¹ For a very clear introduction to this, see Joranson, E., ‘The Great German Pilgrimage of 1064–1065’, in The Crusades and Other Historical Essays presented to Dana C Munro by his Former Students, ed. Paetow, Louis J. (New York, 1928), 3–43 Google Scholar.

² For brief introductions to Marianus and his work, see Kenney, James F., The Sources for the Early History of Ireland: Ecclesiastical. An Introduction and Guide, ed. Bieler, L. (New York, 1966), 614–16 (no. 443)Google Scholar; Lapidge, Michael and Sharpe, R., A Bibliography of Celtic-Latin Literature, 400–1200 (Dublin, 1985), 196 (no. 728 Google Scholar). Further to the literature cited therein, see B. Ó Cuív, ‘The Irish Marginalia in Codex Palatino-Vaticanus No. 830’, Éigse 24 (1990), 45–67; P. Verbist, ‘Reconstructing the Past: The Chronicle of Marianus Scottus’, Peritia 16 (2002), 284–334. For notice of the quasi-autograph manuscript, see Duncan, Elizabeth, Catalogue of Latin and Vernacular Manuscripts written by Gaelic Scribes, A.D. 1000–1200 (Aberdeen, forthcoming), no. 43 Google Scholar.

³ Joranson, ‘Great German Pilgrimage’, 12–13.

⁴ MGH SS 5: 558–9 (s.aa. 1064–5). Cf. Joranson, ‘Great German Pilgrimage’, 5–6 (esp. n. 12), 16.

⁵ A remarkable example is found in Gaelic literature of around 1100 in a long text - of Goliardic spirit, one might almost say - known as ‘The Vision of Mac Conglinne’, to which we shall briefly return below: Aislinge Meic Conglinne – The Vision of MacConglinne, A Middle-Irish Wonder Tale, ed. and transl. Kuno Meyer and W. Wollner (London, 1892). For a more recent edition, without translation, see Aislinge Meic Con Glinne, ed. Jackson, Kenneth Hurlstone (Dublin, 1990)Google Scholar. For the best literary discussion of this text, see Gwara, S.J., ‘Gluttony, Lust and Penance in the B-text of Aislinge Meic Conglinne’, Celtica 20 (1988), 53–72 Google Scholar. On the general Irish context of the abuses satirized, see Hughes, Kathleen, ‘Sanctity and Secularity in the Early Irish Church’, in Baker, Derek, ed., Sanctity and Secularity: The Church and the World, SCH 10 (London, 1973), 21–37 Google Scholar, repr. in her Church and Society in Ireland, A.D. 400–1200 (London, 1987), essay IX.

⁶ On the overarching context of reform, see the life-changing book by Gerhart Ladner, B., The Idea of Reform, 2nd edn (New York, 1967)Google Scholar. For two helpful and impressively cogent introductions, see Blumenthal, Uta-Renate, The Investiture Controversy. Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century (Philadelphia, PA, 1991)Google Scholar; Robinson, I. S., The Papacy, 1073–1198, Continuity and Innovation (Cambridge, 1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷ For accounts of this process from various angles, see Parsons, David, ed., Tenth-Century Studies: Essays in Commemoration of the Millennium of the Council of Winchester and Regularis Concordia (Chichester, 1975)Google Scholar; Gretsch, Mechthild, The Intellectual Foundations of the English Benedictine Reform (Cambridge, 1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Blair, John, The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society (Oxford, 2005)Google Scholar; Scragg, Donald, ed., Edgar, King of the English 959–975, New Interpretations (Woodbridge, 2008)Google Scholar. To my mind, the picture left by such writing is itself in need of radical reform: the most penetrating insights of Eric John, Land Tenure in Early England: A Discussion of Some Problems (Leicester, 1960; rev. imp. 1964) and Orbis Britanniae and Other Studies (Leicester, 1966), remain to be absorbed; and numerous overtly revolutionary agenda of radical parties in the tenth-century English Church need to be acknowledged. I began such an approach from the evidence of books and script: Dumville, David N., English Caroline Script and Monastic History: Studies in Benedictinism, A.D. 950–1030 (Woodbridge, 1993 Google Scholar).

