¹ The terms ‘Puritan’ and ‘godly’ have been used interchangeably in this essay to denote those who desired (or when applied to persons after 1642, had desired) further reformation in the English Church, and in particular the removal of all those rites and usages which had been retained at the Elizabethan Settlement which they considered residual of Catholicism. For a recent discussion of the terms ‘Puritan’ and ‘Puritanism’ see Lawrence Sasck, A., Images of English Puritanism: a Collection of Contemporary Sources 1589-1646 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1989), pp. 1–27.Google Scholar

² Cliffe, J. T., The Yorkshire Gentry from the Reformation to the Civil War (London, 1969)Google Scholar; Richardson, R. C., Puritanism in North-West England: a Regional Study of the Diocese of Chester to 1642 (Manchester, 1972)Google Scholar. For the Lancashire Puritans, see also Blackwood, B. G., ‘The Cavalier and Roundhead gentry of Lancashire’, Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, 77 (1967), pp. 23–46Google Scholar; idem, The Lancashire Gentry and the Great Rebellion 1640-1660 (Manchester, 1978); idem, Blackwood, , ‘Parties and issues in the Civil War in Lancashire’, in Kermode, J. I. and Phillips, C. B., eds, Seventeenth-Century Lancashire: Essays Presented to J. J. Bagley, Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 132 (Liverpool, 1983), pp. 103–20Google Scholar. Dr Cliffe’s magisterial trilogy on the Puritan county gentry also includes a considerable amount of material on the northern godly, particularly those of Yorkshire: Cliffe, J. T., The Puritan Gentry: the Great Puritan Familia of Early Stuart England (London, 1984)Google Scholar; Puritans in Conflict: the Puritan Gentry During and After the Civil Wars (London, 1988); The Puritan Gentry Besieged, 1650-1700 (London, 1993). The Puritan presence in pre-Civil War Westmorland, Cumberland, and Northumberland appears to have been too insignificant to warrant research.

³ Cross, Claire, ‘A man of conscience in seventeenth-century urban politics: Alderman Hoyle of York’, in Morrill, John, Slack, Paul, and Woolf, Daniel, eds, Public Duty and Private Conscience in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford, 1992), pp. 205–24Google Scholar. See also Roger Howell’s studies of the Newcastle regicide, John Blakiston, and the Northern Brigade officer, Robert Lilburne; Howell, Roger Jr, Puritans and Radicals in North England: Essays on the English Revolution (Lanham, MD, 1984), pp. 49–64, 178–97.Google Scholar

⁴ Only Dr Cliffe seems to have paid much attention to Darley’s role in the negotiations between the Covenanters and a group of dissident English peers in 1640: Cliffe, Yorkshire Gentry, pp. 322-3.

⁵ For the history and causes of the rupture between the Scots and their English allies, see [David Buchanan], Truth its Manifest, or a Short and True Relation [12 Nov. 1645], pp. 34, 53-6 (BL, E 1179/5).

⁶ For Viscount Saye’s ‘great credit and authority in Parliament’, see A Letter From a Noble-Man Of this Kingdome… to the Lord Saye…[18 July 1648], p. 4 (BL, E 453/12); Hyde, Edward, Earl of Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion, ed. Macray, W. D., 6 vols (Oxford, 1888), 2, pp. 547–8Google Scholar; Farnell, James E. ‘The aristocracy and leadership of Parliament in the English Civil Wars’, JMH, 44 (1972), pp. 82, 84, 85Google Scholar; Adamson, J. S. A., ‘Politics and the nobility in Civil-War England’, HistJ, 34 (1991), pp. 236–7Google Scholar. For Lord Wharton, see Jones, G. F. Trevallyn, Saw-Pit Wharton: the Political Career from 1640 to 1691 of Philip, Fourth Lord Wharton, Stuart Historical Studies, 1 (Sydney, 1967)Google Scholar. For Darley’s links with Lord Howard of Escrick and the younger Vane, see below.

⁷ BL, Verney Papers: Dr Denton to Sir Ralph Verney, 6 Oct. 1647 [MF 636/8]. I owe this reference to Dr Jason Peacey.

⁸ For a recent assessment of the ‘religious dimension’ to the Civil War, see Eales, Jacqueline, ‘A road to revolution: the continuity of Puritanism, 1559-1642’, in Durston, Christopher and Eales, Jacqueline, eds, The Culture of English Puritanism, 1560-1700 (Basingstoke, 1996), pp. 207–8.Google Scholar

⁹ Morrill, John, ‘Sir William Brereton and England’s wars of religion’, JBS, 24 (1985), pp. 311–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁰ International Genealogical Index, Yorks., s.n. “Richard Darlcy’; The Visitation of Yorkshire, ed. J. Foster (London, 1875), p. 87.

