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Foveal cone density shows a rapid postnatal maturation in the marmoset monkey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2011

ALAN D. SPRINGER ,
DAVID TROILO ,
DANIEL POSSIN  and
ANITA E. HENDRICKSON
ALAN D. SPRINGER*
Affiliation:
Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York Department of Ophthalmology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
DAVID TROILO
Affiliation:
Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, New York
DANIEL POSSIN
Affiliation:
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
ANITA E. HENDRICKSON
Affiliation:
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
*
*Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Alan D. Springer, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595. E-mail: springer@nymc.edu
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Abstract

The spatial and temporal pattern of cone packing during marmoset foveal development was explored to understand the variables involved in creating a high acuity area. Retinal ages were between fetal day (Fd) 125 and 6 years. Cone density was determined in wholemounts using a new hexagonal quantification method. Wholemounts were labeled immunocytochemically with rod markers to identify reliably the foveal center. Cones were counted in small windows and density was expressed as cones × 103/mm2 (K). Two weeks before birth (Fd 125–130), cone density had a flat distribution of 20–30 K across the central retina encompassing the fovea. Density began to rise at postnatal day 1 (Pd 1) around, but not in, the foveal center and reached a parafoveal peak of 45–55 K by Pd 10. Between Pd 10 and 33, there was an inversion such that cone density at the foveal center rose rapidly, reaching 283 K by 3 months and 600 K by 5.4 months. Peak foveal density then diminished to 440 K at 6 months and older. Counts done in sections showed the same pattern of low foveal density up to Pd 1, a rapid rise from Pd 30 to 90, followed by a small decrease into adulthood. Increasing foveal cone density was accompanied by 1) a reduction in the amount of Müller cell cytoplasm surrounding each cone, 2) increased stacking of foveal cone nuclei into a mound 6–10 deep, and 3) a progressive narrowing of the rod-free zone surrounding the fovea. Retaining foveal cones in a monolayer precludes final foveal cone densities above 60 K. However, high foveal adult cone density (300 K) can be achieved by having cone nuclei stack into columns and without reducing their nuclear diameter. Marmosets reach adult peak cone density by 3–6 months postnatal, while macaques and humans take much longer. Early weaning and an arboreal environment may require rapid postnatal maturation of the marmoset fovea.

Keywords

RetinaFoveaPrimatePackingStacking
Type
Research Articles
Information
Visual Neuroscience , Volume 28 , Issue 6 , November 2011 , pp. 473 - 484
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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