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The effects of early diabetes on inner retinal neurons

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 September 2020

Erika D. Eggers Open the ORCID record for Erika D. Eggers [Opens in a new window]  and
Teresia A. Carreon
Erika D. Eggers*
Affiliation:
Departments of Physiology Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
Teresia A. Carreon
Affiliation:
Departments of Physiology Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
*
*Address correspondence to: Erika Eggers, E-mail: eeggers@arizona.edu
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Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy is now well understood as a neurovascular disease. Significant deficits early in diabetes are found in the inner retina that consists of bipolar cells that receive inputs from rod and cone photoreceptors, ganglion cells that receive inputs from bipolar cells, and amacrine cells that modulate these connections. These functional deficits can be measured in vivo in diabetic humans and animal models using the electroretinogram (ERG) and behavioral visual testing. Early effects of diabetes on both the human and animal model ERGs are changes to the oscillatory potentials that suggest dysfunctional communication between amacrine cells and bipolar cells as well as ERG measures that suggest ganglion cell dysfunction. These are coupled with changes in contrast sensitivity that suggest inner retinal changes. Mechanistic in vitro neuronal studies have suggested that these inner retinal changes are due to decreased inhibition in the retina, potentially due to decreased gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) release, increased glutamate release, and increased excitation of retinal ganglion cells. Inner retinal deficits in dopamine levels have also been observed that can be reversed to limit inner retinal damage. Inner retinal targets present a promising new avenue for therapies for early-stage diabetic eye disease.

Keywords

Diabetesinhibitionretinaamacrine cellamacrine cell
Type
Review Article
Information
Visual Neuroscience , Volume 37 , 2020 , E006
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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