Index

Lydia Walker

doi:10.1017/9781009305815.015

Index

Abdullah, Mohammad (Sheikh Abdullah), 189

activism

anti-apartheid movements, 57

anticommunist, 95

antinuclear, 88–89

and the Cold War binary, 181

civil rights, 4, 90, 103, 122, 187, 194, 199

decolonization, 8, 76, 108

Ghandian, 87, 89, 179

Indigenous rights, 55

labor, 155

and nationalism, 21

New Left, 93

peace, 20, 75, 86, 89–90, 101, 192

and religion, 92, 139

transnational, 10, 22–23, 112, 119, 194, 196

advocacy. See also Africa Bureau, See also Scott, Guthrie Michael, and international advocacy

anticolonial, 61, 75–76, 109, 112, 182, 197

anticommunism, 62, 111, 122

and Africa, 21

for Africa, 105, 117

change upon success of gaining power, 21, 103

and claims-making, 3, 18, 23

and financial backing, 110

and gatekeeping, 63, 67–68, 78–79, 95, 101, 226

after independence, 175

Indian support for African decolonizing movements, 22, 61, 79

and the individual, 18, 69, 91, 228

intermediaries, 24, 133

international, 5, 8–9, 114, 178, 180, 185, 196, 200, 202, 222, 226

and journalism, 73, 80

and Katanga, 124, 134

and Kaunda, 133

limits of international, 7, 9, 11, 24, 113

and mining, 143, 147, 159, 163

and Naga nationalism, 38, 54–55, 81, 189, 198–199, 221, 223

and Namibia, 148, 165, 223

nongovernmental, 17, 21, 25, 61–62, 69, 90, 98, 116–117, 143, 163, 177, 213, 224–225, 232

and nonviolence, 87

paradox of anticolonial nationalists, 79

peace, 100

public versus private, 156–160

and religion, 17, 21, 80

and self-determination, 60

and South Africa, 66, 93, 164, 170

and South West Africa, 66–68, 155

and unregulated spaces, 9

transnational networks, 80, 112, 204, 226

transnational networks defined, 19

Western, 2–3, 60

and the World Peace Brigade, 103

for the World Peace Brigade, 193

Africa Bureau, 61, 65, 67, 74, 77, 95, 111, 128, 132

African continent

Armstrong in, 127

decolonization, 3, 12, 21, 57, 59, 80, 168, 188

international advocates and, 54, 56

investment in, 117

and the United Nations, 123

World Peace Brigade’s absence from, 104

African National Congress (ANC), 158, 225

African-American Institute, 117–119, 147, 159, 163–164

Alexander, Ray, 155

Algeria

Dar es Salaam as anti-Algiers, 21–22, 97–98, 102, 110, 112, 114–115

French atrocities in, 76, 182

independence, 3, 18, 23, 80, 106

Kennedy on, 110

and Naga independence, 72

National Liberation Front, 112

and OAS, 123

SWAPO meeting in, 159

Tshombe imprisoned in, 238

and the UN, 224

war, 57, 72, 85, 119

Alice in Wonderland metaphor (looking glass), 75, 227

All-India Muslim League, 33

American Baptist Convention, 39, 207

American Committee for Aid to Katangese Freedom Fighters (Americans for Katangese Freedom), 122–124

American Friends Service Committee, 104, 106, 179, 194

American Metal Climax (AMAX). See also Rhodesian Selection Trust or Roan Selection Trust (RST), See also Hochschild, Harold K.

and decolonization, 131–132, 164

and Erasmus Kloman, Jr., 163

and financial backing, 118

and Katanga, 117–118, 137

and Kaunda, 22, 117, 123–124, 131–132

seeks to distinguish itself from other Copperbelt companies, 134

and SWAPO, 22, 156–169

and Tanganyika Concessions, 124

and the African-American Institute, 119

and the Hochschilds, 132, 134, 164

and Winifred Armstrong, 18, 129, 164

Anglicans, 77–79, 88, 94, 215

Angola, 128, 137, 141, 159

annexation, 49, 86, 151

anthropology, 30, 45, 76

anthropologists, 20, 44, 55, 61, 63–64, 131, 160, 167, 229

anticolonialism

anticommunism, 155

and African American civil rights, 112

and African elites, 132–133

in Africa, 61, 76, 79–80, 87

in Asia, 35, 50

and capital, 114, 148, 161

and civil disobedience, 97

and the Cold War, 127, 159

and Cruise O’Brien, 123

in East Africa, 113

financial support of, 119

and India as postimperial, 177

and Katanga, 117–119, 126, 142

and Kaunda, 100, 104, 106, 118, 123

and Kennedy, 109–110, 129

and mining interests, 143, 147–148, 162

and Naga independence, 224, 233

and nationalism, 8, 13, 22, 53, 75, 79, 85, 90, 100–101, 103, 112, 197, 239

and nonviolence, 87, 101–102, 107

and postcolonial India, 185, 227

and the Peace Mission, 216

the right kind of nationalist, 99, 114

in South Africa, 98

in Southern Africa, 102

training, 158

transnational networks, 90

and the UN, 167

and the white man’s burden, 64

and the World Peace Brigade, 89, 97–98, 108–109, 112, 115, 128, 194–195, 199, 209

antiracism, 106, 113, 133–134

antiwar movements, 93

Ao, Imkongliba, 51

Ao, Kijungluba, 207

Ao, Longri, 39–40, 42, 203–204, 212

Ao, Shilu, 214, 222

apolitical (nature), 23, 62, 71, 181–182, 192, 198–199, 201, 204, 228

Armed Forces Special Powers Act (1958), 52–53, 237

Armstrong, Winifred, 18–20, 126–129, 139–140, 162–165

Arunachal Pradesh/North East Frontier Agency (NEFA), 175

Assam

Baptists in, 40

chief minister of, 203–204, 209, 215, 227

and the Delhi-to-Beijing Friendship March, 230

Department of Tribal Areas for the State of Assam, 37

governor of, 34, 47

Ledo, 23, 200, 203

and Naga independence, 50–52, 185–188, 218

and railways, 34

State Assembly, 220

Astor, David. See also Observer (newspaper)

