Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-8bljj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-28T13:49:08.412Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Global Governance, Sustainability and the Earth System: Critical Reflections on the Role of Global Law

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 May 2019

Antonio Cardesa-Salzmann Open the ORCID record for Antonio Cardesa-Salzmann [Opens in a new window]  and
Endrius Cocciolo Open the ORCID record for Endrius Cocciolo [Opens in a new window]
Antonio Cardesa-Salzmann
Affiliation:
Strathclyde Centre for Environmental Law and Governance, University of Strathclyde Law School, Glasgow (UK). Email: antonio.cardesa-salzmann@strath.ac.uk
Endrius Cocciolo
Affiliation:
Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultad de Ciencias Juridicas, Department of Public Law, Tarragona Centre for Environmental Law Studies (CEDAT), Tarragona (Spain). Email: endrius.cocciolo@urv.cat
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article begins by questioning the capacity of the concept of sustainable development to stabilize social reproduction and foster global justice. Based on interdisciplinary perspectives on global governance, it discusses the way in which global law fails to cope with the resonance of advanced capitalism in the world society and ecological systems. Our analysis focuses on the regulatory and institutional features of three interwoven functional regulatory regimes (global finance, energy, and environmental protection), which demonstrate structural governance dysfunction at the expense of ecological integrity and justice in the global realm. The article further examines the capacity of global law to foster a ‘compositive’ and ‘compensatory’ contribution to global justice and the stability of the Earth system through global constitutionalism. In this context, it concludes that Neil Walker's global law approach provides a fertile analytical framework for describing the patterns of interaction between different species of global law but proves to be particularly ‘slippery’ in its normative propositions regarding the gap between global law and justice. Drawing from the Earth system approach, we argue in favour of a global material constitutionalism, recognizant of ecosystemic boundaries and socio-environmental impacts of the global socio-economic metabolism. We consider that the gap between global law and global justice is best addressed by devising more deliberative patterns of transnational governance, as well as ecosystem and human rights approaches, in order to accommodate the fair and equitable internalization of material limits across global regulatory regimes that act as functionally differentiated economic constitutions of advanced capitalism.

Keywords

Global lawGlobal constitutionalismGlobal socio-economic metabolismEarth system governanceAnthropoceneSustainability
Type
Symposium Article
Information
Transnational Environmental Law , Volume 8 , Issue 3 , November 2019 , pp. 437 - 461
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

This contribution is part of a collection of articles growing out of the conference ‘Global Environmental Law’, held at the Strathclyde Centre for Environmental Law and Governance, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow (United Kingdom (UK)), 4–5 Sept. 2017.

The contribution of Endrius Cocciolo to this article is part of the research project ‘Global Climate Constitution: Governance and Law in a Complex Context’ (Ref. DER2016-80011-P), co-funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and FEDER (EU).

Both authors are grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their comments on this article. We are also grateful to Elisa Morgera for the invitation to participate in this symposium collection, as well as for her support and comments on previous drafts of the article. All views and errors are our own.

References

1 World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (Oxford University Press, 1987)Google Scholar.

2 Dupuy, P.M., ‘Où en est le droit international de l'environnement à la fin du siècle?’ (1997) 101(4) Revue générale de droit international public, pp. 873–903Google Scholar.

3 Lowe, V., ‘Sustainable Development and Unsustainable Arguments’, in Boyle, A. & Freestone, D. (eds), International Law and Sustainable Development: Past Achievements and Future Challenges (Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 19–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

4 Dernbach, J.C. & Cheever, F., ‘Sustainable Development and Its Discontents’ (2015) 4(2) Transnational Environmental Law, pp. 247–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

5 WCED, n. 1 above; United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), 3–14 June 1992; Segger, M.C. Cordonnier & Khalfan, A., Sustainable Development Law: Principles, Practice and Prospects (Oxford University Press, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Schrijver, N., The Evolution of Sustainable Development in International Law: Inception, Meaning and Status (Martinus Nijhoff, 2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Segger, M.C. Cordonnier, Saito, Y. & Weeramantry, C.G. (eds), Sustainable Development Principles in the Decisions of International Courts and Tribunals: 1992–2012 (Routledge, 2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

6 Viñuales, J.E., ‘The Rise and Fall of Sustainable Development’ (2013) 22(3) Review of European, Comparative and International Environmental Law, pp. 3–13, at 4CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

7 Hornborg, A., McNeill, J. & Martínez-Alier, J. (eds), Rethinking Environmental History: World-System History and Global Environmental Change (AltaMira, 2006)Google Scholar; Hornborg, A., International Trade and Environmental Justice: Toward a Global Political Ecology (Nova Science, 2010)Google Scholar; Hornborg, A., Clark, B. & Hermele, K., Ecology and Power: Struggles over Land and Material Resources in the Past, Present and Future (Routledge, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

