2 George Sarton, Appreciation of Ancient and Medieval Science during the Renaissance (1450-1600) (Philadelphia, 1955). Also Bolgar, R.R., The Classical Heritage and its Beneficiaries from the Carolingian Age to the End of the Renaissance (Cambridge, 1954)Google Scholar.

3 Pierre Duhem, Les Origines de la Statique (Paris, 1905-1906), 2 vols.; Etudes sur Léonard de Vinci (Paris, 1906-1913), 3 vols. See also S. Drake and Drabkin, I.E., Mechanics in Sixteenth-Century Italy (Madison, 1969) pp. 3–60 Google Scholar.

4 For the Mechanics of Hero in English translation, see Drachmann, A.G., The Mechanical Technology of Greek and Roman Antiquity (Copenhagen, 1963)Google Scholar. An account of the Pappus tradition is currently being prepared by Marjorie Boyer for the Catalogus Translationum.

5 Boas, Marie, ‘Hero's Pneumatica, a Study of its Transmission and Influence’, Isis, XL (1949) 38–48 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The article on Hero for the Catalogus Translationum is being prepared by Charles B. Schmitt.

6 For accounts of the engineering importance of the Hero tradition see B. Gille, The Renaissance Engineers (London, 1966, tr. from Les Ingénieurs de la Renaissance, Paris, 1964). Also Keller, A., ‘Pneumatics, Automata and the Vacuum in the Works of Giambattista Aleotti’, British Journal for the History of Science, III (1967), 338–347 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

7 Marshall Clagett, Archimedes in the Middle Ages: I- The Arabo-Latin Tradition (Madison, 1964). The history will continue up to the year 1565.

8 A recent discussion of the treatment of balances in the Mechanica is given by M. Schramm, ‘The Mechanical Problems of the “Corpus Aristotelicum”, the “Elementa Iordani super Demonstrationes Ponderum”, and the Mechanics of the Sixteenth Century’, in Atti del Primo Convegno Internazionale di Ricognizione delle Fontiper la Storia della Scienza Italiana: I Secoli XIV-XVI (Pisa 14-16 Settembre 1966) (Florence, 1967), pp. 151- 163. Schramm is in error when he states that Fausto's translation ‘includes no figures’ (p. 154). He does not mention Fausto's important interest and ability in technology.

9 These treatises are printed and translated into English in Ernest Moody and Marshall Clagett, The Medieval Science of Weights (Madison, 1952).

10 Cf. Clagett, Marshall, Greek Science in Antiquity (New York, 1963) pp. 93–94 Google Scholar.

11 For Piccolomini's views see below. Against him see Cardano, Girolamo, Opus Novum de Proportionibus (Basle, 1570)Google Scholar in Cardano, , Opera (Lyons, 1662), iv, 515 Google Scholar; Patrizi, Francesco, Discussiones Peripateticae (Venice, 1571) 1 Google Scholar, Lib. 3. Cf. de Monantheuil, Henri, Aristotelis Mechanica … (Paris, 1599) p. 1 Google Scholar.

12 Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, herausgegeben von Georg Wissowa (Stuttgart, [1894]), n, cols. 1044-1045, and ‘Supplementband’, XI (1968), col. 315. Moraux, Paul, Les Listes anciennes des Ouvrages d'Aristote (Louvain, 1951) p.120 Google Scholar.

13 Riccardi, Pietro, Biblioteca Matematica Italiana (Modena, 1886)Google Scholar II, Parte Seconda, 89. Drake and Drabkin, Mechanics, p. 391.

14 J. P. van Cappelle, Aristotelis Quaestiones Mechanicae (Amsterdam, 1812). I. Bekker, Aristoteles Graece (Berlin, [1831]),II, 847-858. Apelt, O., Aristotelis quaeferuntur… Mechanka (Teubner) (Leipzig, 1888)Google Scholar.

