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Time of Application Influences Translocation of Auxinic Herbicides in Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 August 2017

Christopher R. Johnston ,
Peter M. Eure ,
Timothy L. Grey ,
A. Stanley Culpepper  and
William K. Vencill
Christopher R. Johnston*
Affiliation:
Graduate Student and Professor, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
Peter M. Eure
Affiliation:
Graduate Student, Professor, and Professor, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793.
Timothy L. Grey
Affiliation:
Graduate Student, Professor, and Professor, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793.
A. Stanley Culpepper
Affiliation:
Graduate Student, Professor, and Professor, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793.
William K. Vencill
Affiliation:
Graduate Student and Professor, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
*
*Corresponding author’s E-mail: cjohnst@uga.edu
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Abstract

The efficacy of WSSA Group 4 herbicides has been reported to vary with dependence on the time of day the application is made, which may affect the value of this mechanism of action as a control option and resistance management tool for Palmer amaranth. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of time of day for application on 2,4-D and dicamba translocation and whether or not altering translocation affected any existing variation in phytotoxicity seen across application time of day. Maximum translocation (Tmax) of [14C]2,4-D and [14C]dicamba out of the treated leaf was significantly increased 52% and 29% to 34% in one of two repeated experiments for each herbicide, respectively, with application at 7:00 AM compared with applications at 2:00 PM and/or 12:00 AM. Applications at 7:00 AM increased [14C]2,4-D distribution to roots and increased [14C]dicamba distribution above the treated leaf compared with other application timings. In phytotoxicity experiments, dicamba application at 8 h after exposure to darkness (HAED) resulted in significantly lower dry root biomass than dicamba application at 8 h after exposure to light (HAEL). Contrasts indicated that injury resulting from dicamba application at 8 HAEL, corresponding to midday, was significantly reduced with a root treatment of 5-[N-(3,4-dimethoxyphenylethyl)methylamino]-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-isopropylvaleronitrile hydrochloride (verapamil) compared with injury observed with dicamba application and a root treatment of verapamil at 8 HAED, which corresponded to dawn. Overall, time of application appears to potentially influence translocation of 2,4-D and dicamba. Furthermore, inhibition of translocation appears to somewhat influence variation in phytotoxicity across times of application. Therefore, translocation may be involved in the varying efficacy of WSSA Group 4 herbicides due to application time of day, which has implications for the use of this mechanism of action for effective control and resistance management of Palmer amaranth.

Keywords

2,4-D5-[N-(3,4-dimethoxyphenylethyl)methylamino]-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-isopropylvaleronitrile hydrochloridedicambaPalmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.Auxin transport inhibitorherbicide resistanceradiolabeled herbicide
Type
Physiology/Chemistry/Biochemistry
Information
Weed Science , Volume 66 , Issue 1 , January 2018 , pp. 4 - 14
Copyright
© Weed Science Society of America, 2017 

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Footnotes

a

Current address of second author: Syngenta Biological Assessment–North America, Product Evaluation, Houston, TX 77030.

Associate Editor for this paper: Ramon G. Leon, University of Florida.

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