Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T18:10:49.177Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Kinematics of extragalactic bulges: evidence that some bulges are really disks

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 August 2017

John Kormendy
John Kormendy*
Affiliation:
Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Dr., Honolulu, HI 96822, USA

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Recent work on the dynamics of galaxy bulges has been dominated by two themes. (1) Bulges share the richness in kinematic structure that is currently being discovered in elliptical galaxies. This includes kinematic evidence for triaxiality and for accretion (counterrotating gas and stellar components). (2) The main subject of this paper is observational and theoretical evidence that some “bulges” are built secularly out of disk material. Many bulges show photometric and kinematic evidence for disklike dynamics. This includes (i) velocity dispersions σ much smaller than those predicted by the Faber-Jackson σ — MB correlation, (ii) rapid rotation V(r) that implies V/σ values well above the “oblate line” describing rotationally flattened, isotropic spheroids in the V/σ — ellipticity diagram, and (iii) spiral structure dominating the r1/4 part of the galaxy. In these galaxies, the steep, r1/4-law central brightness profiles belong not to bulges but to disks. That is, some galaxy disks have central brightness profiles that are much steeper than the inward extrapolation of an exponential fit to the outer parts. These observations and n-body simulations of gas flow in nonaxisymmetric galaxies imply that high-central-concentration, flat components can be formed out of disk gas that is transported toward the center by bars and oval distortions. The n-body models suggest further that some “bulges” are built of disk stars heated in the axial direction by resonant scattering off of bars. These effects are signs that important secular evolution processes are at work in galaxy disks.

Keywords

Galaxy BulgesGalaxy DisksStellar DynamicsSecular Evolution
Type
Invited Reviews
Information
Symposium - International Astronomical Union , Volume 153: Galactic Bulges , 1993 , pp. 209 - 230
Copyright
Copyright © Kluwer 1993 