8 Fischer-Kowalski, M. & Haberl, H., ‘Sustainable Development: Socio-Economic Metabolism and Colonization of Nature’ (1998) 50(158) International Social Science Journal, pp. 573–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

9 Koskenniemi, M., ‘Empire and International Law: The Real Spanish Contribution’ (2011) 61(1) University of Toronto Law Journal, pp. 1–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

10 Bosselmann, K., The Principle of Sustainability: Transforming Law and Governance (Ashgate, 2008)Google Scholar.

11 Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia), Judgment, 25 Sept. 1997, Separate Opinion of Vice-President Weeramantry, (1997) ICJ Reports, p. 7, at 107–9.

12 Grear, A., ‘Anthropocene “Time”? A Reflection on Temporalities in the “New Age of the Human”’, in Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, A. (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Law and Theory (Routledge, 2017), pp. 297–316, at 303Google Scholar; French, D., ‘Sustainable Development and the Instinctive Imperative of Justice in the Global Order’, in French, D. (ed.), Global Justice and Sustainable Development (Martinus Nijhoff, 2010), pp. 3–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

13 Biermann, F., Earth System Governance: World Politics in the Anthropocene (The MIT Press, 2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

14 Viñuales, J.E., ‘The Organization of the Anthropocene: In Our Hands?’ (2018) 1 Brill Research Perspectives in International Legal Theory and Practice, pp. 1–81, at 2CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

15 Hamilton, C., ‘The Anthropocene as Rupture’ (2016) 3(2) The Anthropocene Review, pp. 93–106, at 95CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

16 Viñuales, n. 14 above.

17 Biermann, F., ‘The Anthropocene: A Governance Perspective’ (2014) 1(1) The Anthropocene Review, pp. 57–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

18 Viñuales, n. 14 above, pp. 7–8.

19 Collins, R., ‘The Slipperiness of “Global Law”’ (2017) 37(3) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, pp. 714–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

20 Walker, N., Intimations of Global Law (Cambridge University Press, 2014), p. 29CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

21 Kjaer, P.F., ‘Constitutionalizing Connectivity: The Constitutional Grid of World Society’ (2018) 45(S1) Journal of Law and Society, pp. S114–S134, at SS120–1CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 Walker, n. 20 above, p. 3.

23 Ibid., pp. 86–106.

24 Collins, n. 19 above, p. 737.

25 Ehrlich, P.R., Kareiva, P.M. & Daily, G.C., ‘Securing Natural Capital and Expanding Equity to Rescale Civilization’ (2012) 486(7401) Nature, pp. 68–73CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

26 Chapron, G. et al. , ‘Bolster Legal Boundaries to Stay within Planetary Boundaries’ (2017) 1(3) Nature Ecology & Evolution, pp. 1–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

27 Gordon, R., ‘Unsustainable Development’, in Alam, S. et al. (eds), International Environmental Law and the Global South (Cambridge University Press, 2015), pp. 50–73, at 55CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

28 Covenant of the League of Nations, Paris (France), 28 June 1919, in force 10 Jan. 1920, Art. 22, available at: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp.

29 Obregón, L., ‘The Civilized and the Uncivilized’, in Fassbender, B. & Peters, A. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 917–39Google Scholar.

30 Twining, W., General Jurisprudence: Understanding Law from a Global Perspective (Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 329CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

31 Viñuales, n. 6 above, p. 4.

32 Lohmann, L., ‘Financialization, Commodification and Carbon: The Contradictions of Neoliberal Climate Policy’ (2012) 48 Socialist Register, pp. 85–107Google Scholar.

33 Kotsakis, A., ‘Change and Subjectivity in International Environmental Law: The Micro-Politics of the Transformation of Biodiversity into Genetic Gold’ (2014) 3(1) Transnational Environmental Law, pp. 127–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

34 Kessler, O., ‘The Same as It Never Was? Uncertainty and the Changing Contours of International Law’ (2011) 37(5) Review of International Studies, pp. 2163–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

35 Walker, n. 20 above.

36 Koskenniemi, M., ‘Constitutionalism as Mindset: Reflections on Kantian Themes about International Law and Globalization’ (2007) 8(1) Theoretical Inquiries in Law, pp. 9–36Google Scholar; Klabbers, J., Peters, A. & Ulfstein, G., The Constitutionalization of International Law (Oxford University Press, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

37 Kingsbury, B., Krisch, N. & Stewart, R.B., ‘The Emergence of Global Administrative Law’ (2005) 68(3&4) Law and Contemporary Problems, pp. 15–62Google Scholar.