and advocacy, 68–69

and Naga independence, 61–65, 71–80, 221, 224

newspaper editor, 20

and the World Peace Brigade, 221

Australia, 69, 100

autonomy

and difference, 186

and India, 187

international recognition of, 5

and international advocacy, 4, 80

and Katanga, 125

and mining, 131

and minority rights in postcolonial states, 56

and Nagaland, 12, 50–51, 188, 190, 210–211, 216–217, 219, 227

and non-national modes of claims making, 235

and the World Peace Brigade, 89

Baluchistan, 228

Baptist

American, 41, 63, 191, 207

missionaries, 5, 40, 44, 72

in Northeast India, 207

and the Peace Mission, 215

Scott perceived as, 215

Ben Bella, Ahmed, 102, 112, 115

Bhave, Vinoba, 183

Bhutan, 217

Biafra, 9, 15, 24

Bond, Horace Mann, 117

borderlands, 45, 86, 176, 204

borders

and Congo, 125

and empire, 177, 194

and Nagaland, 4, 12

and the Friendship March, 23, 30

Indo-China, 76, 175–176, 191, 203, 224

unregulated Rhodesian, 121, 123

Bose, Subhas Chandra, 36–37

Botswana/Bechuanaland, 12, 66, 137, 141, 218

boundaries

and decolonization, 210

dispute, 177

imperial, 64, 141

national, 15, 231

of independent states, 169

of India, 177, 184, 210

national, 10, 202, 210

and the UN, 130, 141, 151

and the World Peace Brigade, 202

Bower Betts, Ursula Graham, 45, 63–65, 71

British South Africa Company, 131

Brooks, Angela, 68

Buddhism, 72, 78

Bunche, Ralph, 120, 124–125

Burma or Myanmar

ambassador to, 193

and Friendship March, 180

Baptists in, 207

China-Burma-India theater, 21

Japanese in, 34–35

journalists in, 72

Karens in, 76, 237

and Nagaland, 1, 12, 30–31, 51, 218–219

and violence against Indians, 221

and Phizo, 48

Phizo relocates family to, 36

Cape Town, 127, 148–150, 155, 158

Central African Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, 97, 100, 116, 123, 135, 141, 161

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

and the Cold War, 111–112

funding, 17, 62, 111, 117

Chaliha, Bimala Prasad, 51, 203–205, 209, 215–216, 220, 227

China. See also Sino-Indian War, See also Tibet, See also Sino-Indian borderlands

and the Friendship March, 23, 180, 190–194, 198, 200

Chinese Peace Council, 192

civil war, 175

insurgency within, 201

invasion of Tibet, 68

journalists in, 50

missionaries in, 122

Nagas living in, 60

and Nagaland, 1, 30, 44, 60, 64, 75, 208, 212, 216, 219

and Nyerere, 115

in Second World War, 34–35

and Soviet pressure, 15

and SWAPO, 159

SWANU in, 153

and the UN, 184

and the World Peace Brigade, 203

Christianity, 17, 32, 40–41, 48, 78, 208, See also denominations by name

civil disobedience, 87, 96–97

civil rights

Indian, 89, 113, 198

international versus national, 194–199

United States, 5, 9, 20, 88, 90, 92, 94–95, 97, 102, 112, 115, 124, 187, 189, 194–196, 199, 202

and the World Peace Brigade, 87

claims-making, 3, 7, 18, 23, 67, 148, 151, 156, 188, 234, 236

Cold War

and ‘godless’ Communism, 77

and AMAX, 163

and Congo, 120, 122, 160

and decolonization, 15, 58, 119, 137

and human rights, 181

and ideological orders, 53

and Kennedy, 110, 127

and minority nationalisms, 16

and missionaries, 207

and Namibia, 144, 159, 169

and nationalism, 64, 140, 143, 211

and race, 100

and South West Africa, 154, 156, 159

trap, 17, 135–139, 181, 192

and use of ethnicity, 234

and the UN, 130, 135, 141, 143, 231

and the World Peace Brigade, 91, 110, 112, 192

and Zambia, 239

communism

anticommunism, 9, 22, 62, 95, 97, 99–100, 107–111, 113, 116, 119, 122–123, 163, 207

and China, 153

and the Cold War, 16, 119, 156, 159, 181, 207, 211

Communist Party, 77, 94, 108–109, 157, 175, 189

feared rise after departure of missionaries from Nagaland, 207

‘godless’, 77

Lumumba accused of being, 138

Marxist-Leninist language, 160

and national liberation, 91

Phizo’s fears of being labeled, 63

in South Africa, 158

Scott and, 94

and SWANU, 154–155

and SWAPO, 159, 164

and the UN, 121

US Congress’ Un-American Activities Committee, 108

and the World Peace Brigade, 108, 111, 192

Congo. See also Katanga

Armstrong in, 127–128

boundaries of, 125

Indigenous Christians in, 207

mercenaries in, 72

missionaries in, 139

and minority problems, 57

and multiracialism, 104

and nonviolence, 86

Ralph Bunche in, 120

Second Congo War, 238

and Struelens, 122

and the UN, 109, 116, 121, 126, 130, 134, 138, 176

and the World Peace Brigade, 108

Congo Crisis, 7, 120, 126, 135, 137, 160–161, 188, 207

Congo-Léopoldville, 14, 57, 80, 86, 91, 102, 117–119, 160, 233

constitution

Indian, 42, 44, 50, 189, 210

Puerto Rican, 217

Copperbelt, 14, 22, 100, 131–135, 137, 141, 156, 161

Cordier, Andrew, 120–121

counterrevolutionary, 123, 135

Courtney, Winifred, 109–110

Cripps plan, 217

critical geopolitics, 34, 42, 54

Cuba, 50, 71, 130, 159

Dahlmann, Kurt, 168–169

Dar es Salaam, 96–98, See also Africa Freedom Action Project, See also United Nations (UN), Special Committee of 17

anticolonial center, 7, 102, 112

as anti-Algiers, 22, 97, 103, 110, 114–115

Nyere invites World Peace Brigade to, 105

refugee center, 163–164

World Peace Brigade headquarters, 9, 22, 114–115

decolonization. See also United Nations (UN), Special Committee of 17

and capitalism, 148

and the Cold War, 234

Committee on Decolonization, 15

defined, 12–13

and global statemaking, 206

histories of the state and non-state in, 20

as ‘illegitimate’, 22

and the legitimacy of the nation-state, 10

and misleading Communist vs capitalist binary, 159

reification of imperial boundaries, 177

scale of, 240

slowing of, 202

wind of change (concept), 11, 22

Delhi-to-Peking Friendship March, 23, 175, 178–184, 188, 190–192, 196, 199–203, 209, 220, 222, 230