⁸ Barlow, Frank, The English Church, 1000–1066, 2nd edn (London, 1979; first publ. 1963)Google Scholar, ch. 7. For the oblique treatment of these events in the principal English narrative record of the period, see The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, according to the Several Original Authorities, ed. and transl. Thorpe, Benjamin, 2 vols (London, 1861), 1: 305–13 Google Scholar (text, s.aa. 1046–52), and The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Revised Translation, transl. Dorothy Whitelock (London, 1961; rev. imp. 1965), 111–17 (annals 1049–51).

⁹ Robinson, , Papacy, esp. 398–441 Google Scholar; Barlow, , English Church, 48–9 Google Scholar; Cowdrey, H.E.J., Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085 (Oxford, 1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰ For biographies, see Macdonald, A.J., Lanfranc: A Study of his Life, Work & Writing (London, 1926; 2nd edn 1944)Google Scholar; Gibson, Margaret, Lanfranc of Bee (Oxford, 1978)Google Scholar; Cowdrey, H. E. J., Lanfranc. Scholar, Monk, and Archbishop (Oxford, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹ The Letters of Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, ed. and transl. Helen Clover and M. Gibson (Oxford, 1979), 64–7 (no..8), where Scotti should be translated ‘Gaels’, not the prejudicially specific ‘Irish’ or ‘Scots’.

¹² For recent discussion, see Dumville, David N., Councils and Synods of the Gaelic Early and Central Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1997), 35–46, 50–5 Google Scholar; Philpott, M., ‘Some Interactions between the English and Irish Churches’, Anglo-Norman Studies 20 (1997), 187–204 Google Scholar; Downham, C., ‘England and the Irish-Sea Zone in the Eleventh Century’, Anglo-Norman Studies 26 (2003), 55–73 Google Scholar; Brett, M., ‘Canterbury’s Perspective on Church Reform and Ireland, 1070–1115’, in Bracken, Damian and Riain-Raedel, D. O., eds, Ireland and Europe in the Twelfth Century. Reform and Renewal (Dublin, 2006), 13–35 Google Scholar.

¹³ Letters, ed. and transl. Clover and Gibson, 154–61 (no. 49). Whether the identification of the addressee (‘D’ or ‘Donatus’ in different witnesses), and therefore the dating, can be sustained is a moot point: I must confess to some scepticism.

¹⁴ ‘Quaestiones secularium litterarum nobis soluendas misistis, sed episcopale propositum non decet operam dare huiusmodi studiis. Olim quidem iuuenilem aetatem in his detriuimus, sed accedentes ad pastoralem curam abrenuntiandum eis decreuimus’: ibid. 158–61 (italics mine).

¹⁵ Cf. Dronke, P., ‘Profane Elements in Literature’, in Benson, Robert L. et al., eds, Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century (Cambridge, MA, 1982), 569–92 Google Scholar.

¹⁶ ‘monasticis institutionibus a pueritia enutritum, scientia diuinarum litterarum strenuissime eruditum, bonorum operum ornamentis … decentissime adornatum’: Letters, ed. and transl. Clover and Gibson, 66–9 (no. 9).

¹⁷ For an eleventh-century version, see Tain Bó Cuailnge, Recension I, ed. and transl. O’Rahilly, Cecile (Dublin, 1976)Google Scholar.

¹⁸ Henderson, G., ‘Sortes biblicae in Twelfth-Century England: The List of Episcopal Prognostics in Cambridge, Trinity College MS R.7.5’, in Williams, Daniel, ed., England in the Twelfth Century: Proceedings of the 1988 Harlaxton Symposium (Woodbridge, 1990), 113–35 Google Scholar (quotation at 114).

¹⁹ British Museum Catalogue of Additions to the Manuscripts, 1906–10, ed. Gilson, Julius P. (London, 1912), 138–9 Google Scholar; cf. Ricci, Seymour de, A Hand-list of a Collection of Books and Manuscripts belonging to The Right Hon. Lord Amherst of Hackney at Didlington Hall, Norfolk (Cambridge, 1906)Google Scholar, 209 (MS 34). See also Medieval Libraries of Great Britain: A List of Surviving Books, ed. N. R. Ker (London, 1941), 53 (2nd edn, 1964, 96), where it is dated about 1200.

²⁰ For an intelligible answer to this question, the manuscript’s text needs emendation. For (scattered) discussion of the text found in London, BL, MS Add. 37785 and its literary congeners, see Flower, Robin, Catalogue of Irish Manuscripts in the British Museum, Volume II (London, 1926), 433, 520–4 Google Scholar.