38 Rajagopal, B., International Law from Below: Development, Social Movements and Third World Resistance (Cambridge University Press, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Anghie, A., Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law (Cambridge University Press, 2004)Google Scholar; Chimni, B.S., ‘Third World Approaches to International Law: A Manifesto’ (2006) 8(1) International Community Law Review, pp. 3–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

39 Teubner, G., ‘Breaking Frames: The Global Interplay of Legal and Social Systems’ (1997) 45(1) American Journal of Comparative Law, pp. 149–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Fischer-Lescano, A. & Teubner, G., ‘Regime-Collisions: The Vain Search for Legal Unity in the Fragmentation of Global Law’ (2004) 25(4) Michigan Journal of International Law, pp. 999–1046Google Scholar.

40 Focarelli, C., International Law as Social Construct: The Struggle for Global Justice (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 123–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

41 Chimni, n. 38 above, p. 7.

42 Walker, N., ‘The Gap between Global Law and Global Justice: A Preliminary Analysis’, in Roughan, N. & Halpin, A. (eds), In Pursuit of Pluralist Jurisprudence (Cambridge University Press, 2017), pp. 216–38, at 234CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

43 Twining, W., Globalization and Legal Theory (Butterworths, 2000)Google Scholar; Twining, W., ‘Law, Justice and Rights: Some Implications of a Global Perspective’, in Ebbesson, J. & Okowa, P. (eds), Environmental Law and Justice in Context (Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 76–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

44 Onuma, Y., A Transcivilizational Perspective on International Law: Questioning Prevalent Cognitive Frameworks in the Emerging Multi-Polar and Multi-Civilizational World of the Twenty-First Century (Martinus Nijhoff, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

45 Krisch, N., Beyond Constitutionalism: The Pluralist Structure of Postnational Law (Oxford University Press, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

46 N. Walker, ‘The Idea of Constitutional Pluralism’ (2002) 65(3) The Modern Law Review, pp. 317–59; Sweet, A. Stone, ‘The Structure of Constitutional Pluralism: Review of Nico Krisch, Beyond Constitutionalism: The Pluralist Structure of Post-National Law’ (2013) 11(2) International Journal of Constitutional Law, pp. 491–500CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

47 Sciulli, D., Theory of Societal Constitutionalism: Foundations of a Non-Marxist Critical Theory (Cambridge University Press, 1992)Google Scholar; Teubner, G., Constitutional Fragments: Societal Constitutionalism and Globalization (Oxford University Press, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kjaer, P.F., Constitutionalism in the Global Realm: A Sociological Approach (Routledge, 2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

48 Koskenniemi, n. 36 above, p. 13.

49 Stevenson, H., ‘Alternative Theories of Global Environmental Politics: Constructivism, Marxism and Critical Approaches’, in Harris, P.G. (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Global Environmental Politics (Routledge, 2013), pp. 42–55Google Scholar.

50 Fischer-Kowalski, M., ‘Society's Metabolism: The Intellectual History of Materials Flow Analysis, Part I, 1860–1970’ (1998) 2(1) Journal of Industrial Ecology, pp. 61–78, at 64–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

51 Boulding, K.E., ‘The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth’, in Jarrett, H. (ed.), Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy: Essays from the Sixth Resources for the Future Forum (Johns Hopkins Press, 1966), pp. 3–14Google Scholar; Ayres, R.U. & Kneese, A.V., ‘Production, Consumption, and Externalities’ (1969) 59(3) American Economic Review, pp. 282–97Google Scholar.

52 Fischer-Kowalski, M. & Hüttler, W., ‘Society's Metabolism: The Intellectual History of Materials Flow Analysis, Part II, 1980–1998’ (1998) 2(4) Journal of Industrial Ecology, pp. 107–36, at 122CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

53 Emmanuel, A., L’échange inégal (François Maspero, 1969)Google Scholar.

54 R. Prebisch, ‘The Economic Development of Latin America and Its Principal Problems’ (Economic Commission for Latin America, United Nations Department of Economic Affairs, 27 Apr. 1950), UN Doc. E/CN.12/89/Rev.I.

55 Wallerstein, I., The Modern Word System, Vol I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (Academic Press, 1974)Google Scholar; Wallerstein, I., The Modern Word System, Vol II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600–1750 (Academic Press, 1980)Google Scholar; Wallerstein, I., The Modern Word System, Vol III: The Second Great Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730–1840s (Academic Press, 1989)Google Scholar; Wallerstein, I., The Modern Word System, Vol IV: Centrist Liberalism Triumphant, 1789–1914 (University of California Press, 2011)Google Scholar.