References

Alloin, D., and Kunth, D.: 1979, Astr. Ap. 71, 335 Google Scholar
Arsenault, R., Boulesteix, J., Georgelin, Y., and Roy, J.-R.: 1988, Astr. Ap. 200, 29 Google Scholar
Bender, R., Burstein, D., and Faber, S. M.: 1992, Ap. J. 399, 462 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertola, F., Buson, L. M., and Zeilinger, W. W.: 1992, Ap. J. 401, L79 Google Scholar
Bertola, F., Rubin, V. C., and Zeilinger, W. W.: 1989, Ap. J. 345 L29 Google Scholar
Bertola, F., and Capaccioli, M.: 1975, Ap. J. 200, 439 Google Scholar
Bertola, F., and Capaccioli, M.: 1977, Ap. J. 211, 697 Google Scholar
Bica, E., and Alloin, D.: 1987, Asr. Ap. Suppl. 70, 281 Google Scholar
Binney, J.: 1976, M. N. R. A. S. 177, 19 Google Scholar
Binney, J.: 1978a, M. N. R. A. S. 183, 501 Google Scholar
Binney, J.: 1978b, Comments Ap. 8, 27 Google Scholar
Binney, J.: 1982, in Morphology and Dynamics of Galaxies, Twelfth Advanced Course of the Swiss Society of Astronomy and Astrophysics, eds. Martinet, L. and Mayor, M., Geneva Observatory: Sauverny, 1 Google Scholar
Binney, J., and Petrou, M.: 1985, M. N. R. A. S. 214, 449 Google Scholar
Boroson, T.: 1981, Ap. J. Suppl. 46, 177 Google Scholar
Burkhead, M. S.: 1986, A. J. 91, 777 Google Scholar
Burkhead, M. S.: 1991, A. J. 102, 893 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burstein, D.: 1979, Ap. J 232, 74 Google Scholar
Buta, R.: 1986a, Ap. J. Suppl. 61, 609 Google Scholar
Buta, R.: 1986b, Ap. J. Suppl. 61, 631 Google Scholar
Buta, R.: 1990, Ap. J. 351, 62 Google Scholar
Buta, R., and Crocker, D. A.: 1991, A. J. 102, 1715 Google Scholar
Combes, F.: 1991, in IAU Symposium 146, Dynamics of Galaxies and Their Molecular Cloud Distributions, ed. Combes, F. and Casoli, F., Kluwer: Dordrecht, 255 Google Scholar
Combes, F., and Casoli, F., eds.: 1991, IAU Symposium 146, Dynamics of Galaxies and Their Molecular Cloud Distributions, Kluwer: Dordrecht Google Scholar
Combes, F., Debbasch, F., Friedli, D., and Pfenniger, D.: 1990, Astr. Ap. 233, 82 Google Scholar
Combes, F., and Sanders, R. H.: 1981, Astr. Ap. 96, 164 Google Scholar
Davies, R. L.: 1989, in The World of Galaxies, eds. Corwin, H. G. and Bottinelli, L., Springer-Verlag: New York, 312 Google Scholar
Davies, R. L., Efstathiou, G., Fall, S. M., Illingworth, G., and Schechter, P. L.: 1983, Ap. J. 266, 41 Google Scholar
Davies, R. L., Illingworth, G., and Kormendy, J.: 1993, in preparation Google Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1975, Ap. J. Suppl. 29, 193 Google Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G., de Vaucouleurs, A., and Corwin, H. G.: 1976, Second Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies, Univ. of Texas Press: Austin Google Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G., and Pence, W. D.: 1978, A. J. 83, 1163 Google Scholar
de Zeeuw, T., and Franx, M.: 1991, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap. 29, 239 Google Scholar
Dressler, A., and Richstone, D. O.: 1988, Ap. J. 324, 701 Google Scholar
Duschl, W. J.: 1988a, Astr. Ap. 194, 33 Google Scholar
Duschl, W. J.: 1988b, Astr. Ap. 194, 43 Google Scholar
Faber, S. M., and Jackson, R. E.: 1976, Ap. J. 204, 668 Google Scholar
Freeman, K. C.: 1970, Ap. J. 160, 811 Google Scholar
Friedli, D., and Pfenniger, D.: 1990, in ESO Workshop on Bulges of Galaxies, eds. Jarvis, B. and Terndrup, D. M., ESO: Garching, 265 Google Scholar
Friedli, D., and Udry, S.: 1993, in IAU Symposium 153, Galactic Bulges, eds. Habing, H. and Dejonghe, H., Kluwer: Dordrecht, in press Google Scholar
Frogel, J. A.: 1992, in IAU Symposium 149, The Stellar Populations of Galaxies, eds. Barbuy, B. and Renzini, A., Kluwer: Dordrecht, 245 Google Scholar