²¹ R. Thurneysen, ‘Das Gedicht der vierzig Fragen von Eochaid ua Cérin’, Zeitschrift fur celtische Philologie 13 (1919–21), 130–6 (Apraid a éolchu Elga); K. Meyer, ‘Mitteilungen aus irischen Handschriften. Dúan in chóicat cest. Aus Egerton 1782 fo. 49b.’, Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 4 (1902–3), 234–6 (Iarfaigid lib cóecait cest); for these two poems, cf. Flower, Catalogue II, 282 (item 36), 280–1 (item 29). For the prose Cesta gréga, see W. Stokes, ‘Irish Riddles’, Celtic Review 1 (1904–5), 132–5; cf. Flower, Catalogue II, 520–2 (item 3), 107 (item 39).

²² For parallel examples, see: (1) London, LPL, MS 1229, fols 7–8 (previously MS 119, fols 1–2), datable c.850 × c.1000, provenance Lanthony Secunda (Augustinians), in the second half of the twelfth century (Ker, Medieval Libraries, 61; 2nd edn, 109), publ, by L. Bieler and J. Carney, ‘The Lambeth Commentary’, Eriu 23 (1972), 1–55; (2) London, BL, MS Harley 2253, written in Herefordshire about 1340, has Anglo-Irish documentary flyleaves from Ardmulghan (Co. Meath), datable to 1312, and overwritten by the scribe of the main manuscript, as shown by P. O’Neill, ‘On the Date of the Harley Lyrics Manuscript’, JCS 3 (1981–2), 132–5. On Lanthony and Ireland, see Arlene Hogan, The Priory of Llanthony Prima and Secunda in Ireland, 1172–1541: Lands, Patronage and Politics (Dublin, 2008). On the larger Augustinian context, see Géraldine Carville, The Occupation of Celtic Sites in Medieval Ireland by the Canons Regular of St Augustine and the Cistercians (Kalamazoo, MI, 1982); cf. Aubrey Gwynn and R. N. Hadcock, Medieval Religious Houses, Ireland (London, 1970).

²³ Duncan, Catalogue, no. 24.

²⁴ C. D. Wright and R. Wright, ‘Additions to “The Bobbio Missal”: De dies malus and Joca monachorum (fols. 6r-8v)’, in Yitzhak Hen and R. Meens, eds, The Bobbio Missal: Liturgy and Religious Culture in Merovingian Gaul (Cambridge, 2004), 79–139.

²⁵ Ibid. 80 (Latin title), 123 (Bible-quiz).

²⁶ Walther Suchier, L’Enfant sage: Das Gespràch des Kaisers Hadrian mit dem klugen Kinde Epitus (Dresden, 1910); idem, Die mittellateinische Gespràch Adrian und Epictitus nebst venvandten Texten (Joca Monachorum) (Tubingen, 1955); Lloyd William Daly and W Suchier, Altercatio Hadriani Augusti et Epicteti Philosophi (Urbana, IL, 1939). For editions of Anglo-Saxon texts considered in this wide context, see The Prose Solomon and Saturn and Adrian and Ritheus, ed. and transl. James E. Cross and T. D. Hill (Toronto, ON, 1982).

²⁷ Wright and Wright, ‘Additions’, 123. Text of this type is found also in a twelfth-century Irish gospel book, perhaps from Armagh: London, BL, MS Harley 1023, fol. 63^r (Flower, Catalogue II, 432–3, 521); cf. Duncan, Catalogue, no. 28.

²⁸ ‘Do fhácaib sáer na háircci inadh tarrnge fas innti, air ba derb lais nach bértha é féin innti. In tan dochuaid Nái cona chlainn isin áircc amail isbert in t-aingel fris, do druid Nái sinistre na háirci 7 do tócaib a láim dia bennachad. Dodechaid immorro in diabal ria cois isin aire ac dul dó innti, 7 an tan do bennaich Nái in áircc, ni uair in diabal conair n-aili acht in poll fas ro fácaibh in sáer gan drud, 7 dochuaid a richt naithrech ann, 7 ar cumga in puill nir féd dui amach iná techt ar cul, 7 do bi mar sin no gur tráigh in díli, 7 is é sin tairrnge is dech 7 is mesa do bi isin áirc’: O.J. Bergin, ‘The Best and Worst Nail in the Ark’, Ériu 5 (1911), 49, edited and translated from a largely medical book, Dublin, RIA, MS Stowe C.iv.2 (466), fol. 14^r; see T. F. O’Rahilly et al., Catalogue of Irish Manuscripts in The Royal Irish Academy, 28 fascicules (Dublin, 1926–70), 10: 1217–20; I have altered Bergin’s translation here and there. Cf. Flower, Catalogue II, 280–1 (item 29).