Deming, Barbara, 103

Deo, Shankarrao, 182

Desai, Narayan, 199

Devi, Asha, 91

Dhadda, Siddharaj, 179–180, 184, 188, 193

diaspora, 89, 93, 106, 114, 139, 187

Dunn, Cyril, 116

East Pakistan or Bangladesh, 12, 15, 24, 60, 141, 226

Elwin, Verrier, 44

empire

boundaries of, 177

British in India, 237

British seek compromise with, 135–136

and claims-making, 32

continuities with independence, 140, 177

dissolution of European, 4, 86, 194

end of, 234

and hegemony, 17–18

logic of, 33

missionaries and, 54

Portuguese, 52

and progress, 67

rebellion against British in India, 226

and scholarship on Nagaland, 44

and settler colonialism, 67

and sovereignty, 41, 46, 56, 219

and the Second World War, 36

and the white man’s burden, 64

United States’ indirect, 90

ethnicity

and apartheid, 167

and indigineity, 234

authenticity, 125

differences between SWANU and SWAPO, 152

ethnic divisions, 156, 168, 225

ethnic groups, 68, 121, 135, 144, 146–147, 166, 185

in India, 12, 43, 186

Katanga and Northern Rhodesia share, 124

and nationalization, 151, 234

segregation of ethnic groups, 146

and South West Africa, 167

federation, 11, 14, 125, 136–137, 141

Fellowship of Reconciliation, 109, 111, 128

First World, 32–33, 77, 91, 110, 112, 144, 207

First World nations, 138

Ford Foundation, 62

forgottenness

trope of, 37

Fourth World nation, 53

Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph, 64

Gandhi, Indira, 94

Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma)

and civil disobedience, 97

death of, 89

and decolonization outside India, 178

disciples of, 22, 99, 179, 209

Mahatma Gandhi National Memorial Trust, 110

and nonviolence, 85

Peace Foundation, 182

saintly idiom of politics, 178, 183

and the sarvodaya movement, 88–89

as savior, 78

South African activism, 87

Gandhian politics

and civil disobedience, 97, 196

and the civil society movement, 20, 220

discipline, 91

Kaunda as neo-Gandhian, 123

moral authority, 209

Nagaland as Gandhian dream, 77

nonviolence, 86, 179, 182

peace army, 86–87

Phizo and Gandhian legacy, 77

roots of the Peace Mission, 215–216

top-down nature of movement, 183

and the World Peace Brigade, 99, 112, 200

Gandhigram Ashram, 21, 85–87, 94

genocide, 191, 239

geography

imperial, 32

of UN mandates, 151

political, 29–32, 34, 36, 41–44, 46, 202, 223

shared, 123, 135

and states in waiting, 239

Ghana, 3, 117, 127, 141, 159, 165, 224

government

of China, 23, 191–192, 199

of India, 187, 209

Great Britain

British Army, 34–36, 44

Raj, 35, 187

guerrilla warfare, 22, 24, 73, 98, 102–103, 112

Gundevia, Yezdezad Dinshaw (YD), 209–210, 222

Hammarskjöld, Dag, 108, 120, 126, 139

Hansberry, William Leo, 117

Herero, 60, 66, 94, 149, 151–152, 160, 225, 236, 239

Herero Chiefs Council, 67–68, 165, 236

hill regions, 223

Himalayan foothills, 1, 31

Hindi, 219

Hindu, 39, 43, 77, 88, 190–191, 208, 215

Hochschild, Harold K., 117–118, 132, 134, 164

Hong Kong, 180, 193

Houser, George, 93, 99, 109, 164

Howard University, 117

human rights, 68, 74, 87, 166, 181, 224, 234, 237

humanitarianism, 5, 15, 65, 107

Hutton, John Henry (JH), 63–65, 68, 72

Hydari Accord, 47, 51

identity

attempted supression of, 55

Christian, 39, 208

and claims making, 151

ethnicity as political, 235, 239

and Naga nationalism, 56, 64, 68

and Phizo in London, 61, 63, 65, 222

tribal, 43

ideology, 10, 90, 108, 156, 226

ideologues, 77

imperialism

advocates and nationalists were embedded in, 225

and anthropology, 54

and Christianity, 40

civil servants in India, 55, 72

critics of, 50

and corporate policy, 132

critics of, 64

geographies of, 32

German, 144

and history, 71

imperial remnants, 206, 222–223

indigenous opposition to, 37

and the Naga archive, 3

and naming, 152

nostalgia, 206

and paternalism, 80

postcolonial imperialism, 118, 224

relationship of anticolonialism and US civil rights, 112

and scholarship, 44–45

UN Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 130

United States as, 153

and the white man’s burden, 64–65

and the World Peace Brigade, 103

Imphal, 34–35

India

Indian Army, 48, 176, 182, 191

Indian National Army (INA), 36–37

Indian Northeast

Baptists in, 206–207

and Chaliha, 209

Chinese invasion of, 176

and the Cold War, 16, 110, 138, 140, 143, 169, 234

and decolonization, 188

and the Friendship March, 178, 190, 200–201

foreignness of, 177

journeys through, 35

and Naga hill peoples, 12, 29, 31

and Nagaland peace talks, 202–203

and subnationalism, 188

and the UN, 15

and transnational networks, 22

and tribal identity, 186

and the World Peace Brigade, 22, 115

Indian Union

and anthropologists, 64

autonomy within, 216

and anti-nationalism, 187

and Chaliha, 209

Goa as territory, 52

Naga loyalty to, 39

Nagaland organized within, 51, 190, 218, 228, 237

Nagas reject, 47

organized within, 52

proposed revisions of, 218

and religion, 185, 208

indigeneity, 234–236

Indigenous peoples

anti-imperialism, 37

clergy, 39, 207

Indian princes, 218

nationalisms of, 8

and nationalism, 34, 231

rights activist, 55

rights and the UN, 224, 236

and sovereignty, 46, 237

territorial rights of, 145

Indochina, 50

Indo-China War, 211

Indo-Pakistan War, 219

insurgency, 23

in Bangladesh, 15, 141

in Congo, 123, 238

counterinsurgency, 21, 211

diplomacy, 9

Naga, 41, 73, 81, 182, 188–190, 203–209, 211, 214, 216–218, 220–222, 233

national movements, 143, 175, 201

Phizo and, 2, 59, 77

international civil society, 10, 16, 19, 81, 86, 95, 97, 110, 119

International Court of Justice, 7, 227, 238

South Africa case, 165–169

international order

failures of postcolonial international order, 237

and Naga nationalism, 10, 54

and postcolonial states, 113, 141, 231

and the pairing of liberation and subjugation, 237

outside the state, 20, 185

and the United Nations, 5–6, 8, 14, 58, 60, 96, 231–232

and US hegemony, 18

international peace movement, 8, 16, 77, 85–86, 92, 95, 175, 178, 182, 192–196, 200

internationalism, 102, 178

Iralu, Tefta Zografi, 61

Iralu, Vichazelie (Challe), 40, 60–61, 65, 223

Japan, 34–37, 44, 49, 179, 191

journalism. See also journalists by name

and advocacy, 73, 225

on Algerian war, 72

conflation with advocacy, 56

on the Friendship March, 190

and decolonization, 5, 45

and JFK assassination, 117

and the Minority Rights Group, 62, 69, 177

on mining, 132

and Nagas, 69, 73, 213, 224–225

and nationalism, 57

Kachins, 237

Karens, 76, 237

Kashmir, 49, 53, 94, 175–176, 180, 185, 187, 189, 208, 222, 227

Katanga. See also Tshombe, Moise

anticolonial critiques of, 161

and AMAX, 18, 117–118

and federation, 14

anticommunist movements, 122

mercenaries, 72, 123

and mining interests, 131–132, 137, 161

perceived illegitimacy of, 80

regional dynamics of, 135

secession from Congo, 11, 14, 22, 57, 72, 86, 91, 96, 118–126, 128, 130, 134, 141, 176, 188, 233, 238

and Tanganyika (Tanzania), 97

as template for independence movements, 160

and the UN, 11, 73, 108, 139, 141

and the World Peace Brigade, 9, 98–102, 105–106, 113–114, 135, 238

World Peace Brigade undermines, 9

Kaunda, Kenneth

and AMAX, 22, 118, 124, 131–133, 156

Christian, 104, 124

first Zambian president, 139

and Katanga, 123

and Narayan, 93

as neo-Gandhian, 123

and nonviolence, 134–135

knowledge of international audiences, 106

leaves power, 238

in London, 133

plans Freedom march, 96, 197

and Prain, 133

and Scott, 79

and the Soviets, 138

at the UN, 130–132, 160

and UNIP, 88, 105, 123, 135

use of advocates, 21–22, 139–140, 233

and the World Peace Brigade, 16, 21–22, 101, 202

Kennedy, Edward M., 128

Kennedy, John F.