56 Bunker, S.G., Underdeveloping the Amazon: Extraction, Unequal Exchange, and the Failure of the Modern State (University of Chicago Press, 1985), pp. 20–31Google Scholar.

57 For a critical account of the underlying ideology of the notion of ‘resilience’ see Joseph, J., ‘Resilience as Embedded Neoliberalism: A Governmentality Approach’ (2013) 1(1) Resilience, pp. 38–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

58 Hornborg, A., ‘Zero-Sum World: Challenges in Conceptualizing Environmental Load Displacement and Ecologically Unequal Exchange in the World-System’ (2009) 50(3&4) International Journal of Comparative Sociology, pp. 237–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

59 Martínez-Alier, J., The Environmentalism of the Poor: A Study of Ecological Conflicts and Valuation (Edward Elgar, 2003)Google Scholar; Martínez-Alier, J. et al. , ‘Social Metabolism, Ecological Distribution Conflicts, and Valuation Languages’ (2010) 70(2) Ecological Economics, pp. 153–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

60 E.M. Battaglia, J. Mei & G. Dumas, ‘Systems of Global Governance in the Era of Human-Machine Convergence’, arXiv preprint, arXiv:1802.04255, 14 Feb. 2018, available at: https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.04255.

61 Kallis, G., Kerschner, C. & Martínez-Alier, J., ‘The Economics of Degrowth’ (2012) 84 Ecological Economics, pp. 172–80, at 173CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

62 A. Hornborg, ‘The Money-Energy-Technology Complex and Ecological Marxism: Rethinking the Concept of “Use-Value” to Extend Our Understanding of Unequal Exchange, Part 1’, Capitalism Nature Socialism online articles, 22 Feb. 2018, doi: 10.1080/10455752.2018.1440614, available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10455752.2018.1440614?src=recsys (Hornborg, Part 1); A. Hornborg, ‘The Money–Energy–Technology Complex and Ecological Marxism: Rethinking the Concept of “Use-Value” to Extend Our Understanding of Unequal Exchange, Part 2’, Capitalism Nature Socialism online articles, 29 Apr. 2018, doi: 10.1080/10455752.2018.1464212, available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10455752.2018.1464212.

63 Moore, J.W., ‘The Capitalocene, Part I: On the Nature and Origins of Our Ecological Crisis’ (2017) 44(3) The Journal of Peasant Studies, pp. 594–630CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Moore, J.W., ‘The Capitalocene Part II: Accumulation by Appropriation and the Centrality of Unpaid Work/Energy’ (2018) 45(2) The Journal of Peasant Studies, pp. 237–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

64 Teubner, G., ‘A Constitutional Moment? The Logics of “Hit the Bottom”’, in Kjaer, P.F., Teubner, G. & Febbrajo, A. (eds), The Financial Crisis in Constitutional Perspective: The Dark Side of Functional Differentiation (Hart, 2011), pp. 3–42, at 5Google Scholar.

65 Manzano, J. Jaria i, ‘El constitucionalismo de la escasez: derechos, justicia y sostenibilidad’ (2015) 30 Revista Aranzadi de derecho ambiental, pp. 295–349Google Scholar.

66 Gaspare, G. Di, Teoria e critica della globalizzazione finanziaria: dinamiche del potere finanziario e crisi sistemiche (CEDAM, 2011)Google Scholar.

67 Mitchell, L.E., ‘Financialism: A (Very) Brief History’, in Williams, C.A. & Zumbansen, P. (eds), The Embedded Firm: Corporate Governance, Labor, and Finance Capitalism (Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 42–59Google Scholar.

68 Epstein, G.A., Financialization and the World Economy (Edward Elgar, 2005), p. 3Google Scholar.

69 Bresser-Pereira, L.C., ‘The Global Financial Crisis and a New Capitalism?’ (2010) 32(4) Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, pp. 499–534, at 505CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

70 Shiller, R.J., Finance and the Good Society (Princeton University Press, 2012), pp. 28–9Google Scholar.

71 Teubner, n. 64 above.

72 Ricks, M., ‘Money and (Shadow) Banking: A Thought Experiment’ (2012) 31(2) Review of Banking and Financial Law, pp. 731–48Google Scholar.