Gallagher, J. S., Faber, S. M., and Balick, B.: 1975, Ap. J. 202, 7 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallagher, J. S., Goad, J. W., and Mould, J.: 1982, Ap. J. 263, 101 Google Scholar
Galletta, G.: 1987, Ap. J. 318, 531 Google Scholar
Gerhard, O. E.: 1993, in IAU Symposium 153, Galactic Bulges, eds. Habing, H. and Dejonghe, H., Kluwer: Dordrecht, in press Google Scholar
Gerhard, O. E., Vietri, M., and Kent, S. M.: 1989, Ap. J. 345, L33 Google Scholar
Gunn, J. E.: 1979, in Active Galactic Nuclei, eds. Hazard, C. and Mitton, S., Cambridge Univ. Press: Cambridge, 213 Google Scholar
Hamabe, M., and Kormendy, J.: 1987, in IAU Symposium 127, Structure and Dynamics of Elliptical Galaxies, ed. de Zeeuw, T., Reidel: Dordrecht: Reidel, 379 Google Scholar
Hasan, H., and Norman, C.: 1990, Ap. J. 361, 69 Google Scholar
Hasan, H., Pfenniger, D., and Norman, C.: 1993, Ap. J. 409, in press Google Scholar
Hasan, H., and Norman, C.: 1993, in IAU Symposium 153, Galactic Bulges, eds. Habing, H. and Dejonghe, H., Kluwer: Dordrecht, in press Google Scholar
Hernquist, L., and Quinn, P. J.: 1988, Ap. J. 331, 682 Google Scholar
Hummel, E., van der Hulst, J. M., and Keel, W. C.: 1987, Astr. Ap. 172, 32 Google Scholar
Illingworth, G.: 1977, Ap. J. 218, L43 Google Scholar
Illingworth, G.: 1981, in The Structure and Evolution of Normal Galaxies, eds. Fall, S. M. and Lynden-Bell, D., Cambridge Univ. Press: Cambridge, 27 Google Scholar
Illingworth, G., and Schechter, P. L.: 1982, Ap. J. 256, 481 Google Scholar
Jarvis, B.: 1987, A. J., 94, 30 Google Scholar
Jarvis, B.: 1990, in Dynamics and Interactions of Galaxies, ed. Wielen, R., Springer-Verlag: New York, 416 Google Scholar
Jarvis, B. J., and Dubath, P.: 1988, Astr. Ap. 201, L33 Google Scholar
Jarvis, B. J., Dubath, P., Martinet, L., and Bacon, R.: 1988, Astr. Ap. Suppl. 74, 513 Google Scholar
Jarvis, B. J., and Freeman, K. C.: 1985a, Ap. J. 295, 314 Google Scholar
Jarvis, B. J., and Freeman, K. C.: 1985b, Ap. J. 295, 324 Google Scholar
Kent, S. M.: 1985, Ap. J. Suppl. 59, 115 Google Scholar
Kent, S. M.: 1987, A. J. 93, 816 Google Scholar
Kent, S. M.: 1988, A. J. 96, 514 Google Scholar
Kent, S. M.: 1989, A. J. 97, 1614 Google Scholar
Kent, S. M.: 1990, A. J. 100, 377 Google Scholar
Kent, S. M., and Glaudell, G.: 1989, A. J. 98, 1588 Google Scholar
Kormendy, J.: 1977, Ap. J. 217, 406 Google Scholar
Kormendy, J.: 1979a, in Photometry, Kinematics and Dynamics of Galaxies, ed. Evans, D. S., Dept. of Astronomy, Univ. of Texas at Austin: Austin, 341 Google Scholar
Kormendy, J.: 1979b, Ap. J. 227, 714 Google Scholar
Kormendy, J.: 1981, in The Structure and Evolution of Normal Galaxies, eds. Fall, S. M. and Lynden-Bell, D., Cambridge Univ. Press: Cambridge, 85 Google Scholar
Kormendy, J.: 1982a, in Morphology and Dynamics of Galaxies, Twelfth Advanced Course of the Swiss Society of Astronomy and Astrophysics, eds. Martinet, L. and Mayor, M., Geneva Observatory: Sauverny, 113 Google Scholar
Kormendy, J.: 1982b, Ap. J. 257, 75 Google Scholar
Kormendy, J.: 1983, Ap. J. 275, 529 Google Scholar
Kormendy, J.: 1985, Ap. J. 295, 73 Google Scholar
Kormendy, J.: 1987, in Nearly Normal Galaxies: From the Planck Time to the Present, ed. Faber, S. M., Springer-Verlag: New York, 163 Google Scholar
Kormendy, J.: 1988a, Ap. J. 325, 128 Google Scholar
Kormendy, J.: 1988b, Ap. J. 335, 40 Google Scholar
Kormendy, J.: 1988c, in Supermassive Black Holes, ed. Kafatos, M., Cambridge Univ. Press: Cambridge, 219 Google Scholar
Kormendy, J.: 1993, in preparation Google Scholar
Kormendy, J., and Djorgovski, S.: 1989, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap. 27, 235 Google Scholar
Kormendy, J., and Illingworth, G.: 1982, Ap. J. 256, 460 Google Scholar
Kormendy, J., and Illingworth, G.: 1983, Ap. J. 265, 632 Google Scholar