assassination of, 117

and Armstrong, 139–140, 162

and civil rights, 195

and decolonization, 109–110, 126–129

and Kaunda, 99

and self-determination, 13

and the Peace Corps, 107

and the UN, 108, 130, 160

Kenya, 79, 93, 109, 127

Kenyatta, Jomo, 79, 93

Kerina, Mburumba (Eric Getzen), 20, 67–68, 109, 117, 139, 149–154, 156–158, 163–164, 236

Khan, Zafarullah, 193, 227–228

King, Martin Luther Jr., 87–88, 113, 196

Kire, Easterine (Iralu), 1

Kohima

Battle of, 34–35, 38

Naga capital city, 31–32, 35–36, 39, 44, 48, 233

Kozonguizi, Jariretundu, 149–156, 158, 161, 163, 167, 236

Kuhangua, Jacob, 137, 141, 149–150, 152, 154, 163–165, 170

Kurds, 9, 69

Kutako, Hosea, 5, 66, 68, 149, 160

labor

in decolonizing nations, 127

forced, 214

limits of independence seen through, 19

manual labor celebrated, 88

migrant, 145

and mining, 131, 133–134, 146–147, 154–157, 161

mobility, 141

and Namibian nationalist movement, 170

trade unions, 114, 154–155

unrest, 52, 185

US movement, 88, 92, 195

Lazar, Ed, 179, 183, 190–191, 193, 200

League of Nations

African nations in, 165

and minorities, 58

mandate, 6, 57–58, 60, 144, 147, 165, 169–170, 233–234

Trust status, 151

Lesotho, 12, 18–19, 218

liberationists, 108, 115, 117, 126, 160

Lima (Peru) Football Disaster, 213

Lincoln University, 67, 117, 129, 158

Loft, George, 104, 116

London

Africa Bureau in, 128

as center of power, 7

debates about Northern Rhodesia, 101

Indian High Commission in, 73

Kaunda in, 133

Nagas in, 71

Nehru in, 61

Phizo in, 2–4, 21, 56–57, 59–63, 68–69, 74, 80, 214, 222, 233–234

Scott in, 94

and the World Peace Brigade, 230

Lumumba, Patrice, 108, 120–121, 138

Lundas, 121

Malawi/Nyasaland, 97, 121, 134, See also Central African Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

Malcolm X, 87

Manipur, 34–35, 51, 218

March on Washington, 194–196

Marcum, John, 128–129

material interests, 170

Maxwell, Neville, 177–178, 224–225

Mboya, Tom, 109

Menon, Krishna, 75–76

mercenaries, 72, 121, 123–124

mining. See also American Metal Climax (AMAX), See also Copperbelt, See also Rhodesian Selection Trust or Roan Selection Trust (RST), See also Union Miniere See also Tanganyika Concessions, See also Tsumeb

and advocacy networks, 22

and anticolonialism, 101, 118

anticommunist concerns, 155

continuity following decolonization, 134

after decolonization, 163

as interlocking directorates, 131, 133, 160

and Katanga, 96, 123, 132, 136, 141

and national liberation, 145

and postcolonial states, 143

nonstate actor, 114, 124

Ovambo laborers, 150, 154

Scott criticizes, 131, 133

and SWAPO, 161

minorities

and decolonization in international politics, 54

and federation-type structures, 11

and the international order, 57

and the League of Nations, 58

and Naga nationalism, 74–76, 80, 94

nationalism in the Cold War, 16

in postcolonial states, 4, 56–57, 62, 113, 196, 225

and postcolonial nationalism, 8, 10, 24, 202, 205

and rights protections, 62, 80, 195, 198

and the UN, 57, 80, 187

and the World Peace Brigade, 199, 221–225

Quakers as activists for, 95

rights activism as label, 69

Minority Rights Group/International Committee for the Study of Group Rights, 62, 69, 111, 177, 224

missionaries

as advocates, 4–5

Baptist, 39, 44, 72, 191, 207

and colonialism, 63–67

in Congo, 139

to China, 122

and education, 124

Kaunda as son of, 99

and Naga nationalism, 39, 44, 203, 206–207

in South Africa, 167

to Tibet, 68

Tshombe as, 121

Mizoram, 43

Mokokchung, 39, 51

Mondlane, Eduardo, 102

Mozambique, 98, 102

Mushonga, Paul, 116–117

Muste, Abraham Johannes (A.J.). See also Fellowship of Reconciliation

and advocacy networks, 8

death of, 202

and the Friendship March, 184, 188–189, 192–194

as individual, 95, 201

and US civil rights, 194, 202

and the World Peace Brigade, 22, 88, 91–93, 102–107, 180

and the World Peace Brigade’s failures, 197–200

Muthukumaraswamy Aramvalarthanathan (M. Aram), 179–180, 220

Nagaland Observer Team, 220–221

Naga

Naga nation predates Indian independence, 42

Naga Baptist Church, 41, 204, 208–213, 220–221, 230

Naga Club, 32–34, 39

Naga Hills Ministers Peace Mission, 203–205, 208–211, 214–217, 219–223, 230

Naga insurgents (the Underground), 211, 215

Naga Nation, 39

Naga National Council, 46–49

Naga People’s Convention, 51–52

Nagaland. See also Phizo, Angami Zapu, See also Naga Hill Ministers Peace Mission