15 E. S. Forster, tr., in The Works of Aristotle translated into English, ed. W. D. Ross (Oxford, 1913), VI.

16 Hett, W. S., tr., Aristotle: Minor Works (Loeb) (London, 1936) pp. 327–411 Google Scholar.

17 MS. Z. Graecus

18 André Wartelle, Inventaire des Manuscrits Grecs d'Aristote et de ses Commentateurs (Paris, 1963).

19 Clagett, M., Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages (Madison, 1959) pp. 71–72 Google Scholar.

20 A. G. Drachmann, Mechanical Technology (p. 13), says that no figures appear in the manuscripts, but diagrams were added in some later copies.

21 The manuscript is described in Mioni, Aristotelis Codices, pp. 148-149. For Symeonachis see G. S. Mercati, ‘Di Giovanni Simeonachis, protopapa di Candia’, in Miscellanea G. Mercati, III, Studi e Testi, 123 (Vatican City, 1946), p . 314. For Lippomano see D. Geanakoplos, J., Greek Scholars in Venice (HaIVard, 1962) p. 50 Google Scholar.

22 Fontana's work was later published as Pompilius Azalus, Liber de Omnibus Rebus Naturalibus (Venice, 1544). Cf. L. Thorndike, ‘An Unidentified Work by Giovanni de' Fontana’, Isis, xv (1931), 31-46.

23 Described by Mioni, Aristotelis Codices, pp. 113-115.

24 Keller, A. G., ‘A Byzantine Admirer of “Western” Progress: Cardinal Bessarion’, Cambridge Historical Journal, II (1955), 343–348 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

25 Minio-Paluello, L., ‘Attivita Filosofico-Editoriale delTUmanesimo’, Umanesimo Europeo e Umanesimo Veneziano, ed. Branca, Vittore (Venice, 1963), pp. 245–262 Google Scholar.

26 Cf. Klebs, A. C., ‘Incunabula Scientifica et Medica’, Osiris, 4 (4), 1–139 Google Scholar, especially p. 144.

27 Ibid., p. 322.

28 Panzer, W., Annates Typographici (Nuremberg, 1800)Google Scholar, VIII, 387, no. 397. Taken from Burgasso, A. C. and Morelli, J., Serie dell'Edizioni Aldine, 2d ed. (Padua, 1790), p. 28 Google Scholar.

29 Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, canto 46, stanza 19.

30 Giuseppe Moleto, ‘Lectures on the “Mechanica” ‘, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan, MS. S.IOO supra.

31 Giovanni degli Agostini, Notizie Istorico-Critiche intorno la Vita e le Opere degli Scrittori Viniziani (Venice, 1752-1754), n, 448-472, gives a biography of Fausto. One of the present authors is preparing for publication an extended account of Fausto.

32 According to Ramusio's biography at the beginning of Victor Faustus, Orationes Quinque (Venice, 1551). Copies of the 1517 edition are in the British Museum, Bodleian, Bibliothèque Nationale, Marciana, and New York Public Libraries.

33 Renouard, Ph., Bihliographie de I'lmprimerie et des Oeuvres de Josse Badius Ascensius (Paris, 1908)Google Scholar n, 47. There are copies in the British Museum, Bodleian, Bibliotheque Nationale, and New York Public Libraries. Two manuscript copies are known: Biblioteca Vaticana MS. Urb. Lat. 1321, and Nationalbibliothek, Vienna, MS. 10849.

34 On this topic see Paul Rose, Lawrence, ‘“Certitudo Mathematicarum” from Leonardo to Galileo’, to appear in Atti del Simposio Intemazionale ‘Leonardo da Vinci nella Scienza e nella Tecnica’ (Firenze, Giugno 1969)Google Scholar.

35 Bembo, Pietro, Opere (Venice, 1729) IV, 221 Google Scholar.

36 Niccolò Leonico Tomeo, who is not to be confused (as was done by Baldi) with Niccolo Leoniceno, a contemporary humanist. See C. Castellani, ‘Il Prestito dei Codici Manoscritti della Biblioteca di San Marco in Venezia’, Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere edArti, 55, i (1896-1897), 311-377, especially p. 312. Mr. C. H. Talbot of the Wellcome Museum, who is preparing an edition of Leonico's correspondence (Biblioteca Vaticana MS. Rossianus 997), informs us that he knows of no material bearing on the translation of the Mechanica. For Leonico see Giovio, Paolo, Elogia Viromm Litteris Illustriutn (Basle, 1577), pp. 170 Google Scholar ff., and Serena, A., Appunti Letterari (Rome, 1903) pp. 3–32 Google Scholar. Cf. the bibliographical account by Gesner, Conrad, Bibliotheca Universalis (Zurich, 1545)Google Scholar fs. 520-521V.

37 The translation is at fs. 23-54V (misfoliated as 52). Copies of this edition with some sixteenth-century manuscript notes are in the libraries at the University of Toronto and Columbia University. Manuscript copies of the translations, along with a preface to Gasparo Contarini not in the printed editions, are included in Vaticana MS. Reg. Lat. 1291. Professor William F. Edwards kindly confirmed this fact.

38 Favaro, A., ‘La Libreria di Galileo Galilei’, Bullettino di Bibliografia e di Storia delle Scienze Matematiche e Fisiche, XIX (1886), 210–290 Google Scholar at p. 243.

39 Ceredi, Giuseppe, Tre Discorsi sopra il Modo d'Alzar Acque da'Luoghi Bassi (Parma, 1567)Google Scholar pp. n-12. Several of Valla's codices came to the Biblioteca Estense in Modena. Although it is not mentioned in Heiberg's printed catalogues of the Valla manuscripts, the Estense manuscript of the Mechanica, MS. Estense Gr. 76, is from Valla's library.

40 An excellent treatment of the relation between science and Renaissance culture is given by Olschki, L., Geschichte der neusprachlichen wissenschaftlichen Literatur, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1919-1922)Google Scholar.

41 Barbaro, Daniele, I Died Libri dell'Architettura di M. Vitruvio (Venice, 1556) p. 254 Google Scholar (Proemio to Book x). For a general account of the Vitruvian tradition see Zoubov, V. P., ‘Vitruve et ses Commentateurs du XVIe Siecle’, in La Science au XVIe Siecle (Colloque de Royaumont 1957) (Paris, 1960) pp. 67–90 Google Scholar. On Barbaro and Vitruvius see Frances Yates, Theatre of the World (Chicago, 1969).

42 Philander's edition of Vitruvius was first published at Rome in 1544. There were many subsequent editions in the sixteenth century.

43 Tolomei, Claudio, Lettere (Venice, 1558)Google Scholar fs. 81-85. For machines see f. 84. Other contemporary mentions of the Accademia Vitruviana are in Contile, Luca, Lettere (Pavia, 1564)Google Scholar I, 20, 53-54; Contile, Ragionamento delle Imprese (Pavia, 1574) f. 42; Ceredi, Tre Discorsi, pp. 64-66.

44 Speroni, Sperone, ‘Discorso circa il fare un'Accademia’, in Opere (Venice, 1740) III, 456–460 Google Scholar. Maylender, S., Storia delle Accademie d'ltalia (Bologna, 1928)Google Scholar III, 99, assigns the founding of the Gimnosofisti to 1564, but that seems a rather late dating.

45 Piccolomini, Archbishop of Patras, was later coadjutor of Siena. On Piccolomini at Padua see Cerreta, P.V., Alessandro Piccolomini (Siena, 1960), pp. 19–48 Google Scholar, especially pp. 45-46; also Suter, Rufus, ‘The Scientific Work of Alessandro Piccolomini', Isis, LX (1969), 210–222 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. A biography of Piccolomini by his contemporary and fellow-commentator on the Mechanica, Bernardino Baldi, was printed by E. Narducci,’ Vite Inedite di Matematici Italiani scritte da Bernardino Baldi’, Bullettino di Bibliografia e di Storia delle Scienze Matematiche e Fisiche, xrx (1886), 625-633.

46 Piccolomini, , Delia Institutione di Tutta la Vita del Homo Nobile (Venice, 1542)Google Scholar c. 59V. The preface is dated Padua, January 1540.

47 In the Biblioteca Nazionale at Florence there is a sixteenth-century manuscript copy of the 1547 edition: MS. II, IV, 214. We are grateful to Prof. Charles Schmitt for supplying a microfilm thereof.

48 Piccolomini, Parafrasi (1582), Proemio, pp. 11-12. Piccolomini had published a work, De hide, at Venice in 1540 with his translation of Alexander Aphrodisiensis’ commentary on the Meteora.

49 For the relevance of this subject to the Mechanica, see Rose, ‘Certitudo Mathematicarum’, he. cit.

50 For instances see Piccolomini's comments on Questions 11, 13,28 (caps. 16, 18, 33).

51 Piccolomini, Parafrasi (1582), p. 71.

62 He did not reproach the translator, however, having noted the erroneous text: ‘It is no wonder, therefore, that in Question 20 the true sense has been corrupted by a certain translator’, ibid., p . 75. See below for Piccolomini's preceding comment.

53 Ibid., Proemio, p. 12.

54 The only text of the Mechanka known for certain to have been at Bologna in the sixteenth century was a (printed?) copy at San Salvatore of the Aldine text. Cf. Laurent, M.H., Fabio Vigili et les Bibliotheques de Bologne au Debut du XVI^e Steele, Studi e Testi, 105 (Vatican City, 1943), p. 267 Google Scholar list (from MS. Vat.Barb.Lat. 3185). Before leaving Padua at the end of 1542 Piccolomini may have seen Mendoza's Greek manuscript text which dates from earlier that year. See below.

55 Piccolomini, Parafrasi (1582), pp. 93-94.

56 Ibid., pp. 74-76. The remark cited in n. 52 follows this comment.

57 Piccolomini (1547), f. 22V.

58 For Piccolomini's views on science and the vernacular, see Olschki, , Geschichte der neusprachlichen wissenschaftlichen Literatur (Leipzig, 1922)Google Scholar, n, 223-240. An interesting letter by Piccolomini on the subject is printed in Lettere scritte a Pietro Aretino, ed. G. B. del Monte, ‘Scelta di Curiosita Letterarie e Rare dal Secolo XIII al XVIII’, 132 (Bologna, 1874), n, parte 1, 229 ff. The letter is dated 1541.

59 Piccolomini, Parafrasi (1582), translator's preface, pp. 5-6. Some drawings of machines by Biringucci are in the Biblioteca Comunale, Siena, MS. S.IV.I.

60 See Section 8. For a general suIVey see Rossi, Paolo, IFilosofi e le Macchine ﹛1400-1700) (Milan, 1962) pp. 11–67 Google Scholar.

61 Angel Gonzalez Palencia and Eugenio Mele, Vida y Obras de Don Diego Hurtado de Mendoza (Madrid, 1941-1943), 3 vols. Cf. I, 209-210, 282, 286-288, 291-292, 313-315; m, 139.

62 Foulché-Delbosc, R., ‘Mechanica de Aristotiles’, Révue Hispanique, 5 (5), 365–405 Google Scholar. For the dating of the translation as 1545, see ibid., 366. Facsimiles of pages of MSS f. m, 15 and 27 are reproduced in Graux, Charles, Essai sur les Origines du Fonds Grec de VEscurial (Paris, 1880)Google Scholar q.v., pp. 168, 357-358. Like Piccolomini's work, Mendoza's translation was part of a projected series of Aristotelian translations.

63 Foulché-Delbosc, ‘Mechanica de Aristotiles’, p . 368.

64 Ibid., p. 368.

65 Mendoza's collection was praised by Gesner, Conrad, Bibliotheca Universalis (Zurich, 1545)Google Scholar f. 205V.

66 For the Mendoza manuscripts now in the Escorial see Graux, Essai, pp. 162-273. A partial catalogue of Mendoza's printed books is in Palencia and Mele, Vida, in, 481-572.

67 Miller, B.E., Catalogue des Manuscrits Grecs de la Bibliothèque de VEscurial (Paris, 1848) p. 145 Google Scholar. Gesner (1545) had wrongly attributed the work to Georgius Pachymeres; see Graux, Essai, pp. 386-400, 462-464.

68 Castellani, ‘Prestito dei Codici’, he. cit., records several loans by Mendoza from the Marciana.

69 For Mendoza's friendship with Bembo see Palencia and Mele, Vida, 1, 200-201. He was for a time military governor of Siena.

70 The translation is from Drake and Drabkin, Mechanics, pp. 104-105. A facsimile of the i554edition of the Quesiti with an introduction by Arnaldo Masotti was issued by the Ateneo di Brescia in 1959. See in this edition, fs. 78 ss.

71 One of the two existing copies of the tradelist is in the British Museum, shelfmark 1, c.7881. The title is Haec Opera Fient in oppido Nuremberga Germaniae ductu Ioannis de Monteregio. See the item, ‘Aristoteles, Problemata Mechanica’. For a facsimile see Sarton, George, ‘The Scientific Literature transmitted through the Incunabula’, Osiris, 5 (5), 115 Google Scholar; 162-163. Regiomontanus’ Greek manuscript, though included in the 1512 and 1522 lists of his books, did not reach the Nuremberg library.

72 The letter, dated 1540, is printed at the beginning of Maurolico, Cosmographia (Venice, 1543).

73 On these authors see the works of Duhem, Origines and Etudes, cited in n. 3; also Drake and Drabkin, Mechanics, Introduction. On Leonardo see Hart, I.B., The Mechanical Investigations of Leonardo da Vinci, 2d ed. (Berkeley, 1963), pp. 56 Google Scholar ss.

74 For Guidobaldo's opinions on the Mechanka see his discussion of the balance in the Liber Mechankorum (translated by Drake and Drabkin, Mechanics, pp. 75

75 del Monte, Guidobaldo, In duos Archimedis Aequeponderantium libros Paraphrasis (Pesaro, 1588) pp. 18–19 Google Scholar.

76 See I. Affò, Vita di Monsignor Bernardino Baldi (Parma, 1783). Zaccagnini, P., Bernardino Baldi nella Vita e nelle Opere, 2d ed. (Pistoia, 1908)Google Scholar. Duhem, Etudes, I, 87 ff.

77 Narducci, Enrico, ‘Vite Inedite di Matematici Italiani scritte da Bernardino Baldi’, Bullettino di Bibliographia e di Storia delle Scienze Matematiche e Fisiche, XIX (1886), 625–633 Google Scholar.

78 The complete Vita di Archimede is printed by Narducci,‘Vite’,Bw/fettmo, xix (1886), 388-406; 437-453. This passage is on pp. 438-439; translation from Drake and Drabkin, Mechanics, pp. 14-15. Similar views are given in Guidobaldo's preface to Archimedis … . Paraphrasis.

79 Written in 1582, according to Fabritius Scharlonicinus in his remarks at the beginning of the posthumous publication of the Baldi commentary, but more likely completed after 1586, to judge from a reference by Baldi to Simon Stevin. Kristeller, Paul Oskar, Iter Italicum, 1 (Leyden, 1963), 227 Google Scholar, notes that a manuscript copy was at Florence, in the Accademia Colombaria, but this is now missing.

80 Baldi, ‘De Verborum Vitruvianorum Significatione’, in Poleni, Giovanni, Exercitationes Vitruvianae (Padua, 1739) p. 168 Google Scholar.