¹¹ Darley did not succeed to his father’s estate until 1654, and probably enjoyed a personal income of less than £500 a year. For his estate and finances, see VCH, Yorkshire: North Riding, 2, p. 94; Northallerton, North Yorkshire Record Office [hereafter NYRO], ZDA, Darley of Aldby MSS, DDDA/21/36 [mie. 1602]; Darley of Aldby MSS, DAR.62 [mie. 121 s); Darley of Aldby MSS, DAR.S 1 [mie. 2209]; Darley of Aldby MSS, DDDA/50/1; The Countrey Committees Laid Open [5 June 1649], p. 5 (BL, E 558/11); PRO, LC 4/203, fol. 237V; PRO, C 10/466/6; C 10/34/23; C 10/34/53; PRO, C 54/2976/17; Cal. of the Cttee for Compounding, p. 3215.1 am grateful to Dr J. T. Cliffe for discussion on the Darlcys’ wealth.

¹² Alumni Cantabrigiensis to 1751, ed. John and J. A. Venn, 4 vols (Cambridge, 1922-7), 2, p. 10; Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642-1660, ed. C. H. Firth and R. S. Rait, 3 vols (London, 1911), 1, p. 91.

¹³ Scarborough Records 1600-40, ed. M. Y. Ashcroft, North Yorkshire Record Office Publications, 47 (Northallerton, 1991), pp. 145, 159, 188.

¹⁴ R. Carroll, ‘Parliamentary representation of Yorkshire, 1625-60’ (Vanderbilt Ph.D. thesis, 1964), p. 248.

¹⁵ Marchant, Ronald A., The Puritans and the Church Courts in the Diocese of York, 1560-1642 (London, 1960), pp. 88, 122–4Google Scholar; God’s Plot: the Paradoxes of Puritan Piety, Being the Autobiography and Journal of Thomas Shepard, ed. Michael McGiffert (Massachusetts University, 1972), pp. 50, 52-3.

¹⁶ God’s Plot, ed. McGiffert, pp. 52-3; Pink, W. D., ‘Alured of the Charterhouse, Co. York’, Yorkshire Genealogist, 1 (1888), p. 2.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Winthrop Papers Volume III, 1631-1637, ed. Allyn Bailey Forbes, Massachusetts History Society (Boston, MA, 1943), pp. 226-7; PRO, CP 25/2/523/13 ChasI/Mich, pt 3.1 owe this last reference to Dr J. T. Cliffe.

¹⁸ NYRO, ZDA, Darley of Aldby MSS, DDDA/3/8; DDDA/6/1; DDDA/28/2; NYRO, ZDA, Darley of Aldby MSS, DAR.S 1 [mie. 2209]; PRO, C 54/3007/28; C 54/3289/30; Yorkshire Stuart Fines, ed. W. Brigg, YASRS, 58 (1917), p. 235.

¹⁹ NYRO, ZDA, Darley of Aldby MSS, DDDA/28/2; PRO, C 54/3041/5:0 54/3150/38.

²⁰ God’s Plot, ed. McGifFert, p. 50.

²¹ It was, in any case, the duty of the godly to seek out the society of their fellow Puritans and to keep their contact with the ungodly and profane to an absolute minimum: P. Lake, ‘“A charitable Christian hatred”: the godly and their enemies in the 1630s’, in Durston and Eales, English Puritanism, pp. 165-7.

²² This paragraph is based upon a recent article by DrPeacey, J. T. (who discovered the document among the Hartlib papers), ‘Seasonable treatises: a godly project of the 1630s’, EHR 113 (1998), pp. 667–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar. I am grateful to Dr Peacey for allowing me to cite from his article prior to publication.

²³ PRO, C 54/3007/28; The Countrey Committees Laid Open, p. 6; Clifie, J. T., The Puritan Centry: the Great Puritan Families of Early Stuart England (London, 1984), p. 108.Google Scholar

²⁴ Brenner, Robert, Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict, and London’s Overseas Traders, 1550-1653 (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 110–11Google Scholar; Kupperman, Karen Ordahl, Providence Island, 1630-41 (Cambridge, 1993), p. 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁵ Brenner, Merchants and Revolution, pp. 149-50.

²⁶ Records of the Company of the Massachusetts Bay, ed. S. F. Haven, Archaeologia Americana: Transactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian Society, 3 (1857), pp. lxxx, cxxxv.

²⁷ PRO, CO 124/2, fol. 38r.

²⁸ Brenner, Merchants and Revolution, p. 269; Cliffe, Puritan Gentry, pp. 203-4. It was doubtless through involvement in the Providence Island Company and the Saybrook venture that Darley became either a friend or close acquaintance of the future parliamentary leader, John Pym: BL, MS Add. 11692, fol. ir: John Pym to Alexander Pym, 21 Nov. 1634; PRO, CO 124/2, fol. 84r.

²⁹ For the origins and early history of this ‘Providence connection’, which preceded the establishment of the company itself, see Thompson, Christopher, ‘The origins of the politics of the parliamentary middle group, 1625-1629’, TRHS, ser. 5, 22 (1972), pp. 71–86.Google Scholar

³⁰ Brenner, Merchants and Revolution, pp. 299-302.