and the 1962 Sino-Indian War, 187

archives, 58

as case study for postcolonial states, 10, 74

and China, 216

Christian population, 38, 208

declaration of Independence, 21, 46

Federal Government of, 211–212, 214, 217

and India, 12, 189, 206, 210, 216, 237

India creates template using, 53

journalism in, 59, 61, 66, 69, 71–72, 177, 224

missionaries in, 5, 40, 44

as model for advocacy, 80

Naga Hills become Nagaland in 1963, 42

named People’s Republic of Nagaland, 48

nationalist movement, 1, 29, 47, 52, 74

and Nehru, 52, 190

Phizo blamed for violence in, 75

plebiscite, 47

political geographies, 29–32, 36, 43–44

and the Princely States model, 218

scholarship written by Nagas on, 45

and Scott, 23

Scott’s seven scenarios regarding, 217–219

and the Second World War, 34, 37

and sovereignty, 210, 213–217

as special type of state, 228

and the UN, 49

violence in, 180

Wokha, 203

and the World Peace Brigade, 180, 199, 202

Nagaland Baptist Church Council, 23, 40, 203, 230

Nagaland Peace Mission, 204, 209

Nama peoples, 146, 239

Namibia

nationalists, 7, 137, 140, 146, 164, 169–170

Namibia or South West Africa. See also Herero

achieves statehood, 238

and AMAX, 18, 117, 132, 134, 162, 165

and Armstrong, 109, 139

and the Cold War, 169

and decolonization, 188

Ethiopia and Liberia, 165–168

former German colony, 144–145, 239

former League of Nations mandate, 144, 170, 225, 233

and international advocacy, 5, 21, 155, 171

and the International Court of Justice, 165–169

and Jacob Kuhangua, 141

and League of Nations mandate, 60

and mining interests, 22, 144–148, 161, 170

protest at UN on behalf of, 128

and reparations, 239

and Scott, 67, 94, 102

and South Africa, 76, 80, 115

South West African Authority, 145, 163

and SWAPO, 148, 150, 154, 238

and the UN, 6, 57, 60, 137, 149, 151–152, 162

UN Committee on South West Africa, 14, 58, 60, 67, 94, 144, 148–149, 160–161

and the World Peace Brigade, 115, 209

Ya Toivo deported to, 149

Narayan, Jayaprakash (JP)

and African nationalism, 21, 79–80

and CIA funding, 111

and the Friendship March, 190–193, 197–198

and the Indian Union, 216

as individual leader, 201

at the Gandhigram Ashram conference, 85–86

Gandhian disciple, 20, 22, 77, 85–87, 93, 179, 209, 216

Hindu detractors, 191

and Kenyatta, 94

and MLK, 113

and Nehru, 110

and Naga nationalism, 75–77, 81, 85, 94, 189, 199, 202, 209, 215, 218–220

and the Naga Baptist Church Council, 230

and the Nagaland Baptist Church Council, 23

and the Peace Mission, 203–205, 208–209, 215–216

resignation, 23, 197, 220

and Tibet, 23, 190–192, 199, 202

and transnational advocacy networks, 8, 95, 206

at the UN, 80, 105

and the World Peace Brigade, 21, 88–89, 91, 93, 179, 181, 183

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 94

nationalism. See also anticolonialism, and nationalism, See also Phizo, Angami Zapu, See also anticolonialism, in Africa

African movements for, 21

and the American Revolution, 226

and the archive, 19

and AMAX, 124, 147, 157, 163–164

and capital, 140

and capitalism, 170

claims-making, 24, 32, 34, 44, 196, 222, 232, 234

counterrevolutionary, 135

and the Congo Crisis, 137

Cuban, 71

Dar es Salaam as center of, 97

East Bengali, 15

Hindu, 190–191

illegitimate, 22, 80, 96, 118, 141, 169

and imperial wars, 50

Indian, 33, 185–186

international advocates for, 3

and international advocacy, 9–10, 54, 56, 59, 65, 78, 86, 90, 109, 139, 180, 182, 197, 201, 206, 226, 231

and Katanga, 115, 119

and the League of Nations, 58

legitimate, 10, 33, 53, 101, 136, 141, 148, 156, 159, 167, 169, 216, 228, 240

linguistic-nationalist movements, 50

and ‘modern’ civilization, 32

Naga, 1–2, 4, 12, 21, 23, 33, 38, 41, 48, 54, 189

Naga struggle narrated by Nagas, 45

nationalisms, 16, 52, 130, 141, 185, 202, 225

nation-building, 44, 74, 182

and non-state advocates, 5, 7, 20

and nonviolence, 183

opponents of, 13

Puerto Rican, 217

and postcolonial nation-states, 23, 29, 31, 53, 80, 232, 239

and recognition, 10

and religion, 16–17, 39–41, 204

revolution, 13

and states-in-waiting, 8

subnationalism, 188

and the UN, 4, 167

and the United Nations, 49, 63, 130, 144

and the World Peace Brigade, 16, 23, 89, 99, 101, 106, 109, 113–115, 190, 202–204

and unions, 155

and violence, 214

Zambian, 98

natural resources, 119, 130–131, 143, 145, 169, See also mining

extraction, 130, 145

blank check narrative, 1–2, 50

and China, 175, 177

critics of Naga state proposal, 51

death, 176

disputes over definitions of tribe, 51

fissiparous tendencies, 12, 53, 70, 176, 185–188, 227

forced relocation policies, 49

and Goa, 52

on hill regions, 31

and the Hydari Accord, 47

and moderate Nagas, 50, 190, 211

and the Naga People’s Convention, 52

and Naga nationalism, 24, 73

and Naga state, 51–52, 227

Narayan asks for money, 110

Nehruvianism, 176

and Scott, 61, 94, 189, 204

Sixteen Point Agreement, 51

Soviet influence, 186

visit to Kohima, 48

New Delhi, 7, 15, 29, 34, 40–41, 50, 52, 107, 175, 178, 205, 207, 212–213, 223

Newmont Mining Company, 147, 154, See also Tsumeb mine

Nkrumah, Kwame, 117, 141, 159, 165

nonalignment, 16, 176

non-state

actors, 15, 19–20, 77, 114

actors and war, 91, 118, 211

archives, 19

blurring of state and non-state categories, 20, 200

Naga hills as, 32

war, 138

nonviolence, 86

and AMAX, 163

and civil disobedience, 87

confrontation, 86

and the Friendship March, 196

Gandhian, 77, 86–87, 89, 97, 178–179, 183, 188

and global decolonization, 81

and the international peace movement, 8

and Kaunda, 99, 135

and Naga integration, 189

and Naga nationalism, 199

and Namibian independence, 166

and the World Peace Brigade, 87, 90, 92, 97–98, 102–103, 107, 110, 113, 182–183, 193, 209

and Zambian independence, 100, 134

North East Frontier Agency (NEFA), 40, 44, 51, 218

Nujoma, Sam, 102, 150–152, 154–157, 163–165, 167

Nyasaland, 135

Nyerere, Julius, 22, 79, 88, 93, 96, 102, 105, 113–115, 141, 197

O’Brien, Conor Cruise, 73, 123–124, 139

Murderous Angels, 108

UN special envoy, 139

Observer newspaper, 57–58, 61, 68–69, 72–73, 116, 225

Odendaal Commission, 167

Odendaal Plan, 167

Organisation de l’armée secrete (OAS), 123

Ovambo, 146–147, 149–152, 154–155, 239

Ovamboland, 151

Ovamboland People’s Congress, 148, 150

Ovamboland People’s Organization, 150

pacifism, 23, 77, 88, 90, 103, 107, 115, 183, 195, 199, 221, See also international peace movement

