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² Remmer, Karen L., “New Wine or Old Bottlenecks,” Comparative Politics 23 (July 1991), 491CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³ Paul Cammack agrees with Karen Remmer on this point; see Cammack, , “Democratization and Citizenship in Latin America,” in Moran, Michael and Parry, Geraint, eds., Democracy and Democratisation (London: Routledge, 1993)Google Scholar.

⁴ See Jaquette, Jane S., ed., The Women's Movement in Latin America: Feminism and the Transition to Democracy in Latin America (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989)Google Scholar; and Alvarez, Sonia E., Engendering Democracy in Brazil: Women's Movements in Transition Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990)Google Scholar.

⁵ See Molyneux, Maxine, “Mobilization without Emancipation? Women's Interests, the State and Revolution in Nicaragua,” Feminist Studies 11, no. 2 (1985)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁸ E.g., Linz, Juan J. and Stepan, Alfred, eds., The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1978)Google Scholar.

⁹ See O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead (fn. 1); Huntington, Samuel P., “Will More Countries Become Democratic?” Political Science Quarterly 99 (Summer 1984)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Diamond, Linz, and Lipset (fn. 1); Huntington (fn. 1).

¹⁰ See Remmer (fn. 2), 487.

¹¹ Guillermo A. O'Donnell, “Introduction to the Latin American Cases,” in O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead (fn. 1), 2:10.

¹² Diamond, Linz, and Lipset (fn. 1), 4:xxv.

¹³ See Diamond, Linz, and Lipset's introductory chapters to their volumes on Asia, Africa, and Latin America in their series (fn. 1); and O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead (fn. 1), esp. vols. 3, 4.

¹⁴ See Diamond, Larry, “Beyond Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism: Strategies for Democratization,” Washington Quarterly 12 (Winter 1989), 151CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁵ See Remmer (fn. 2), 483.

¹⁶ The classic exposition of a structural analysis is Moore, Barrington Jr., The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (London: Allen Lane, 1967)Google Scholar.

¹⁷ See Diamond (fn. 14), 152.

¹⁸ Malloy, James M., “The Politics of Transition in Latin America,” in Malloy, James M. and Seligson, Mitchell A., eds., Authoritarians and Democrats: Regime Transition in Latin America (Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1987), 236Google Scholar.

¹⁹ See Mitchell A. Seligson, “Democratization in Latin America: The Current Cycle,” in Malloy and Seligson (fn. 18), 3–4.

²⁰ Diamond makes these points, citing O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead in support of his arguments; see Diamond (fn. 14), 145, 153.

²¹ Dahl, Robert A., Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971)Google Scholar; Schumpeter, Joseph A., Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1943)Google Scholar.

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²⁷ See the work of Carole Pateman, e.g., The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism and Political Theory (Oxford: Polity Press, 1989)Google Scholar.

²⁸ See Jones, Kathleen, “Citizenship in a Women-Friendly Polity,” Signs 15, no. 4 (1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Pateman, Carol, “Feminism and Democracy,” in Duncan, Graeme, ed., Democratic Theory and Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983)Google Scholar.

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³⁰ See Guillermo A. O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, in O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead (fn. 1), 4:48–56.

³¹ See Grugel, Jean, “Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Lessons from Latin America,” Political Studies 39 (June 1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also the work of Scott Mainwaring, e.g., “Urban Popular Movements, Identity, and Democratization in Brazil,” Comparative Political Studies 20 (July 1987)Google Scholar.

³² Philip Oxhorn argues this in the case of Chile. See Oxhorn, , “Democratic Transitions and the Democratization Process in Chile” (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1989)Google Scholar.

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³⁵ See Hellman, Judith Adler, “The Study of New Social Movements in Latin America and the Question of Autonomy,” LASA Forum 21 (1990)Google Scholar. This omission is beginning to be rectified; see e.g., Foweraker, Joe and Craig, Ann, eds., Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990)Google Scholar.