²⁹ For a fine thumbnail sketch of this, see Vivien Law, The Insular Latin Grammarians (Woodbridge, 1982), 6–7.

³⁰ Bernhard Bischoff, Mittelalterliche Studien. Ausgewählte Aufsdtze zur Schriftkunde und Literaturgeschichte, 3 vols (Stuttgart, 1966–81), 2: 19–25; cf. idem, ‘Anecdota carolina’, in Studien zur lateinischen Dichtung des Mittelalters: Ehrengabe für Karl Strecker, ed. W. Stach and H. Walther (Dresden, 1931), 1–11; D. Schaller, ‘Poetic Rivalries at the Court of Charlemagne’, in R. R. Bolgar, ed., Classical Influences on European Culture, A.D. 500–1500 (Cambridge, 1971), 151–7; idem, ‘Vortrags- und Zirkulardichtung am Hof Karls des Grossen’, Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch 6 (1970), 14–36. For Normandy, see Warner of Rouen, Moriuht: A Norman Latin Poem from the Early Eleventh Century, ed. and transl. Christopher J. McDonough (Toronto, ON, 1995), with further discussion by David N. Dumville, Celtic Essays, 2001–2007, 2 vols (Aberdeen, 2007), 1: 123–35, at 131–4-

³¹ Duncan, Catalogue, no. 37.

³² J. Armitage Robinson, The Times of Saint Dunstan (Oxford, 1923), frontispiece, 69–71, 171–81.

³³ The decisive contribution was that of Michael Lapidge, ‘Israel the Grammarian in Anglo-Saxon England’, in From Athens to Chartres: Neoplatonism and Medieval Thought. Studies in Honour of Édouard Jeauneau, ed. Haijo Jan Westra (Leiden, 1992), 97–114, repr. in idem, Anglo-Latin Literature, goo-1066 (London, 1993), 87–104; cf. idem, ‘Schools, Learning and Literature in Tenth-Century England’, Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull’alto medioevo 38 (1991), 951–1005, at 968–71. Cf. David N. Dumville, ‘Mael Brigte mac Tornáin, Pluralist Coarb (f 927)’, JCS 4 (2004), 97–116, repr. in idem, Celtic Essays, 1: 137–58. See further D. Howlett, ‘Alea Euangelii’, in Mélanges François Dolbeau (forthcoming).

³⁴ For an early discussion of these words, see Whitley Stokes, ed., Three Irish Glossaries (London, 1862), liii-liv, 21–2. See further Tain bó Fralch, ed. Wolfgang Meid (Dublin 1967; 2nd edn, 1974), 28–9 (ad 81). Cf. E. MacWhite, ‘Early Irish Boardgames’, Éigse 5 (1946–7), 25–35.

³⁵ Robinson, Dunstan, 181.

³⁶ On the links, both royal and episcopal, between Anglo-Norman England and Scodand, there is now a substantial literature. See esp. R. Gameson, ‘The Gospels of Margaret of Scodand and the Literacy of an Eleventh-Century Queen’, in Jane Taylor and L. Smith, eds, Women and the Book. Assessing the Visual Evidence (London, 1997), 148–71; Lois L. Huneycutt, Matilda of Scotland: A Study in Medieval Queenship (Woodbridge, 2003). For the next generations’ wider interest in monasticism, see Christopher N. L. Brooke, Churches and Churchmen in Medieval Europe (London, 1999), 159–73; G. W. S. Barrow, The Kingdom of the Scots: Government, Church and Society from the Eleventh to the Fourteenth Century, 2nd edn (Edinburgh, 2003), 151–86.

³⁷ For Lanfranc’s correspondence, see n. 11 above. For the very much larger surviving corpus of Anselm’s letters, see S. Anselmi Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi Opera Omnia, ed. Franciscus Salesius Schmitt, 6 vols (Seckau, etc., 1938–61), III–V; The Letters of Saint Anselm of Canterbury, transl. Walter Frõhlich, 3 vols, Cistercian Studies 96, 97, 142 (Kalamazoo, MI, 1990).