Pakistan

Astor in, 69

independent, 29, 74, 106, 187

and journalism on Nagas, 72

partition, 186, 210

Phizo in, 2, 49

pressured to deny Friendship Marchers visas, 180

wars with India, 187, 219

Palestine, 9, 71–72, 87

Pan-African Freedom Movement of Eastern, Central, and Southern Africa (PAFMEC[S]A), 96, 98

pan-Africanism, 20, 92

Pandit, Vijayalakshmi, 61, 66, 69, 73–77, 79, 166, 227

partition, 34, 151, 186, 210

partnership, 106

passport, 60–61, 168, 192, 231

paternalism, 67, 80, 222–223, 225

Patterson, George, 68–69

Pawsey, Charles, 45, 63, 65, 223

performance, 70, 160

petitioned, 118, 144, 149, 152, 238

Phizo, Angami Zapu. See also Naga National Council, See also Scott, Guthrie Michael, and Phizo, See also London, Phizo in

accuses India of human rights abuses, 74

Angami tribe, 36, 42

and Astor, 69, 73

Baptist, 77

blamed for death of rivals, 64

body returned home, 233

in Burma, 36–37

death, 2, 234

difficulty of claim, 66

fallout with Sakhrie, 49

as former imperial citizen, 61

and gatekeepers, 59–63

and George Bernard Shaw, 226

and international advocates, 4, 20–21, 49, 57, 226

Iralu funds, 40

and journalism, 68–69, 72, 221

missing papers, 3

Nehru works with opponents, 50

never returns to Nagaland, 233

and Naga nationalism, 1, 4, 47, 65, 74, 211, 230

and Namibian nationalism, 7

and Netaji, 37

in Pakistan, 49–50

and politics of exile, 205

and recognition, 10

rejected proposal to Nehru, 190

and resource conservation, 48

and Scott, 65, 206, 229

Scott advocates for, 94

Scott as messenger for, 189

and sovereignty, 54, 74

and the People’s Republic of Nagalan, 48

and transnational advocates, 80

and violence, 48, 75, 77, 81

as violent criminal, 65

vouched for, 64

political economy, 5, 18, 20, See also Armstrong, Winifred

postcolonialism. See also nationalism, and postcolonial states, See also United Nations (UN), Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

adventurers, 72

and African nationalism, 78, 96

critiques of state sovereignty, 206

defined, 224

elites, 119

and empire, 224

federations, 136

and geopolitics, 54

India, 4

and international order, 113

minority rights in postcolonial states, 106

and multiracialism, 134

nationalism, 62

and settler colonialism, 53

stability of nation-states, 124

state governments, 5

UN recognition of nations, 11

Prain, Ronald, 132–134, 139

Prasad, Devi, 230–231

Princely States, 187, 218–219

protectorates, 66, 217

protest, 77, 79, 87, 93, 134, 195, 230

Pruitt, Ida, 191–192

Puerto Rico, 217

Quakers (Friends), 87, 92, 95, 109, 220–221, See also American Friends Service Committee

racism, 66

Ram, Suresh, 20, 22, 179–180, 198, 221

Ranger, Terence, 116

recognition

and the 1960 UN Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 23

of African nationalisms by Kennedy, 128

of India by UN, 185

of indigenous territorial rights, 145

international, 3, 11, 24

and legitimacy, 169

legitimacy granted through international, 240

and minority nationalist claims, 8, 10

and Naga nationalism, 52, 54, 57, 65, 211, 214, 227

and Ovambo, 152

and postcolonial nationalism, 231–232

and religious networks, 18

and self-determination, 13, 60

in South West Africa, 151

and sovereignty, 29, 204

and SWAPO, 156

of Tibet, 191

and the UN, 6, 12, 14–15, 47, 50, 152, 228

and the UN Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 130, 234

and the World Peace Brigade, 116

of Zambia, 105, 118

reconciliation

politics of, 206–213

refugees, 129, 163–164

religion

and activism, 195

and the Cold War, 17–18, 99, 127

of doubt, 77–78

and Indian nationalism, 185–186

international networks of, 5

and minority nationalism, 16

and Naga nationalism, 12, 32, 39, 223

and pacifism, 88

in South West Africa, 68

and the World Peace Brigade, 77, 88

reparations, 239

respectability, 71, 124, 140

Rhodesian Selection Trust or Roan Selection Trust (RST), 67, 131–133, 139, 147

Rockefeller Foundation, 133, 139

Rose, E. J. B (Jim), 61

Rose, Rose, E. J. B, 65

Russell, Bertrand, 182

Rustin, Bayard, 20, 22, 92, 98, 102, 134, 189, 194–195, 199, 201–202

Sahay, Vishnu, 64

Sakhrie, Theyiechüthie (T), 47–49

Salisbury, 104, 116

Sarvodaya movement, 88–89, 93, 179–180, 182–184, 188, 190, 220–221

scale

of decolonization, 240

geopolitical, 186

of marches, 196

of Naga Church, 206

of political questions, 205

Scott, Guthrie Michael, 65–66

Africa Freedom Project leader, 97

and African nationalism, 60, 66, 78–79, 149

Anglican priest, 78

anti-apartheid activism, 20, 66, 166, 209

and anticommunism, 77–78

Armstrong advocates for, 128

Astor as patron, 61

attacks mining interests, 131–133, 161

British, 8, 75

and Chaliha, 215–216

and the Cold War, 135

critic of empire, 64

deportation from India, 23, 220, 223

disagreements with Astor and Pandit, 73

Dunn’s attempted biography of, 116

and failures of Naga nationalism, 196

and the Friendship March, 188–190, 193, 196–198, 221

financial backers, 111, 132–133, 139

as gatekeeper, 68, 226

at the Gandhigram Ashram conference, 21, 85

gift for empathy, 182

go-between for Phizo and Nehru, 189

as guru in religion of doubt, 77–78

on histories of decolonization, 24–25

on India and postcolonial imperialism, 224–225

as individual leader, 92, 201

and international advocacy, 59, 61–62, 67, 75–76, 78, 81, 95, 108, 143, 166, 189, 198, 204, 221, 223, 225–226, 228–229

leaves Africa Freedom Action Project, 102–103, 197

many interests, 198

and minority rights, 62, 74, 94

on minorities and the international order, 57–58

Nagas identify as Baptist, 215

and Naga nationalism, 21, 23, 61–63, 65, 74–76, 79, 81, 85, 94, 183, 188–190, 193, 198–199, 202, 215, 230