73 Levi-Faur, D., ‘The Global Diffusion of Regulatory Capitalism’ (2005) 598 The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, pp. 12–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Levi-Faur, D., ‘Varieties of Regulatory Capitalism: Sectors and Nations in the Making of a New Global Order’ (2006) 19(3) Governance, pp. 363–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Levi-Faur, D., ‘The Regulatory State and Regulatory Capitalism: An Institutional Perspective’, in Levi-Faur, D. (ed.), Handbook on the Politics of Regulation (Edward Elgar, 2011), pp. 662–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

74 E.S. Cohen, ‘Assessing the Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Transnational Regulatory Governance: The Case of Public–Private Hybrid Regulatory Networks’, Third Biennial Conference of the European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) Standing Group on Regulatory Governance, Dublin (Eire), 17–19 June 2010.

75 Ibid., p. 13.

76 Teubner, n. 64 above, p. 5.

77 Kjaer, P.F., ‘Law and Order Within and Beyond National Configurations’, in Kjaer, P.F., Teubner, G. & Febbrajo, A. (eds), The Financial Crisis in Constitutional Perspective: The Dark Side of Functional Differentiation (Hart, 2011), pp. 395–430, at 417Google Scholar.

78 Katharina Pistor defines the notion of elasticity of law ‘as the probability that ex ante legal commitments will be relaxed or suspended in the future; … [whereby] [i]n general, law tends to be relatively elastic at the system's apex, but inelastic in its periphery’: Pistor, K., ‘A Legal Theory of Finance’ (2013) 41(2) Journal of Comparative Economics, pp. 315–30, at 319–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

79 Carducci, M., ‘Natura (diritto della)’, in Sacco, R. (ed.), Digesto delle discipline pubblicistiche (UTET Giuridicia, 2017), p. 492Google Scholar.

80 Kjaer, n. 77 above, p. 417.

81 Georgescu-Roegen, N., The Entropy Law and the Economic Process (Harvard University Press, 1971)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

82 Hornborg, A., ‘Footprints in the Cotton Fields: The Industrial Revolution as Timespace Appropriation and Environmental Load Displacement’ (2006) 59(1) Ecological Economics, pp. 74–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

83 Kallis, Kerschner & Martínez-Alier, n. 61 above, p. 173; Douthwaite, R., ‘Degrowth and the Supply of Money in an Energy-Scarce World’ (2012) 84(C) Ecological Economics, pp. 187–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

84 Morgan, T., Life after Growth (Harriman House, 2013), p. 218Google Scholar.

85 Ibid., p. 163.

86 Hornborg, A., Global Ecology and Unequal Exchange: Fetishism in a Zero-Sum World (Routledge, 2011), pp. 8–14Google Scholar.

87 Hornborg, Part 1, n. 62 above, p. 5.

88 Tverberg, G.E., ‘Oil Supply Limits and the Continuing Financial Crisis’ (2012) 37(1) Energy, pp. 27–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

89 Murphy, D.J. & Hall, C.A.S., ‘Energy Return on Investment, Peak Oil, and the End of Economic Growth’ (2011) 1219(1) Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, pp. 52–72CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Hall, C.A.S. & Klitgaard, K.A., Energy and the Wealth of Nations: Understanding the Biophysical Economy (Springer, 2012), pp. 369–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

90 On the implicit risks of an increasingly expensive carbon energy see Trommer, S. & di Muzio, T., ‘The Political Economy of Trade in the Age of Carbon Energy’, in di Muzio, T. & Ovadia, J.S. (eds), Energy, Capitalism and World Order: Toward a New Agenda in International Political Economy (Palgrave, 2016), pp. 57–76Google Scholar. Hall & Klitgaard, ibid., pp. 385–92.

91 Teubner, n. 64 above.

92 T. di Muzio, ‘IPE and the Unfashionable Problematic of Capital and Energy’, in di Muzio & Ovadia, n. 90 above, pp. 23–40, at 24.

93 Cutler, A.C., ‘The Judicialization of Private Transnational Power and Authority’ (2018) 25(1) Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, pp. 61–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

94 Bodansky, D., The Art and Craft of International Environmental Law (Harvard University Press, 2010), pp. 30–5Google Scholar.

95 Report of the UNCED, n. 5 above, Vol. 1, Resolutions adopted by the Conference, UN Doc. A/CONF.151/26/Rev.1 (Vol. I), Annex I (Rio Declaration), Annex II (Agenda 21), available at: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-1.htm.

96 Ivanova, M., ‘Designing the United Nations Environment Programme: A Story of Compromise and Confrontation’ (2007) 7(4) International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, pp. 337–61Google Scholar.