³⁸ For Anselm, in addition to his letters we have a hagiography written by Eadmer of Canterbury who served the archbishop and wrote an intimate portrait: The Life of St Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, by Eadmer, ed. and transl. R. W. Southern, OMT (Oxford, 1972; first publ. 1962); for commentary, see R.W. Southern, Saint Anselm and his Biographer: A Study of Monastic Life and Thought, 1059 - c.1130 (Cambridge, 1963); idem, Saint Anselm, a Portrait in a Landscape (Cambridge, 1990). For examination of Anglo-Celtic interaction and mutual perception in the second half of the Middle Ages through a Celtic prism, see D. N. Dumville, ‘“Celtic” Visions of England’, in Andrew Galloway, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Medieval English Culture (Cambridge, 2011), 107–28.

³⁹ See Hughes, Church and Society in Ireland, essay XII, 86, for characterization of such an occurrence - in the only Gaelic vernacular letter of the period. For a full discussion, see S. L. Forste-Grupp, ‘The Earliest Irish Personal Letter’, Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium 15 (1995), 1–11 (it is not, of course, the first [surviving] Irish personal letter, but the first in the Irish language).

⁴⁰ For an edition of the whole, see The Book of Leinster, formerly Lebar na Núachongbála, ed. R. I. Best et al., 6 vols (Dublin, 1954–83). The fundamental study of the palaeography and codicology of this codex is W. O’Sullivan, ‘Notes on the Scripts and Make-up of The Book of Leinster’, Celtica 7 (1966), 1–31; until recendy the only indication that anyone had understood the force of O’Sullivan’s analysis was provided by D. Ó Corráin, ‘The Education of Diarmait Mac Murchada’, Ériu 28 (1977), 71–81.

⁴¹ ‘Betha 7 slainte o Fhind epscop ‘.i. Cilli Dara’ do Aed mac Crimthainn do fhir leigind ardrig Leithi Moga ‘.i. Nuadat’ 7 do chomarbu Choluim meic Crimthaind 7 do phrimsenchaid Laigen ar gaes 7 eolas 7 trebaire lebur 7 fessa 7 foglomma 7 scribthar dam deired in sceoil bicse

Tucthar dam duanaire Meic Lonain co faiccmis a cialla na nduan filet ann. Et uale in Christo.’ On fol. ccvi^v (page 288) in Hand F, see Book of Leinster, ed. Best et al., 1: xv-xvi. The very odd idea that this marginale is the original of Bishop Finn’s letter remains current. On the name and status of Aed Mac Crimthainn, see T. Ó Concheanainn, ‘LL and the Date of the Reviser of LU’, Éigse 20 (1984), 212–25, at 212–14.

⁴² For his death, see The Annals of Ulster (to A.D. 1131), 1, ed. and transl. Seán Mac Airt and G. Mac Niocaill (Dublin, 1983), 350–1 (s.a. 896.10). For a lengthy poem attributed to him, a lament for a king who died in 906(!), see M. E. Dobbs, ‘A Poem ascribed to Flann mac Lonáin’, Ériu 17 (1955), 16–34.

⁴³ The Annals of Inisfallen (MS. Rawlinson B.503), ed. and transl. Seán Mac Airt (Dublin, 1951), 182–3 (s.a. 1012.2); Annals of Ulster, 1, ed. and transl. Mac Airt and Mac Niocaill, 444–5 (s.a. 1012.5 b). Cf. C. O Lochlainn, ‘Poets on the Batde of Clontarf’, Éigse 3 (1941–2), 208–18; 4 (1943–4), 33–47, at 42–6.

⁴⁴ ‘Aed mac meic Crimthaind ro-scríb in lebor so ocus ra-thinóil a llebraib imdaib’; see Book of Leinster, ed. Best et al., 1: xv; 6: 1337, n. * (fol. 32^r / page 313, lower margin): this note has allowed the siglum ‘A’ to be given to this hand. Cf. O’Sullivan, ‘Notes’.

⁴⁵ I have discussed elsewhere the status, use and transmission of verse among the Gaels: ‘What is Mediaeval Gaelic Poetry?’, in Explorations in Cultural History: Essays for Peter Gabriel McCaffery, ed. David F. Smith and Hushang Philsooph (Aberdeen, 2010), 81–153.