and the Nagaland Baptist Church Council, 23

and Namibian nationalism, 21, 67, 165, 225

and Narayan, 75

and Nkrumah, 165

and nonviolence, 77, 81, 107, 135

and the Peace Mission, 209, 221–222, 230

and Phizo, 75, 79–81, 95, 190, 205, 214, 228

and postcolonial nationalist movements, 205

protests South African consulate, 134

resignation refused, 197

reveals thorny nature of international advocates’ power, 95

and self-determination, 166

seven scenarios for Naga nationalism, 217–219

and state sovereignty, 219

and transational advocacy networks, 206

at the UN, 23, 66–68, 80, 94, 105, 108–109, 131, 223

at the UN (Committee on South West Africa), 160

at the UN (Special Committee of 17), 131, 134, 138

and the US South, 196

and the World Peace Brigade, 88, 94, 230–231

and Zambia, 22

secession. See also Katanga, secession from Congo

in Bangladesh, 24

in Biafra, 24

and Nagaland, 217

Second World nations, 138

Second World War, 58, 132, 168, 215, 217, 232

and nationalist claims making, 32–38

China-Burma-India theater, 21, 34

in India, 44, 49

security

and decolonization, 61

national, 30, 75–76, 78, 124, 176, 187, 198, 201, 216

regional, 180

territorial, 52

self-determination

and the 1960 Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 7

and the 1960 UN Declaration, 85, 165

and the 1960 UN Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 23

and the 2007 UN Declaration on Indigenous peoples, 237

as act of narration and imagination, 32

and international recognition, 60

and legitimate nationalism, 240

and mining interests, 131

of minority peoples, 4, 10

and Nagaland, 52, 54, 204, 212, 228

and Namibia, 7, 144, 152, 166–168, 171, 237

for nation-states, 185

non-national (constrained sovereignty), 227

and postcolonial statemaking, 29

Scott on, 166

and states-in-waiting, 231

and the UN declaration on the Granting of Independence, 136

and the UN’s powers of recognition, 141

and the US, 13, 16

and the World Peace Brigade, 134

self-rule, 24, 56, 89, 135

separatism, 2, 44, 51, 60, 69–70, 75–76, 187

settler colonialism

and apartheid, 57

and the Central African Federation, 123, 135

and empire, 67

and Katanga, 124

and mining interests, 118

in nineteenth-century missionary rhetoric, 67

in North America, 42

not expelled from colonized nations, 89

privileged classes in, 100

proposed to be eliminated from the World Peace Brigade’s materials, 105

in Rhodesia, 135

in South Africa, 106, 111, 115, 119, 121

in Southern Rhodesia, 131

and South West Africa, 162

tribal peoples as threats to colonial states, 53

and the United States, 207

Sharpeville massacre, 158

Sikhs, 52, 76, 185–187

Sikkim, 217

Simon Commission, 32–34, 39, 44, 47

Memorandum to the, 34, 47

Simons, Jack, 149, 155, 158

Sino-Indian borderlands, 107, 178, 180, 193

Sino-Indian War, 107, 175–178, 180, 182–184, 187, 197, 201, 213

Sixteen-Point Agreement, 51

socialism, 16, 18, 111, 114, 238

South Africa. See also Herero

and the ANC, 158, 225

anti-apartheid movements, 20, 57, 93, 147, 150, 152, 158, 164, 209

anti-colonial nationalists, 98

apartheid, 19, 57, 79, 122, 134, 144, 146, 150, 153, 157–158, 161, 163, 165, 167–170, 196, 233

and Armstrong, 127, 140

Asiatic Land Tenure and Representation Act, 66, 94

Communist Party, 157–158

deports Ya Toivo, 149

disenfranchsed peoples in, 71

end of apartheid, 234

exile Namibian nationalists, 158

Gandhi in, 87

Liberal Party, 152

and mining interests, 132, 136, 144, 161–164

missionaries in, 122

Nagas in, 60

Nelson Mandela, 150

opposition to Scott’s advocacy, 108

post-apartheid, 153

protests against in US, 134

and Scott, 68

and settler colonialism, 115, 119

and South West Africa, 66, 68, 76, 80, 134, 144, 151, 153, 158, 165, 167, 170, 225

and SWAPO, 163, 236, 238

and the World Peace Brigade, 9

and Ya Toivo, 238

South Asia, 34, 86, 89, 93

South West African National Congress, 150

South West African National Union (SWANU), 150–157, 161, 163, 167, 236

South West African People’s Organization (SWAPO). See also Nujoma, Sam

and AMAX, 22, 118, 147, 160–167

and Cold War, 156–160

early years of Namibian independence project, 148–156

and Jacob Kuhangua, 141

and private orgs in national interests, 147–148

and reparations, 236–239

renamed from Ovamboland People’s Organization, 150

at the UN, 137

Southern Rhodesia, 102, 115, 131, 135

sovereignty

as written, legal magic, 74

Soviet Union, 15–16, 50, 53, 91, 110, 120–121, 129–131, 136–138, 186, 192

Stalin, Joseph, 77, 108

state-in-waiting

and archives, 3

defining features of, 20

Kennedy transition team as metaphor for, 128

Nagaland as, 1

state funeral for Phizo, 234

Western imperial interests and, 118

and the World Peace Brigade, 9, 22, 96–98, 102, 107

Zambia as, 133

Struelens, Michel, 119, 122, 138

Supplee, George, 39, 44, 63

Sutherland, Bill, 20, 22, 92, 97–98, 102–105

Swaziland, 12, 218

Swu, Scato, 213

Sykes, Marjorie, 220–221

Tamils, 52, 76, 185, 187

Tanganyika Concessions, 124, 131

Tanzania or Tanganyika. See also Nyerere, Julius

and advocacy, 79

Armstrong in, 127

independence, 18

and SWAPO, 159

and the World Peace Brigade, 180–181

Tatum, Arlo, 87, 104

Tatum, Lyle, 104–106

Tenyidie, 39

territory

and advocacy, 4, 20, 185

borders, 178

boundaries of, 125, 231

conception as act of narration and imagination, 32

and decolonization, 67, 120, 129

and ethnicity, 168

and extraction, 143, 160, 169

and the Friendship March, 190, 196

Goa as, 52, 86

and indigeneity, 235

integrity of, 75, 171

and legitimacy, 168

minority protections for, 6, 180

and naming, 152

postcolonial, 137

and recognition, 211

and sovereignty, 10, 58, 184, 226

as states-in-waiting, 8

rights, 145

UN trust territories, 144, 234

Thailand, 219

Third World nations, 53, 91, 107, 113, 138, 224

Thompson, Laura, 20, 61, 65, 229

Tibet

and the Cold War, 122

and the World Peace Brigade, 200

missionaries in, 68

Nagas eschew connection to, 12

and Narayan, 94, 190–193, 197, 199, 202

nationalism, 9, 15–16, 23, 60, 80

Tobruk, 66, 166

tribe

Angami, 36, 42

and anthropologists, 64

and autonomy, 210

and colonial empowerment narrative, 125

dual definitions, 44

Elwin advises Nehru on, 63

and identity, 43

in India, 31, 44, 177, 185–186, 188, 209

and Katanga, 125

as marker of difference, 43

and modernization, 44

and national development, 24

and religion, 186

as ‘premodern’, 42, 45, 71

as threat to postcolonial state, 53

as tribe, not nation, 42, 76, 205, 210

in South Africa, 68

in the Indian constitution, 51

nationalisms, 8

trope

of forgottenness, 36

Tshombe, Moise, 121–126, 135–138, 140–141, 238

Tsumeb mine, 145–147, 150–151, 154, 157, 160–161, 170

Union Minière, 121, 123–124, 131–134

United Arab Republic, 136

United Nations (UN). See also international order, and the United Nations, See also Namibia or South West Africa, UN Committee on South West Africa