97 Young, O.R., ‘Institutional Linkages in International Society: Polar Perspectives’ (1996) 2(1) Global Governance, pp. 1–23, at p. 20CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

98 UN Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), 20–22 June 2012.

99 Conca, K., An Unfinished Foundation: The United Nations and Global Environmental Governance (Oxford University Press, 2015), Ch. 6CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

100 Kim, R.E. & Mackey, B., ‘International Environmental Law as a Complex Adaptive System’ (2014) 14(1) International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, pp. 5–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar; von Moltke, K., ‘Clustering International Environmental Agreements as an Alternative to a World Environment Organization’, in Biermann, F. & Bauer, S. (eds), A World Environment Organization: Solution or Threat for Effective International Environmental Governance? (Ashgate, 2005), pp. 175–204Google Scholar.

101 Hey, E., ‘International Institutions’, in Bodansky, D., Brunnée, J. & Hey, E. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law (Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 749–69, at 751–5Google Scholar.

102 Kim, R.E. & Bosselmann, K., ‘International Environmental Law in the Anthropocene: Towards a Purposive System of Multilateral Environmental Agreements’ (2013) 2(2) Transnational Environmental Law, pp. 285–309CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

103 Wolfrum, R. & Matz, N., Conflicts in International Environmental Law (Springer, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Matz-Lück, N., ‘Harmonization, Systemic Integration, and “Mutual Supportiveness” as Conflict-Solution Techniques’ (2006) 17 Finnish Yearbook of International Law, pp. 39–53Google Scholar.

104 McLachlan, C., ‘The Principle of Systemic Integration and Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention’ (2005) 54(2) International and Comparative Law Quarterly, pp. 279–320CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

105 Pavoni, R., ‘Mutual Supportiveness as a Principle of Interpretation and Law-Making: A Watershed for the “WTO-and-Competing-Regimes” Debate?’ (2010) 21(3) European Journal of International Law, pp. 649–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

106 Lowe, n. 3 above.

107 Viñuales, n. 6 above, p. 6.

108 Hey, E., ‘Common Interests and the (Re)Constitution of Public Space’ (2009) 39(3) Environmental Policy & Law, pp. 152–59, at 154Google Scholar.

109 Okereke, C., ‘Global Environmental Sustainability: Intragenerational Equity and Conceptions of Justice in Multilateral Environmental Regimes’ (2006) 37(5) Geoforum, pp. 725–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

110 Fukuyama, F., ‘The End of History?’ (1989) 16 The National Interest, pp. 3–18Google Scholar.

111 Gunningham, N., ‘Environment Law, Regulation and Governance: Shifting Architectures’ (2009) 21(2) Journal of Environmental Law, pp. 179–212CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

112 Stewart, R.B., ‘Economic Incentives for Environmental Protection: Opportunities and Obstacles’, in Revesz, R.L., Sands, P. & Stewart, R.B. (eds), Environmental Law, the Economy, and Sustainable Development (Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 171–244, at 220–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

113 N. 95 above.

114 Karassin, O. & Perez, O., ‘Shifting Between Public and Private: The Reconfiguration of Global Environmental Regulation’ (2018) 25(1) Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, pp. 97–130CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

115 Okereke, C., Global Justice and Neoliberal Environmental Governance: Ethics, Sustainable Development and International Cooperation (Routledge, 2008), p. 123Google Scholar.

116 Cullet, P., Differential Treatment in International Environmental Law (Ashgate, 2003)Google Scholar; Rajamani, L., Differential Treatment in International Environmental Law (Oxford University Press, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

117 Hey, E., ‘Global Environmental Law and Global Institutions: A System Lacking Good Process’, in Pierik, R. & Werner, W. (eds), Cosmopolitanism in Context: Perspectives from International Law and Political Theory (Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 45–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

118 Kjaer, n. 77 above, p. 395.

119 Teubner, n. 47 above, p. 1.

120 Cutler, n. 93 above, p. 64.

121 Focusing mainly on the discussion of the constitutional history of the US, Ackerman refers to constitutional moments as those ‘[occurring] when a rising political movement succeeds in placing a new problematic at the centre of … political life’ and eventually triggers processes of higher lawmaking: Ackerman, B., ‘A Generation of Betrayal?’ (1997) 65(4) Fordham Law Review, pp. 1519–36Google Scholar. More generally, see also Ackerman, B., We The People, Vol.1 Foundations (Harvard University Press, 1993)Google Scholar.

122 von Bogdandy, A., Goldmann, M. & Venzke, I., ‘From Public International to International Public Law: Translating World Public Opinion into International Public Authority’ (2017) 28(1) European Journal of International Law, pp. 115–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

123 Kjaer, n. 47 above, pp. 146–7.

124 Ibid.

125 UNGA Res. 70/1, ‘Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’ (25 Sept. 2015), UN Doc. A/RES/70/1.

126 Paris (France), 12 Dec. 2015, in force 4 Nov. 2016, available at: http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9485.php.