⁴⁶ ‘Bendacht ar cech óen mebraigfes go hindraic lain amlaidseo 7 na tuillfe cruth aile furri. Sed ego qui scripsi hanc historiam aut uerius fabulam quibusdam fidem in hac historia aut fabula ‘non’ accommodo. Quaedam enim ibi sunt praest T gia demonum, quaedam autem figmenta poetica; quaedam similia uero, quaedam non; quaedam ad delectationem stultorum’: Tain bó Cúalnge from The Book of Leinster, ed. and transl. Cecile O’Rahilly (Dublin, 1967), 136 (text), 272 (translation), from folio 68^vb (page 1046); cf. Book of Leinster, ed. Best et al., 2: 399. For the most extended and thoughtful treatment, see P. Ó Néill, ‘The Latin Colophon to the “Táin Bó Cúailnge” in The Book of Leinster: a Critical View of Old Irish Literature’, Celtica 23 (1999), 269–75.

⁴⁷ For an infamous instance, see D. Greene, ‘Robert Atkinson and Irish Studies’, Hermathena 102 (1966), 6–15. For mitigating comment, see Liadain and Curithir. An Irish Love-Story of the Ninth Century, ed. and transl. Kuno Meyer (London, 1902), 7; Sean Ó Lúing, Kuno Meyer, 1858–1919: A Biography (Dublin, 1991), 8.

⁴⁸ As in other areas of medieval literature: cf. Peter Dronke, Medieval Latin and the Rise of the European Love-Lyric, 2 vols (Oxford, 1965–6; 2nd edn, 1968).

⁴⁹ Vivian Mercier, The Irish Comic Tradition (Oxford, 1962). There is much to be found in Patrick Crotty, ed., The Penguin Book of Irish Verse (London, 2010).

⁵⁰ For the end of that state of affairs, see R. I. Best, ‘The Graves of the Kings at Clonmacnoise’, Eriu 2 (1905), 163–71, at 169–71; cf. P. Mac Cana, ‘The Rise of the Later Schools of Filidheacht’, Eriu 25 (1974), 126–46.

⁵¹

For a literal translation, see Annals of Ulster, 1, ed. and transl. Mac Airt and Mac Niocaill, 200–1; cf. Clancy, Thomas Owen, ed., The Triumph Tree: Scotland’s Earliest Poetry, 550–1350 (Edinburgh, 1998), 117 Google Scholar. There is a very interestingly different version in Annalia Rioghachta Eireann, Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland, by The Four Masters, ed. and transl. O’Donovan, John, 2nd edn, 7 vols (Dublin, 1856), 1: 342–5 Google Scholar. Kelleher’s translation was first published in Teangadóir 2 (1954–5), 39 and reissued in his book Too Small for Stove Wood, Too Big for Kindling: Collected Verse and Translations (Dublin, 1979), 12; it is also in Montague, John, ed., The Faber Book of Irish Verse (London, 1974), 89 Google Scholar. For commentary and approbation, see Hughes, Church and Society in Ireland, essay VIII, 109–10; and cf. Carney, James, ed. and transl., Medieval Irish Lyrics (Dublin, 1967), xxi Google Scholar.

⁵² For another example, see K. Meyer, ‘Stories and Songs from Irish Manuscripts’, Otia Merseiana 1 (1899), 113–28; 2 (1900–1), 75–105; 3 (1903), 46–54, at 84–92.

⁵³ For that literature, see especially The Rule of Tallaght, ed. and transl. Edward Q.J. Gwynn (Dublin, 1927), to be reissued in idem and D. N. Dumville, ed. and transl., Ireland’s Desert-Fathers, the Culdees (Aberdeen, forthcoming). For recent discussion, see Wesdey Follett, Céli Dé in Ireland: Monastic Writing and Identity in the Early Middle Ages (Woodbridge, 2006).

⁵⁴ See Lives of Saints from The Book of Lismore, ed. and transl. Whidey Stokes (Oxford, 1890), 84–98 (text), 231–46 (translation), 347–8 (notes); cf. Charles Plummer, Miscellanea Hagiographica Hibernica (Bruxelles, 1925), 189–90 (Catalogue, no. 36).