Kormendy, J., and McClure, R. D.: 1993, A. J., in press Google Scholar
Lauer, T. R., et al.: 1991, Ap. J. 369, L41 Google Scholar
Mather, J. C., et al. 1990, in Observatories in Earth Orbit and Beyond, ed. Kondo, Y., Kluwer: Dordrecht, 9 Google Scholar
Nieto, J.-L., Bender, R., Arnaud, J., and Surma, P.: 1991, Astr. Ap. 244, L25 Google Scholar
Norman, C., and Hasan, H.: 1990, in Dynamics and Interactions of Galaxies, ed. Wielen, R., Springer-Verlag: New York, 479 Google Scholar
O'Connell, R. W.: 1983, Ap. J. 267, 80 Google Scholar
Pellet, A., and Simien, F.: 1982, Astr. Ap. 106, 214 Google Scholar
Pfenniger, D.: 1984, Astr. Ap. 134, 373 Google Scholar
Pfenniger, D.: 1985, Astr. Ap. 150, 112 Google Scholar
Pfenniger, D.: 1993, in IAU Symposium 153, Galactic Bulges, eds. Habing, H. and Dejonghe, H., Kluwer: Dordrecht, in press Google Scholar
Pfenniger, D., and Friedli, D.: 1991, Astr. Ap. 252, 75 Google Scholar
Pfenniger, D., and Norman, C.: 1990, Ap. J. 363, 391 Google Scholar
Prendergast, K. H.: 1983, in IAU Symposium 100, Internal Kinematics and Dynamics of Galaxies, ed. Athanassoula, E., Reidel: Dordrecht, 215 Google Scholar
Raha, N., Sellwood, J. A., James, R. A., and Kahn, F. D.: 1991, Nature 352, 411 Google Scholar
Rix, H.-W., Franx, M., Fisher, D., and Illingworth, G.: 1992, Ap. J. 400, L5 Google Scholar
Rubin, V. C., Graham, J. A., and Kenney, J. D. P.: 1992, Ap. J. 394, L9 Google Scholar
Sandage, A.: 1961, The Hubble Atlas of Galaxies, Carnegie Institution of Washington: Washington Google Scholar
Scorza, C.: 1993, in ESO/EIPC Workshop, Structure, Dynamics, and Chemical Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies, Elba, 25 – 30 May, 1992 Google Scholar
Sellwood, J. A.: 1993, in IAU Symposium 153, Galactic Bulges, eds. Habing, H. and Dejonghe, H., Kluwer: Dordrecht, in press Google Scholar
Sérsic, J. L., and Pastoriza, M.: 1965, Publ. A. S. P. 77, 287 Google Scholar
Shaw, M. A.: 1987, M. N. R. A. S. 229, 691 Google Scholar
Shaw, M. A., Wilkinson, A., and Carter, D.: 1992, Astr. Ap., in press Google Scholar
Shlosman, I., and Begelman, M. C.: 1987, Nature 329, 810 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shlosman, I., and Begelman, M. C.: 1989, Ap. J. 341, 685 Google Scholar
Shlosman, I., Frank, J., and Begelman, M. C.: 1989, Nature 338, 45 Google Scholar
Sil'chenko, O. K.: 1993, in IAU Symposium 153, Galactic Bulges, eds. Habing, H. and Dejonghe, H., Kluwer: Dordrecht, in press Google Scholar
Simien, F., and de Vaucouleurs, G.: 1986, Ap. J 302, 564 Google Scholar
Sofue, Y.: 1991, in IAU Symposium 146, Dynamics of Galaxies and Their Molecular Cloud Distributions, eds. Combes, F. and Casoli, F., Kluwer: Dordrecht, 287 Google Scholar
Sparke, L. S., Kormendy, J., and Spinrad, H.: 1980, Ap. J. 235, 755 Google Scholar
Statler, T. S.: 1988, Ap. J. 331, 71 Google Scholar
van den Bergh, S.: 1976a, Ap. J. 203, 764 Google Scholar
van den Bergh, S.: 1976b, Ap. J. 206, 883 Google Scholar
Wada, K., and Habe, A.: 1993, in IAU Symposium 153, Galactic Bulges, eds. Habing, H. and Dejonghe, H., Kluwer: Dordrecht, in press Google Scholar
Wakamatsu, K.-I., and Hamabe, M.: 1984, Ap. J. Suppl. 56, 283 Google Scholar
Whitmore, B. C., and Bell, M.: 1988, Ap. J. 324, 741 Google Scholar
Whitmore, B. C., and Kirshner, R. P.: 1981, Ap. J. 250, 43 Google Scholar
Whitmore, B. C., Kirshner, R. P., and Schechter, P. L.: 1979, Ap. J. 234, 68 Google Scholar
Whitmore, B. C., McElroy, D. B., and Tonry, J. L.: 1985, Ap. J. Suppl. 59, 1 Google Scholar
Wrobel, J. M., and Kenney, J. D. P.: 1992, Ap. J. 399, 94 Google Scholar
Wrobel, J. M., and Kenney, J. D. P.: 1993, in IAU Symposium 153, Galactic Bulges, eds. Habing, H. and Dejonghe, H., Kluwer: Dordrecht, in press Google Scholar