the road between Linstead and Guy's Hill, Jamaica, were described by Dr. C. T. Trechmann in this magazine in 1936 (pp. 259–260). The chief object of his account was to prove that the igneous rocks there were intrusions later than the associated Cretaceous and Tertiary limestones, which, according to him, had been metamorphosed into hornfelses, some of which, he stated later (1937, p. 561), he knew to have an “igneous” appearance under the microscope, “which tends to support my contention that in Jamaica we have sedimentaries altered in situ into rocks that would ordinarily be classified as igneous.” Dissent from his descriptions and interpretations was expressed by C. A. M. (Matley, 1937, pp. 501–3), the criticisms being mainly based on an examination of Trechmann's own microscope slides by F. R. A visit to Jamaica by C. A. M. in 1939 allowed him to study this road and to collect a suite of rocks for petrological examination. The results show that Trechmann's interpretation cannot be sustained. There is no granodiorite or other plutonic rock present, no metamorphism hornfelsing the sedimentary rocks, and no igneous intrusions into the Tertiary limestones.

The preparation and utility of laminar collodion moulds for recording relief features in natural surfaces of fossil plants is well known from the writings of Professor A. G. Nathorst (1). Equally familiar is the technique of Professor J. Walton (2) for making cellulose acetate “peels” from ground and etched surfaces of rocks containing carbonized remains of vegetable tissues. More recently, similar methods have been adopted by Dr. S. Leclercq (3) for studying fossil corals, by Professor A. E. Trueman (4) for examining ammonites, and by Dr. J. K. S. St. Joseph (5) and Dr. J. Weir for the analysis of fossil brachiopods. In these several cases, ground and etched specimens were prepared, from which cellulose nitrate or cellulose acetate moulds were taken. Hitherto, however, no corresponding technique appears to have been used either for research upon inorganic rock-structures or for the investigation of surface relief-characters of minerals.