⁵⁵ Lives, ed. and transl. Stokes, 88–9, 235–7. It is a pity that such a work was not discussed by Paul Lehmann, Die Parodie in Mittelalter, 2nd edn (Stuttgart, 1963; first publ. 1922). For the relationship of Gaelic saga and hagiography, see F. Ó Briain, ‘Saga Themes in Irish Hagiography’, in Essays and Studies presented to Professor Tadhg Ua Donnchadha (Torna), ed. Séamus Pender (Cork, 1947), 33–42; Joseph Falaky Nagy, Conversing with Angels and Ancients: Literary Myths of Medieval Ireland (Ithaca, NY, 1997).

⁵⁶ Aislinge Meic Conglinne, ed. and transl. Meyer and Wollner.

⁵⁷ For discussion of dating, see Aislinge, ed. Jackson, xx-xxvi (cf. 73–140); cf. M. Ni Mhaonaigh, ‘Pagans and Holy Men: Literary Manifestations of Twelfth-Century Reform’, in Bracken and Ó Riain-Raedel, eds, Ireland and Europe, 143–61, at 159–61.

⁵⁸ Cf. Les Poésies des goliards, ed. and transl. Olga Dobiache-Rojdestvensky (Paris, 1931). For discussion of a different Insular connection, see J. Mann, ‘Giraldus Cambrensis and the Goliards’, JCS 3 (1981–2), 31–9. For one enduring motivation, see Josef Benzinger, Invectiva in Romam: Romkritik im Mittelalter vom 9. bis zum 12. Jahrhundert (Liibeck, 1968).

⁵⁹ Cf. M. Holland, ‘Were Early Irish Church Establishments under Lay Control?’, in Bracken and Ó Riain-Raedel, eds, Ireland and Europe, 128–42.

⁶⁰ Bergin, O.J. et al., eds, Anecdota from Irish Manuscripts, 5 vols (Halle an der Saale, 1907–13), 1:76–9 Google Scholar.

⁶¹ Bold, Alan, ed., Mounts of Venus:The Picador Book of Erotic Prose (London, 1980), 57–8 Google Scholar. It was, however, translated into French immediately after publication: Gaidoz, H., ‘Du changement de sexe dans les contes celtiques’, Revue de l’histoire des religions 57 (1908), 317–32 Google Scholar, at 320–3.

⁶² For this (and the identification of a total of four manuscript copies of the text), see Flower, Catalogue II, 542 (item 25); cf. 475 (item 4).

⁶³ Itinerarium Kambriae 2.5 (Ciraldi Cambrensis Opera, ed. J. S. Brewer et al., 8 vols (London, 1861–91), 6: 122–3); Gerald of Wales, The Journey through Wales and The Description of Wales, transl. Lewis Thorpe (Harmondsworth, 1978), 180–1.

⁶⁴ Annals of Ulster, 1, ed. and transl. Mac Airt and Mac Niocaill, 528–31 (s.aa. 1095.8, 1096.3); The Annals of Tigernach, ed. and transl. Whitley Stokes, 2nd edn, 2 vols (Felinfach, 1993), 2: 322 (s.a. 1096.1); Annals of Inisfalien, ed. and transl. Mac Airt, 250–3 (s.a. 1095.13); The Annals of Loch Ce, ed. and transl. William M. Hennessy, 2 vols (London, 1871), 1: 80–3 (s.aa. 1095.5, 1096.4); Chronicum Scotorum, ed. and transl. William M. Hennessy (London, 1866), 304–5 (s.a. 1096.1); The Annals of Clonmacnoise … translated into English A.D. 1627 by Conell Mageoghagan, ed. Denis Murphy (Dublin, 1896), 186–7 (s.a. 1094.6); Annala rioghachta Eireann, ed. and transl. O’Donovan, 2: 948–53 (s.aa. 1095.3, 1096.6).

⁶⁵ W. Stokes, ‘Adamnan’s Second Vision’, Revue celtique 12 (1891), 420–43. For discussion of this connexion, see Dumville, Councils, 35–42. Cf. Kenney, Sources, 749–53; Martin McNamara, The Apocrypha in the Irish Church (Dublin, 1975), 64–7 (nos 55–7). See now A. M. O’Leary, ‘Mog Ruith and Apocalypticism in Eleventh-Century Ireland’, Celtic Studies Association of North America [CSANA] Yearbook 1 (2001), 51–60.