Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-vpsfw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-18T01:58:13.808Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Observations of Molecular Hydrogen in Shocks and PDRs with the Infrared Space Observatory

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 May 2016

Christopher M. Wright*
Affiliation:
School of Physics, University College, Australian Defence Force Academy, University of New South Wales, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

A review is presented of ISO observations of molecular hydrogen and its isotopic species, HD, toward various Galactic source types, such as shocks (Orion, DR 21, Cep A), photon dominated regions (IC 1396A, S140, Orion Bar) and putative X-ray excited sources (RCW 103, SS 433). In so doing I examine the similarities and differences in the H2 spectrum found under these different excitation conditions and mechanisms, and how the observations impact on some of the latest shock and PDR models. For instance, in addition to the ubiquitous ~ 2000 K component in shocks, seen using ground-based instrumentation, ISO reveals the existence of gas with both lower (150–800 K) and higher (≥ 3000 K) excitation temperatures. Further, ISO allows for the first time a measure of the bulk gas temperature toward PDRs (100–700 K), and H2 is also detected where X-ray emission is observed, providing at least circumstantial evidence of X-ray heating.

Type
Part 3. Outflows, Shocks, PDRs and Masers
Copyright
Copyright © Astronomical Society of the Pacific 2000 

References

Band, D.L. 1987, PASP, 99, 1269 Google Scholar
Beck, S.C., Lacy, J.H., & Geballe, T.R. 1979, ApJ, 234, L213 Google Scholar
Beckwith, S., Persson, S.E., Neugebauer, G., & Becklin, E.E. 1978, ApJ, 223, 464 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertoldi, F., Draine, B.T., Drapatz, S., et al. 1999a, in The Physics and Chemistry of the Interstellar Medium, 3 rd Cologne-Zermatt Symposium, eds. Ossenkopf, V. et al., GCA-Verlag Herdecke, 120 Google Scholar
Bertoldi, F., Timmermann, R., Rosenthal, D., Drapatz, S., & Wright, C.M. 1999b, A&A, 346, 267 Google Scholar
Burton, M.G., Hollenbach, D.J., & Tielens, A.G.G.M. 1992, ApJ, 399, 563 Google Scholar
Burton, M.G. & Haas, M.R. 1997, A&A, 327, 309 Google Scholar
Cabrit, S., Bontemps, S., Lagage, P.O., et al. 1999, in The Universe as seen by ISO, eds. Cox, P. & Kessler, M.F., ESA SP-427, Noordwijk, 449 Google Scholar
Cesarsky, D., Cox, P., Pineau des Forêts, G., et al. 1999, A&A, 348, 945 Google Scholar
Draine, B.T. 2000, to be published in H2 in Space, eds. Combes, F. & Pineau des Forêts, G., Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
Draine, B.T. & McKee, C.F. 1993, ARA&A, 31, 373 Google Scholar
Draine, B.T. & Bertoldi, F. 1999, in The Universe as seen by ISO, eds. Cox, P. & Kessler, M.F., ESA SP-427, Noordwijk, 553 Google Scholar
Draine, B.T. & Woods, D.T. 1990, ApJ, 363, 464 Google Scholar
Draine, B.T. & Woods, D.T. 1991, ApJ, 383, 621 Google Scholar
Flower, D.R. & Pineau des Forêts, G. 1999, MNRAS, 308, 271 Google Scholar
Fuente, A., Martin-Pintado, J., Rodriguez-Fernandez, N.J., et al. 1999, ApJ, 518, L45 Google Scholar
Gautier, T.N., Fink, U., Treffers, R.R., & Larson, H.P. 1976, ApJ, 207, L129 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genzel, R. & Stutzki, J. 1989, ARA&A, 27, 41 Google Scholar
Goldsmith, P.F. & Langer, W.D. 1999, ApJ, 517, 209 Google Scholar
Gredel, R. 1994, A&A, 292, 580 Google Scholar
Hollenbach, D.J. & Salpeter, E.E. 1971, ApJ, 163, 155 Google Scholar
Hollenbach, D.J. & Tielens, A.G.G.M. 1997, ARA&A, 35, 179 Google Scholar