127 Barnosky, A.D. et al. , ‘Approaching a State Shift in Earth's Biosphere’ (2012) 486(7401) Nature, pp. 52–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

128 Rajamani, L., ‘Ambition and Differentiation in the 2015 Paris Agreement: Interpretative Possibilities and Underlying Politics’ (2016) 65(2) International and Comparative Law Quarterly, pp. 493–514CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Adelman, S., ‘Human Rights in the Paris Agreement: Too Little, Too Late?’ (2018) 7(1) Transnational Environmental Law, pp. 17–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Duyck, S., ‘The Paris Climate Agreement and the Protection of Human Rights in a Changing Climate’ (2015) 26 Yearbook of International Environmental Law, pp. 3–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Okereke, C., ‘Equity and Justice in Polycentric Climate Governance’, in Jordan, A. et al. (eds), Governing Climate Change: Policentricity in Action? (Cambridge University Press, 2018), pp. 320–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

129 Bodansky, D., ‘The Paris Climate Change Agreement: A New Hope?’ (2016) 110(2) American Journal of International Law, pp. 288–319CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

130 Kim, R.E., ‘The Nexus between International Law and the Sustainable Development Goals’ (2016) 25(1) Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, pp. 15–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bodansky, ibid.

131 Jordan, A.J. et al. , ‘Emergence of Polycentric Climate Governance and Its Future Prospects’ (2015) 5(11) Nature Climate Change, pp. 977–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

132 Urgenda Foundation (on behalf of 886 Individuals) v. The State of the Netherlands (Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment), 1st instance decision, Case No. C/09/456689, HA ZA 13-1396, ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2015:7145, 24 June 2015, District Court of The Hague. See Zeben, J. van, ‘Establishing a Governmental Duty of Care for Climate Change Mitigation: Will Urgenda Turn the Tide?’ (2015) 4(2) Transnational Environmental Law, pp. 339–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Mayer, B., ‘Case Note – The State of the Netherlands v. Urgenda Foundation: Ruling of the Court of Appeal of The Hague (9 October 2018)’ (2019) 8(1) Transnational Environmental Law, pp. 167–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

133 Bouwer, K., ‘The Unsexy Future of Climate Change Litigation’ (2018) 30(3) Journal of Environmental Law, pp. 483–506CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

134 Walker, n. 42 above, pp. 236–8.

135 Morgera, E., ‘The Need for an International Legal Concept of Fair and Equitable Benefit Sharing’ (2016) 27(2) European Journal of International Law, pp. 353–83, at 367CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Morgera, E., ‘The Ecosystem Approach and the Precautionary Principle’, in Morgera, E. & Razzaque, J. (eds), Biodiversity and Nature Protection Law (Edward Elgar, 2017), pp. 70–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

136 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Secretariat, Conference of the Parties (COP) Decision V/6, ‘Ecosystem Approach’ (22 June 2000), UN Doc. UNEP/CBD/COP/5/23; and Decision VII/11, ‘Ecosystem Approach’ (13 April 2004), UN Doc. UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/VII/11.

137 UNGA Res. 61/222, ‘Oceans and the Law of the Sea’ (20 Dec. 2006), UN Doc. A/RES/61/222.

138 CBD Secretariat, COP Decision VII/11, n. 136 above, Annex I ‘Refinement and Elaboration of the Ecosystem Approach, based on Assessment of Experience of Parties in Implementation’, paras 1 and 2.

139 Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), 5 June 1992, in force 29 Dec. 1993, available at: http://www.cbd.int/convention/text.

140 See in this context CBD Secretariat, COP Decision X/42, ‘The Tkarihwaié:ri Code of Ethical Conduct to Ensure Respect for the Cultural and Intellectual Heritage of Indigenous and Local Communities’ (29 Oct. 2010), Annex I, UN Doc. UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC.X/42.

141 This notion is to be understood as ‘the concerted and dialogic process aimed at building partnerships in identifying and allocating economic, socio-cultural and environmental benefits among state and non-state actors, with an emphasis on the vulnerable’: Morgera (2016), n. 135 above, p. 382.