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³⁷ Jaquette (fn. 4).

³⁸ See Molyneux (fn. 5).

³⁹ Marysa Navarro, “The Personal Is Political: Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo,” in Eckstein (fn. 33).

⁴⁰ See Chuchryk, Patricia M., “Subversive Mothers: The Women's Opposition to the Military Regime in Chile,” in Charlton, Sue Ellen, Everett, Jana, and Staudt, Katherine, eds., Women, the State, and Development (Albany: SUNY Press, 1989)Google Scholar.

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⁴² Corcoran-Nantes, Yvonne, “Women and Popular Urban Social Movements in Sao Paulo, Brazil,” Bulletin of Latin American Studies 9, no. 2 (1990)Google Scholar.

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⁴⁴ For a discussion of the development of the feminist movement in Latin America in the 1980s, see Sternbach, Nancy Saporta et al., “Feminisms in Latin America: From Bogota to San Bernardo,” Signs 17, no. 2 (1994)Google Scholar.

⁴⁵ See Vargas, Virginia, “The Feminist Movement in Latin America: Between Hope and Disenchantment,” in Pieterse, Jan Nederveen, ed., Emancipations, Modern and Postmodern (London: Sage, 1994)Google Scholar.

⁴⁶ See Patricia M. Chuchryk, “Feminist Anti-Authoritarian Politics: The Role of Women's Organisations in the Chilean Transition to Democracy,” in Jaquette (fn. 4); and Alvarez, Sonia E., “Politicizing Gender and Engendering Democracy,” in Stepan, Alfred, ed., Democratizing Brazil: Problems of Transition and Consolidation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989)Google Scholar.

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⁵¹ Alvarez, Sonia E., “Women's Participation in the Brazilian ‘People's Church’: A Critical Appraisal,” Feminist Studies 16, no. 2 (1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁵⁴ For a discussion of these activities, see Fisher, Jo, Out of the Shadows: Women, Resistance, and Politics in South America (London: Latin American Bureau, 1993)Google Scholar.

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⁶⁰ Maria del Carmen Feijoó and Monica Gogna, “Women in the Transition to Democracy,” in Jelin (fo. 43).

⁶¹ Alvarez (fa. 4).

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⁶³ See Ann Matear, “SERNAM: Women and the Process of Democratic Transition in Chile” (Paper delivered at the Society of Latin American Studies Conference, Manchester, April 1993).

⁶⁴ Ibid.

⁶⁵ See the case studies in Transiciones: Mujeres en los Procesos Democraticos (fn. 56).

⁶⁶ For a discussion of this in the Chilean context, see Valenzuela, María Elena, “Mujeres y poli'tica: Logros y tensiones en el proceso de redemocratizacion,” Proposiciones 18 (1990)Google Scholar.

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⁶⁹ These issues were discussed in many of the papers on Latin America presented at the conference on Women and the Transition from Authoritarian Rule in Latin America and Eastern Europe, Berkeley, December 1992, for example, those by Teresa Caldeira, Maria Elena Valenzuela, Maruja Barrig, and Maria del Carmen Feijoo. See also Veronica Schild, “Struggling for Citizenship in Chile: A ‘Resurrection’ of Civil Society” (Paper delivered at the Latin American Studies Association congress, Los Angeles, September, 1992).

⁷⁰ See Hellman(fn.35).

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¹⁰¹ Much of the new literature discusses the impact of these changes, particularly in the former GDR. See, e.g., Behrend, Hanna, “Women Catapulted into a Different Social Order: Women in East Germany,” Women s History Review 1, no. 1 (1994)Google Scholar; and Beyer, Marina, “The Situation of East German Women in Post-Unification Germany,” Women's Studies International Forum 15, no. 1 (1994)Google Scholar.

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¹⁰⁵ See figures published in the Guardian, January 26, 1993, p. 8.

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