1960 Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 6, 15, 54, 129–136, 165, 234

2007 Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 237

and advocates, 80

and AMAX, 161

authority of, 12

called Communist, 138

charter, 54, 166, 211

and China, 184

and the Cold War, 138, 231

and Congo, 120–121, 125, 138

in Congo, 116, 176, 188

and history of decolonization, 25

as incompetent, 153

Declaration of Universal Human Rights, 54

envoy, 11, 139

expansion of, 125

forum for international law, 6

Fourth Committee on Colonialism, 14–15, 108

Good Offices Committee on South West Africa, 151

grants legitimacy, 8, 167

Indian delegation to, 66

and indigeneity, 236

and international advocacy, 9, 62–63, 109, 143, 196, 223

and international law, 6, 140, 224

as an institution, 8

and Katanga, 11, 22, 73, 119–120, 123, 125, 139, 238

in Katanga, 121, 134

Liberian delegation to, 68

limitations of, 57

and minority rights, 58, 62, 223, 225

and the Naga National Council, 46–47

and Naga nationalism, 49, 59, 211, 220

and Namibia, 152–153, 168–169, 171

and nationalism, 150

Narayan at, 79

and nonviolence, 78, 86, 90

observation mission, 222

opposition to Tshombe, 124

peacekeeping, 72, 107–109, 176, 238

petitioning to, 5, 34, 58, 60, 68, 108, 149, 153, 162, 187, 224

and recognition, 4–5, 53, 118, 228

and Scott, 67

Scott at, 23, 67, 109, 198

and self-determination, 141

and South Africa, 71

South African nationalists and, 133

and sovereignty, 124

Special Committee of 17, 96, 130–131, 134–138

state-centrism, 86, 185

and states-in-waiting, 143

and SWAPO, 152–153

SWAPO at, 148

as system of international order, 5, 8, 14

testimony before, 4, 105, 128, 130–132, 134, 137, 160, 169

trust territories, 140, 144, 234

Ya Toivo at, 150

Year of Africa, 4

United National Independence Party (UNIP), 88, 101, 105, 123, 135

United States

activists from, 89

and Baptists, 207

and civil rights, 5, 87, 113, 117, 159, 194

and the Cold War, 91

and decolonization, 14, 128

and education, 40

and hegemony, 18

and India, 38

imperialist, 153

indirect empire, 90

and international advocacy, 8, 110

Kaunda in, 99

labor movement in, 92

and Nagaland, 219

and recognition, 53

and self-determination, 13

and Tanzania, 141

and Tshombe, 125

and the UN, 129

and the World Peace Brigade, 91, 193, 198

Verrier, Elwin, 63–64, 71–72

Vigne, Randolph, 152–154, 158

violence

and the ANC, 158

and colonialism, 36

in Congo, 121, 126, 135, 238

and decolonization, 8, 78, 81, 91, 97

Gandhian peace army relied upon, 86

and imperialism, 177

Indian state, 180, 182, 201, 221

and Naga nationalism, 183, 189, 233

in Nagaland, 69, 75

Nagas tired of, 215

pacifism as abstention from, 86, 184

and Phizo, 48, 74, 77, 81

Scott on, 78

and self-determination, 13

and the World Peace Brigade, 9, 22, 104, 135

and UN peacekeepers, 72

visas, 66, 71, 108, 128, 140, 162, 192, 215, 231

Walker, Charles C. “Charlie”, 179, 197, 199

War Resisters International, 21, 81, 85, 111, 230

Ward, David, 2

Welensky, Roy, 124, 135–137

West Indian Federation, 136

West Papua, 9

Windhoek, 58, 150, 168

Wolfe, Alvin, 131–132, 160

World Council of Churches, 212–213

Third International Assembly, 212

World Peace Brigade. See also Delhi-to-Peking Friendship March

Africa Freedom Action Project, 9, 96–104, 114–115, 179, 194, 197, 199–200, 202, 209, 221–222

Africa Freedom Project, 102

and anticolonialism, 97, 112

and anticommunism, 97, 116

as apolitical, 198

and Armstrong, 128

as army of generals, 91, 200–201

Asian Regional Council, 88, 93, 179, 184, 189

coupling of civil rights and decolonization, 195

and civil rights, 113, 194–195

and communism, 108, 189, 192

criticism of, 105–106

and decolonization, 199

demise of, 195

Dunn’s attempted biography of Scott, 116

European Council, 94

failures of, 96, 103, 196

fissures and fractures, 73–79

as First World construction, 91

formation of, 21, 88

and the Friendship March, 190

as gatekeepers, 101

Indian and Chinese opposition to, 190

internal disagreements, 10, 102, 107, 178–184, 202, 221

and international advocacy, 16, 105, 200, 202, 228

and Katanga, 119

and Kennedy, 109

and leaders from colonizing nations, 90

and mining interests, 114, 124, 134

and Naga nationalism, 21

and Nagaland disputes, 199

negative capability, 231

as nonstate actor, 118, 191

and nonviolence, 8, 87, 99, 113, 184, 193

North American council, 92

and peace, 89

and the CIA, 112

origins of, 86–87

and the Peace Mission, 209

prioritized individual advocates, 91

regional councils, 88

supports Kaunda, 135

tensions within, 196

testimony before UN, 105

twin aims, 102

and transnational advocacy, 90, 185, 196

and Zambian nationalism, 22

World Peace Council, 192

Ya Toivo, Andimba Toivo, 149–151, 155, 158, 160, 238

Ya-Otto, John, 146

Year of Africa, 4

Yergan, Max, 122

Young, Gavin, 72–73, 225

Zambia or Northern Rhodesia, 96–98, 114–115, See also Kaunda, Kenneth, See also United National Independence Party (UNIP)

achieves independence, 18

and AMAX, 18, 132–133, 137, 147, 161–162

anticommunist movements and, 122

Armstrong in, 127

and the Copperbelt, 14, 131, 137

and international advocacy, 5, 21

and legitimate nationalism, 136

Katanga as distorted mirror of, 123, 125

and the Lunda, 121

and Muste, 106

peace march through, 100, 107

recognition of, 105

as state-in-waiting, 133, 238

and SWAPO, 147, 159

and UNIP, 88

Zimbabwe or Southern Rhodesia, 7, 57, 97–98, 100, 117, 121–122, 127, 147

as decolonization hotspot, 97

Zomia or Upland South East Asia, 12, 45–46

Zürich, 60–61, 226

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