142 Walker, n. 20 above.

143 Morgera, E., ‘Global Environmental Law and Comparative Legal Methods’ (2015) 24(3) Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, pp. 254–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

144 Collins, n. 19 above, p. 737.

145 Walker, n. 42 above, pp. 236–8.

146 Ibid., p. 233.

147 Ibid., p. 232.

148 Ibid., p. 233.

149 Ibid., p. 234.

150 Ibid., p. 235.

151 Collins, n. 19 above, p. 719.

152 Walker, n. 20 above, p. 25.

153 N. 50 above.

154 Lövbrand, E., Stripple, J. & Wiman, B., ‘Earth System Governmentality: Reflections on Science in the Anthropocene’ (2009) 19(1) Global Environmental Change, pp. 7–13, at 11CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

155 Biermann, n. 13 above.

156 Kotzé, L.J., ‘Arguing Global Environmental Constitutionalism’ (2012) 1(1) Transnational Environmental Law, pp. 199–233, at 215–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

157 Kim & Mackey, n. 100 above, p. 17; Kim & Bosselmann, n. 102 above.

158 Walker, n. 20 above, pp. 70–86.

159 Koskenniemi, M., ‘Human Rights Mainstreaming as a Strategy for Institutional Power’ (2010) 1(1) Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, pp. 47–58, at 54–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar. More recently, on the problematic relationship between environmental protection and human rights, see also Petersmann, M.C., ‘Narcissus’ Reflection in the Lake: Untold Narratives in Environmental Law Beyond the Anthropocentric Frame’ (2018) 30(2) Journal of Environmental Law, pp. 235–59Google Scholar.

160 Kjaer, n. 21 above, pp. SS132–3.

161 Caney, S., ‘Climate Change, Human Rights and Moral Thresholds’, in Humphreys, S. (ed.), Human Rights and Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 69–90Google Scholar.

162 Kotzé, L.J., ‘Human Rights and the Environment in the Anthroposcene’ (2014) 1(3) The Anthroposcene Review, pp. 252–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

163 See UN General Assembly, Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Issue of Human Rights Obligations relating to the Enjoyment of a Safe, Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment (19 Jan. 2018), UN Doc A/HRC/34/49.

164 See UN General Assembly, Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Issue of Human Rights Obligations relating to the Enjoyment of a Safe, Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment (24 Jan. 2018), UN Doc A/HRC/37/59, Annex, Preamble, Framework Principles 1 and 2.

165 Ibid., para. 4.

166 Borràs, S., ‘New Transitions from Human Rights to the Environment to the Rights of Nature’ (2016) 5(1) Transnational Environmental Law, pp. 113–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar. More specifically, see also Kotzé, L.J. & Calzadilla, P. Villavicencio, ‘Somewhere between Rhetoric and Reality: Environmental Constitutionalism and the Rights of Nature in Ecuador’ (2017) 6(3) Transnational Environmental Law, pp. 401–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Calzadilla, P. Villavicencio & Kotzé, L.J., ‘Living in Harmony with Nature? A Critical Appraisal of the Rights of Mother Earth in Bolivia’ (2018) 7(3) Transnational Environmental Law, pp. 397–424CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

167 Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Protocol of San Salvador), San Salvador (El Salvador), 17 Nov. 1988, in force 16 Nov. 1999, Art. 11, available at: http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/treaties/a-52.html.

168 The Environment and Human Rights (State Obligations in relation to the Environment in the Context of the Protection and Guarantee of the Rights to Life and to Personal Integrity – Interpretation and Scope of Articles 4(1) and 5(1) of the American Convention on Human Rights), Inter-Am Court HR, Advisory Opinion OC-23/17, 15 Nov. 2017, Series A No. 23, para. 62 (the authors’ own translation).

169 Walker, n. 20 above, pp. 86–106.

170 Ibid., p. 86.

171 Brown, G.W., ‘The Constitutionalization of What?’ (2012) 1(2) Global Constitutionalism, pp. 201–28, at 227CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

172 Ibid., p. 219.

173 Collins, n. 19 above.

174 Walker, n. 42 above.

175 Hey, n. 117 above, p. 72.

176 Cocciolo, E., ‘Capitalocene, Thermocene and the Earth System: Global Law and Connectivity in the Anthropocene Time’, in Jaria-Manzano, J. & Borràs, S. (eds), Research Handbook on Global Climate Constitutionalism (Edward Elgar, 2019) forthcomingGoogle Scholar.

177 Kjaer, n. 21 above, p. S115.

178 Koskenniemi, n. 159 above.

179 Adopted 1 Mar. 2015, available at: http://globaljustice.yale.edu/oslo-principles-global-climate-change-obligations.

180 Kotzé, L.J. & French, D., ‘The Anthropocentric Ontology of International Environmental Law and the Sustainable Development Goals: Towards an Ecocentric Rule of Law in the Anthropocene’ (2018) 7(1) Global Journal of Comparative Law, pp. 5–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar.