1 Cf. Wiedemann, Alfred, Aegyptische Ceschichte (Gotha, 1884), p. 103 Google Scholar. A. von Gutschmid lists the works of seventy-nine Greek authors from Hecataeus Milesius, who visited Egypt between 513 and 501 B.C., to Georgius Cerenus of Byzantium, who wrote about 1058 A.D. (‘De rerum Aegyptiacarum scriptoribus Graecis’, Philologus x, 1855, 522-542, 635-700, 712-723). Cf. also Ibrahim-Hilmy, , The Literature of Egypt and the Soudan from the Earliest Times to the Year 1885 Inclusive, 2 vols. (London, 1886-1887)Google Scholar.

2 The Five Books of Gargantua and Pantagruel, Bk. v, xxxi.

3 Wiedemann, , op. cit., p. 146 Google Scholar.

4 Voigt, Georg, Die Wiederbelebung des dassischen Alterthums, 3rd ed. (Berlin, 1893), p. 186 Google Scholar.

5 Cf. the 1515 edition (Paris), fols. xxvii-xxviii. In 1518, Johann Stabius, court historian and genealogist, prepared for Emperor Maximilian a ‘Stammbaum’ which traced his lineage through Noah, Cham, Osiris of Egypt and his son, the Egyptian Hercules. Maximilian found this genealogy ‘ziemlich abenteuerlich', though not so much because of the Egyptian ancestors as because of the possible reaction of the theologians to the alleged connection of his family with the Biblical patriarchs (Simon Laschitzer, ‘Die Genealogie des Kaisers Maximilian I.’, Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses VII, 1888, 39).

6 Fueter, Eduard, Geschichte der neueren Historiographie (Munich, 1911), pp. 183 Google Scholar, 191, 195, 214, 222-225.

7 Ficino, Opera (Basel, 1561), II, 1836. Cf. also, e.g., Steuchus, Augustinus, De perenni philosophia libri X (Lyons, 1540), p. 7 Google Scholar.

8 The subject is much too vast to be dealt with here. See especially Giehlow, Karl, ‘Die Hieroglyphenkunde des Humanismus in der Allegorie der Renaissance, besonders der Ehrenpforte Kaisers Maximilian I.’, Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen XXXII (1915), 1–218 Google Scholar, and Volkmann, Ludwig, Bilderschriften der Renaissance (Leipzig, 1923)Google Scholar.

9 Cf. Dannenfeldt, Karl H., ‘The Renaissance and the Pre-Classical Civilizations’, Journal of the History of Ideas XIII (1952), 435–449 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

10 In his Chronicon Carionis (Corpus Reformatorum, XII, col. 750).

11 Io. Bodoni Methodus historka, duodecim eiusdem argumenti scriptorum tarn veterum quam recentiorum commentariis adaucta (Basel, 1576), pp. 331, 105.

12 Röhricht, R. and Meisner, H., Deutsche Pilgerreisen nach dem heiligen Lande (Berlin, 1880), pp. 38 Google Scholar, 430 ft, 522, 535, 537, 541 f.

13 In his Peregrinatio Sanctœ; Paula;; cf. Itinera Hierosolymitana et descriptiones Terra; Sanctœ;, ed. T. Tobler and A. Molinier, I (Geneva, 1879), 39.

14 The Itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela, tr. and ed. A. Asher (London and Berlin, 1840), 1, 157-158.

15 A Schaube, Handelsgeschichte der romanischen Voelker des Mittelmeergebietes bis zum Ende der Kreuzzüge (Munich, 1906), p. 181.

16 Heyd, Wilhelm, Geschichte des Levantehandeh im Mittelalter (Stuttgart, 1879), II, 24–68 Google Scholar.

17 Kyriaci Anconitani… itinerarium, ed. L. Mehus (Florence, 1742), p. 52.

18 For a bibliography of such works, cf. Jolowicz, H., Bibliotheca Aegyptica (Leipzig, 1858)Google Scholar.

19 Benjamin of Tudela, op. cit., p. 158.

20 Peregrinatio (Nürnberg, 1594), pp. 32, 38, 70-71.

21 Belon, P., Les Observations (Paris, 1554), fols. 112–117 Google Scholar. Belon's other works, De admitabili operum antiquorum et return suspiciendarum prœstantia (Paris, 1553) and De arboribus coniferis, resiniferis (Paris, 1553), also deal with Egyptian antiquities and especially with methods and materials used in mummification.

22 Samuel Kiechel, who was in Egypt in 1588, repeats the same story of the drowned and unburied Pharaoh. Kiechel started to go into the great pyramid, but became frightened and fled without seeing the empty sarcophagus; cf. Die Reisen des Samuel Kiechel, ed. Haszler, K. D., Bibliothek des litterarischen Vereins in Stuttgart LXXXVI (1866), 375–380 Google Scholar.

23 Helffrich, Johann, Kurtzer und warhaftiger Bericht von der Reis aus Venedig nach Hierusalem (Leipzig, 1579)Google Scholar, diary form, no pagination.

24 Mandeville, Travels, ed. M. Letts (London, 1953, Hakluyt Society, ser. 2, CI-CII), 1, 38; Tafur, P., Travels and Adventures, tr. Letts, M. (London, 1926), p. 78 Google Scholar.

25 The Pilgrimage of Arnold von Harff, tr. and ed. M. Letts (London, 1946, Hakluyt Society, ser. 2, XCIV), pp. 126-127.

26 Belon, Les Observations, fol. 114a; Affagart, G., Relation de Terre Sainte (1533-1534), ed. Chavanon, J. (Paris, 1902), p. 166 Google Scholar. Belon was especially struck by the appearance of the pyramids, for he adds the un-humanistic remark: ‘With all of our regard for the Roman antiquities and works of art, we must yet admit, that nothing can be found among them to equal the splendor and grandeur of the pyramids’, and ‘When one closely observes the ruins and antiquities of Rome, it is evident that the greatest part are of such pieces as were brought there from Egypt, and were finished already in unimaginable time’ (Les Observations, fols. 113a and 116b).

27 Kiechel, , op. cit., p. 375 Google Scholar; Melanchthon, , op. cit., XII, col. 751 Google Scholar.

28 See the introduction to the English translation (1600) of John Pory as found in the three-volume edition printed for the Hakluyt Society, The History and Description of Africa and of the Notable Things therein Contained, ed. R. Brown (London, 1896, XCII-XCIV). Cf. also Paulitschke, Philipp, Die geographische Erforschung des africanischen Continents, 2d ed. (Vienna, 1880), p. 42 Google Scholar.

29 Bodin, Jean, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, tr. Reynolds, B. (New York, 1945), p. 80 Google Scholar.

30 Hakluyt Society ed., XCIV, 867. In his Liter chronicarum (Nuremberg, 1493), Hartmann Schedel used for his picture of Memphis (fol. xxii) the picture he used later for Byzantium (fol. lxiii).

31 Hakluyt Society ed., XCIV, 898-899.

32 Ibid., pp. 900, 902-904, 911.

33 Fiorillo, Johann D., Geschichte der zeichnenden Künste, II (Göttingen, 1801), 55 Google Scholar.

34 Architettura di Sebastian Serlio Bolognese (Venice, 1663), pp. 134-135 (obelisks), 171 (pyramid with Sphinx).

35 Kiechel, , op. cit., p. 382 Google Scholar.

36 Paré, Ambroise, Oeuvres completes, ed. Malgaigne, J., III (Paris, 1841)Google Scholar, chap. IV.

37 Dawson, Warren R., ‘References to Mummification by Greek and Latin Authors’, Aegyptus IX (1928), 106–112 Google Scholar; idem, A Bibliography of Works Relating to Mummification in Egypt (Cairo, 1929, Mémoires de l'Institut d'Egypte XIII).

38 Heyd, W., Histoire du commerce du Levant au Moyen-Age, II (Leipzig, 1886), 635 Google Scholar; Cange, Du, Glossarium mediœ; et infimœ latinitatis, IV (Paris, 1845), 573 Google Scholar.

39 Extracts from the Relations Respecting Egypt by Abd Allatif, in Pinkerton, John, A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels in all Parts of the World, XV (London, 1814), 817 Google Scholar.

40 Avicenna, , Canon medicinae (Venice, 1608), pp. 357, 151Google Scholar; Pettigrew, Thomas J., A History of Egyptian Mummies (London, 1834), p. 9 Google Scholar.

41 Cf. the French translation of his Liber de simplici medicina aictus Circa instans, ed. Paul Dorveaux (Paris, 1913), pp. 120-121 (Nos. 700-704).

42 Silvaticus, , Liber pandectarum medicine (Venice, 1480), cap. 555Google Scholar.

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45 Sacy, Silvestre de, Chrestomathie Arabe, II (Paris, 1826), 54 Google Scholar.

46 Helffrich, op. cit., on 11 December.

47 Kiechel, , op. cit., p. 382 Google Scholar.

48 Belon, Les Observations, fol. 117.

49 In his ‘Discours de la Mumie’ (op. cit., III, 481-482).

50 Translation of Johnson, Thomas, 1634; The Apologie and Treatise of Ambrose Paré, ed. Keynes, Geoffrey (Chicago, 1952), p. 145 Google Scholar.

51 Ibid., pp. 145-146.

52 Paré, , Oeuvres, III, 478.Google Scholar

53 Guhrauer, G. E., Das Heptaplomeres des Jean Bodin (Berlin, 1841), pp. 8–10 Google Scholar.

54 Statuti inediti della citta di Pisa dal XII al XIV secolo, ed. Francesco Bonaini, III (Florence, 1857), 438: Et de soldatis XX mummie, ab unaquaque parte.. .dr. 1.

55 Pegolotti, F. B., Lapractica della mercatura, ed. Evans, Alan (Cambridge, Mass., 1936), pp. 70, 124, 179, 295Google Scholar. The list is reproduced in Lopez, R. S. and Raymond, I. W., Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World (New York, 1955), pp. 108–114 Google Scholar.

56 The Travels of John Sanderson, ed. Sir William Foster (London, 1931, Hakluyt Society, ser. 2, LXVII), p. 44.

57 “The Book of Customs and Valuation of Merchandises in Scotland, 1612’, Ledger of Andrew Halyburton… 1492-1503 (Edinburgh, 1867), p. 301.

58 Sylva sylvarum, cent, x, 980.

59 The Works of the Honorable Robert Boyle, II (London, 1772), 451.

60 S.v. ‘Mummy’.

61 Madden, R. R., Travels in Turkey, Egypt, Nubia, and Palestine, II (London, 1829), 90 Google Scholar.

62 On the special character of the mummies of young Egyptian girls, see Bodin, , Heptaplomeres. Book IV; de Roquefort, M., Des Sepultures nationales (Paris, 1824), p. 141 Google Scholar.

63 Vetustissimae tabulae Aeneae hieroglyphicis… Aegyptiorum literis cœlatce typus… denuo … opera… Iacobi Franci prodit (Venice, 1600).

64 Young, G. F., The Medici (New York, 1933), p. 567 Google Scholar.

65 Valle, Pietro della, Les fameux voyages de Pietro della Valle, I (Paris, 1663), 230–241 Google Scholar.

66 Gassendi, Peter, Vita Peirescii (Hagæ Comitis, 1651), p. 356 Google Scholar.

67 Murray, David, Museums, their History and their Uses, 1 (Glasgow, 1904), 87–88, 94Google Scholar.

68 Ibid., p. 30.

69 Ibid., p. 123.

70 Cf. Pliny, Natural History, XXXVI. 14 and 15; XVI. 76; Ammianus Marcellinus, History, XVII. 4; Gorringe, H. H., Egyptian Obelisks (London, 1885), pp. 126–133 Google Scholar; Erman, Adolf, Römische Obelisken (Berlin, 1917)Google Scholar.

71 Mirabilia urbis Romas, ed. F. M. Nichols (London, 1889), p. 71.

72 Jordan, H., Topographie der Stadt Rom in Alterthum, II (Berlin, 1871), 181 Google Scholar.

73 De Roma instaurata (Venice, 1510), fols. 7-8, 20.

74 Nibby, Antonio, Roma nell' anno MDCCCXXXVIII, II (Rome, 1839), 289–290 Google Scholar; Gatteschi, Giuseppe, The Grandeur that was Rome (New York, 1954), pp. 96–97 Google Scholar. Early in the sixteenth century, in the area of the Iseum, were found the statues of the Nile and the Tiber, showing the connection between the Egyptian religion and Rome ( Nibby, , op. cit., pp. 673–674 Google Scholar).

75 Nibby, , op. cit., pp. 265–270 Google Scholar. The obelisk was reërected in 1792.

76 Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (Venice, 1499), fig. 3. The architect who constructed the pyramid and the obelisk is recorded as ‘Lichas the Libian’ (Egyptian). In 1667, Pope Alexander VII erected one of the Roman obelisks in the Piazza della Minerva, placing it upon the back of a marble elephant.

77 Book IV, XXX.

78 Oeuvres, ed. Ch. Marty-Laveaux, in (Paris, 1873), 201.

79 Agrippa, , Trattato di scientia d'arme (Rome, 1553)Google Scholar, fol. LXIII. The picture is attributed to Michelangelo; cf. Olschki, L. S., Le Livre en Italie à trovers les siècles (Florence, 1914), pl. III, fig. IGoogle Scholar.

80 Cf. the drawing of Martin van Heemskerk, 1532-1535, reproduced in Margaret Scherer, R., Marvels of Ancient Rome (New York and London, 1955), plate 207Google Scholar.

81 Jordan, op. cit., refers to the Bull of Leo IX, 1053: agulia, quae vocatur sepulcrum Iulii Caesaris. The globe is now in the Conservatori Museum, its surface punctured by bullet holes made in the sack of Rome in 1527.

82 Mercati, Michele, De gli obelischi di Roma (Rome, 1589), pp. 340–342 Google Scholar; Müntz, Eugene, Les arts à la cour des papes pendant le XV^e et le XVI^e siecle, I (Paris, 1878), 83 Google Scholar.

83 Mercati, , op. cit., p. 342 Google Scholar; Müntz, , op. cit., II (Paris, 1879), 24–25 Google Scholar.

84 Mercati, , op. cit., pp. 343–346 Google Scholar; Pastor, Ludwig, The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages, ed. Kerr, R. F., XX (London, 1930), 598 Google Scholar.

85 Fontana explained, by text and numerous illustrations, the engineering problems which the moving of the obelisk presented in his Della trasportatione dell’ obelisco Vaticano et delle fabriche di nostro signore Papa Sisto V.fatte dal cavallier Domenico Fontana (Rome, 1590). Part of this work has been paraphrased by Lebas, M. A. in his L'Obelisque de Luxor (Paris, 1839), pp. 169–186 Google Scholar. Cf. also the sixteen plates (XXXVII-LII) in Castelli, e ponti di maestro Niccola Zabaglia con alcune ingegnose pratiche, e con la descrizione del trasporto dell’ obelisco vaticano e di altri del cavaliere Domenico Fontana (Rome, 1743). Earlier Camillo Agrippa of Milan had discussed the problem in his Trattato … di trasportar laguglia in su la Piazza di San Pietro (Rome, 1583). Cf. also Dibner, Bern, Moving the Obelisks (New York, 1950)Google Scholar, and Parsons, W. B., Engineers and Engineering in the Renaissance (Baltimore, 1939)Google Scholar, chap. IX.

86 Pastor, , op. cit., pp. 256–259 Google Scholar. The traveler Kiechel, Samuel, op. cit., pp. 167–168 Google Scholar, described this and the other obelisks which he saw in Rome. Cf. also Shakespeare, Sonnet No. 123; Nibby, , op. cit., pp. 283–289 Google Scholar.

87 Mercati, , op. cit., pp. 363–371 Google Scholar; Angelius, Petrus, Commentarius de obeliscis ad Sixtum V. (1586) in Graevius, J. G., Thesaurus antiquitatum Romanarum, IV (Venice, 1732), cols. 1893–1936 Google Scholar.

88 Nibby, , op. cit., pp. 261–262 Google Scholar. This was one of the two obelisks discovered near S. Rocco shortly before 1527.

89 Mercati, , op. cit., pp. 372–392 Google Scholar. Cf. also Obelisci Augusti inscriptio ab Josepho Castalione jurisconsulto explicata (Rome, 1589) in Graevius, op. cit., cols. 1857-1866; Nibby, , op. cit., 276–280 Google Scholar.

90 Pastor, , op. cit., pp. 258–259 Google Scholar, 267; Nibby, , op. cit., p. 288 Google Scholar.

91 Mercati, , op. cit., pp. 393–397 Google Scholar. In chap, XI, ‘Delle lettere Hieroglifiche', he introduces for comparison the picture writing of the Aztecs of Mexico (pp. 96-97).

92 Scott, Walter, Hermetica, 1 (Oxford, 1924), 343 Google Scholar: Asclepius III, 25.