Kaufman, M.J. & Neufeld, D.A. 1996, ApJ, 456, 611 Google Scholar
Kessler, M.F., Steinz, J.A., Anderegg, M.E., et al. 1996, A&A, 315, L27 Google Scholar
Knacke, R.F. & Young, E.T. 1981, 249, ApJ, L65 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunze, D., Rigopoulou, D., Lutz, D., et al. 1996, A&A, 315, L101 Google Scholar
Kunze, D., Rigopoulou, D., Genzel, R., & Lutz, D. 1999, in The Universe as seen by ISO, eds. Cox, P. & Kessler, M.F., ESA SP-427, Noordwijk, 909 Google Scholar
Moutou, C., Verstraete, L., Sellgren, K., & Leger, A. 1999, in The Universe as seen by ISO, eds. Cox, P. & Kessler, M.F., ESA SP-427, Noordwijk, 727 Google Scholar
Neufeld, D.A., Melnick, G.J., & Harwit, M. 1998, ApJ, 506, L75 Google Scholar
Oliva, E. & Moorwood, A.F.M. 1988, A&A 197, 261 Google Scholar
Oliva, E., Moorwood, A.F.M., & Danziger, I.J. 1989, A&A, 214, 307 Google Scholar
Oliva, E., Moorwood, A.F.M., & Danziger, I.J. 1990, A&A, 240, 453 Google Scholar
Oliva, E., Moorwood, A.F.M., Drapatz, S., Lutz, D., & Sturm, E. 1999, A&A, 343, 943 Google Scholar
Parmar, P.S., Lacy, J.H., & Achtermann, J.M. 1991, ApJ, 372, L25 Google Scholar
Parmar, P.S., Lacy, J.H., & Achtermann, J.M. 1994, ApJ, 430, 786 Google Scholar
Patel, N.A., Goldsmith, P.F., Snell, R.L., Hezel, T., & Xie, T. 1995, ApJ, 447, 721 Google Scholar
Richter, M.J., Graham, J.R., Wright, G.S., Kelly, D.M., & Lacy, J.H. 1995, ApJ, 449, L83 Google Scholar
Rigopoulou, D., Lutz, D., Genzel, R., et al. 1996, A&A, 315, L125 Google Scholar
Rosenthal, D., Bertoldi, F., Drapatz, S., & Timmermann, R. 1999, in The Universe as seen by ISO, eds. Cox, P. & Kessler, M.F., ESA SP-427, Noordwijk, 561 Google Scholar
Shull, J.M. & Beckwith, S. 1982, ARA&A, 20, 163 Google Scholar
Sturm, E., Lutz, D., Genzel, R., et al. 1996, A&A, 315, L133 Google Scholar
Sturm, E., Alexander, T., Lutz, D., et al. 1999, ApJ, 512, 197 Google Scholar
Thi, W.F., van Dishoeck, E.F., Black, J.H., et al. 1999, in The Universe as seen by ISO, eds. Cox, P. & Kessler, M.F., ESA SP-427, Noordwijk, 767 Google Scholar
Timmermann, R., Bertoldi, F., Wright, C.M., et al. 1996, A&A, 315, L281 Google Scholar
Treffers, R.R., Fink, U., Larson, H.P., & Gautier, T.N. 1976, ApJ, 209, 793 Google Scholar
Valentijn, E.A., van der Werf, P.P., de Graauw, Th., & de Jong, T. 1996, A&A, 315, L145 Google Scholar
Valentijn, E.A. & van der Werf, P. P. 1999, ApJ, 522, L29 Google Scholar
van den Ancker, M. E. 1999, PhD thesis, University of Amsterdam Google Scholar
van den Ancker, M. E., Wesselius, P.R., Tielens, A.G.G.M., & Waters, L.B.F.M. 1998, in ISO's view on Stellar Evolution, eds. Waters, L.B.F.M. et al., Ap&SS, 255, 69 Google Scholar
van den Ancker, M. E., Wesselius, P.R., Tielens, A.G.G.M., van Dishoeck, E.F., & Spinoglio, L. 1999, A&A, 348, 877 Google Scholar
van Dishoeck, E.F., Wright, C.M., Cernicharo, J., et al. 1998, ApJ, 502, L173 Google Scholar
Wang, Z.-R., McCray, R., Chen, Y., & Qu, Q.-Y. 1990, A&A, 240, 98 Google Scholar
Weikard, H., Wouterloot, J.G.A., Castets, A., Winnewisser, G., & Sugitani, K. 1996, A&A, 309, 581 Google Scholar
Weingartner, J.C. & Draine, B.T. 1999, in The Universe as seen by ISO, eds. Cox, P. & Kessler, M.F., ESA SP-427, Noordwijk, 783 Google Scholar
Wright, C.M., Drapatz, S., Timmermann, R., et al. 1996, A&A, 315, L301 Google Scholar
Wright, C.M., Timmermann, R., & Drapatz, S. 1997, in First ISO Workshop on Analytical Spectroscopy, eds. Heras, A.M. et al., ESA SP-419, Noordwijk, 311 Google Scholar
Wright, C.M., van Dishoeck, E.F., Cox, P., Sidher, S., & Kessler, M.F. 1999, ApJ, 515, L29 CrossRefGoogle Scholar