81 Baldi, Bernardino, Cronica de'Matetnatici (Urbino, 1707) pp. 135–136 Google Scholar.

82 Affò, Baldi, p. 9.

83 Baldi, , Erone Alessandrino Degli Automati (Venice, 1589)Google Scholar fs. 4.V, 6v. The preface is dated 1576.

84 Biblioteca Ambrosiana MSS. D.422 inf.; s.103 sup.

85 Galileo, Opere (ed. A. Favaro), XIX, 120

86 Ibid., IV, 364.

87 Ibid., IV, 674.

88 Galileo, Two New Sciences, tr. Crew and De Salvio, pp. 20-50, passim.

89 The drawing is in two Martini manuscripts: Biblioteca Estense, Modena, MS. Alpha G.4.21 (Estense Ital.421); British Museum MS. Harleian 3281.

90 Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Florence Ms. Palatino 1417, c.55.

91 Garzoni, P., La Piazza Universale di tutte le Prqfessioni del Mondo (Venice, 1586) pp. 768–776 Google Scholar, testifies to the good standing of practical mechanics in Italy. He adduces the Mechanica as proof of Aristotle's regard for mechanics (p. 773) and lists the leading mechanical writers of the moderns, including Alberti, Guidobaldo, Tartaglia, and Fausto (p. 776).

92 Ceredi, Tre Discord, p . 76; Zonca, Vittorio, Novo Teatro di Machine et Edificii (Padua, 1607) p . 22 Google Scholar.

93 Lorini, , Le Fortificationi (Venice, 1609) p. 199 Google Scholar; Aleotti, , Spiritali (Ferrara, 1589) p. 101 Google Scholar; also his engineering treatise in Biblioteca Estense, Modena, MS. Gamma B.2.8., f.282.

94 Giorgi, , Spiritali (Urbino, 1592)Google Scholar Introduction.

95 Ramelli, , Le Diverse et Artificiose Machine (Paris, 1588)Google Scholar ‘Alii Lettori Benigni’.

96 Branca, , Le Machine (Rome, 1628)Google Scholar ‘Alii Lettori’.

97 For Guarino see Tiraboschi, G., Biblioteca Modenese (Modena, 1783) III, 34–36 Google Scholar; Argelati, F., Biblioteca dei Volgarizzatori (Milan, 1747) 1 Google Scholar, 104-105; Riccardi, Biblioteca Matematica Italiana, 1, 638. Correspondence between Guarino and Alfonso II d'Este is in the Archivio di Stato, Modena.

98 Aleotti, Spiritali (1589), Preface to Alfonso II.

99 In Nufies, De Arte atque Ratione Navigandi Libri Duo (Coimbra, I573)> pp-121-126. Previously printed with another work in his Opera … (Basle, 1566). Oarage questions were discussed by many writers including Cardano, , Opus Novum de Proportionibus (Basle, 1570)Google Scholar Propositions 77, 78, 81, 82, 111, and 119; also by Galileo in his letter to Contarini.

100 Bodleian Library MS. Additional c.194, fs. 17, 20V, records Dee's copies of Piccolomini and Fausto. See also the ‘Mathematical Preface’ to Billingsley's translation of Euclid (London, 1570) f. c.iii.v. For Dee's mechanical interests see Yates, Frances A., Theatre of the World (Chicago, 1969)Google Scholar.

101 Ramus, , Scholarum Mathematicarum Libri XXXI (Basle, 1569) p. 21 Google Scholar.

102 Ibid., p. 106.

103 Verdonk, J.J., Petrus Ramus en de Wiskunde (Assen, 1966) pp. 43 Google Scholar and 403. Ramus, Scholae Mathematicae, p. 21. Cf. ibid., p. 219, for a quotation from the Mechanica. For the lectures see Ramus, , Collectaneae Praefationes (Paris, 1577) p. 197 Google Scholar.

104 Oratiopro mathematicis artibus (Paris, 1574); De angulo contactus (Paris, 1581); Ludus iatromathematicus musis jactus (Paris, 1597); Problematis … demonstrate (Paris, 1600); Tractatus de puncto (Lyons, 1600).