³¹ PRO, CO 124/2, fols 72r, 77V, 98r, 115r, 120r, 122V, 14OV, 148V, 152V, 154V.

³² PRO, CO 124/2, fol. 159r, Cliffe, Puritan Gentry, pp. 204-5.

³³ Legal comments on a draft of the Boynton/Fiennes marriage settlement (MS belonging to Dr J. T. Cliffe).

³⁴ John Wallis, Truth Tried: Or, Animadversions on a Treatise published by… Robert Lord Brook [22 Mar. 1642], sig. A (BL, E93/2).

³⁵ Warwickshire Record Office, John Halford ace, 1640-2, 2 vols, unfol, 1, ‘Moneys to my Lord’. I owe this reference to Dr John Adamson.

³⁶ For Darley’s links with Thomas Alured see PRO, PROB u/177, fol. 32r.

³⁷ Morgan, I., Prince Charles’s Puritan Chaplain (London, 1957), pp. 56–60Google Scholar; Peacey, J. T., ‘Henry Parker and the Parliamentary Propaganda in the English Civil Wars’ (Cambridge PhD. thesis, 1994), pp. 9–10.Google Scholar

³⁸ Newton, A. P., The Colonising Activities of the English Puritans, Yale Historical Publications Miscellany, 1 (1914), pp. 82–3.Google Scholar

³⁹ Winthrop Papers 1631-7, pp. 198-9; Newton, Colonising Activities of the English Puritans, p. 177.

⁴⁰ Winthrop Papers 1631-1, pp. 211-13; Newton, Colonising Activities of the English Puritans, pp. 178, 180.

⁴¹ Winthrop Papers 1631-7, pp. 212-13.

⁴² Newton, Colonising Activities of the English Puritans, pp. 180-1. For analyses of Viscount Saye’s political thought, see Adamson, J. S. A., ‘The Vindiciae Veritatis and the political creed of Viscount Saye and Sele’, HR, 60 (1987), pp. 53–63Google Scholar; Kupperman, Karen Ordahl, ‘Definitions of liberty on the eve of civil war: Lord Saye and Sele, Lord Brooke, and the American Puritan colonies’, HistJ, 32 (1989), pp. 17–33.Google Scholar

⁴³ Kupperman, ‘Definitions of liberty’, pp. 18-19.

⁴⁴ Cliffe, Puritan Gentry, pp. 202-3.

⁴⁵ CUL, MM.1.45, p. 107.

⁴⁶ Scott, David, ‘“Hannibal at our gates”: loyalists and fifth-columnists during the Bishops’ Wars - the case of Yorkshire’, HR, 70 (1997), pp. 272–4.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Donald, Peter, An Uncounselled King: Charles I and the Scottish Troubles, 1637-41 (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 194–5, 219, 245–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Scott, ‘Hannibal at our gates’, pp. 277-9.

⁴⁸ Oldmixon, John, The History of England during the Reigns of the Royal House of Stuart (London, 1730), pp. 142–3Google Scholar. This would certainly help to explain the close relationship between Darley and Savile, a royalist turn-coat, during the 1640s: Cal. of the Cttee for Compounding, pp. 523, 724; PRO, SP 20/1, p. 13.

⁴⁹ Lords Journal [hereafter LJ], iv, p. 102; Warwickshire Record Office, John Halford ace, 1640-2, 2 vols, unfol, 1, ‘Guifts’.

⁵⁰ PRO, SP 16/461/38, fol. 58r, Historical Collections, ed. John Rushworth, 8 vols (London, 1721), 3, pp. 1215, 1231.

⁵¹ For the links between the dissident peers and the Yorkshire petitioners see Scott, ‘Hannibal at our gates’, pp. 278-80.

⁵² Cumbria Record Office (Kendal), Strickland MSS, MS vol. 1608-1700, N38 Car. 1. I would like to thank Mrs Hornyold-Strickland for her kind permission to consult the Strickland Manuscripts.

⁵³ HMC 4th Report, p. 30; LJ, iv, p. 102.

⁵⁴ Commons Journal [hereafter CJ], ii, p. 28a; LJ, iv, p. 100b; Note book of Sir John Northcote, ed. A. H. A. Hamilton (London, 1877), p. 14.

⁵⁵ Russell, Conrad, The Fall of the British Monarchies 1637-1642 (Oxford, 1991), pp. 166–7.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ John Alured, Darley’s brother-in-law, seems to have regarded the Scots with a distinctly fraternal eye, describing them as ‘brave boyes’ and ‘our owne nation and our owne bloode’. Similarly, the fact that Darley’s brother, Richard, chose a Scottish minister to preach in his home parish of Sand Hutton suggests that the family held their Scottish co-religionists in high esteem: PRO, SP 16/395/29, fol. 5611 Sir Gervase Clifton? to Edward Nicholas, 9july 1638; CalSPD, 1637-8, pp. 558, 574; Marchant, The Puritans and the Church Courts, p. 124.

⁵⁷ Cowan, Edward J., ‘The Solemn League and Covenant’, in Mason, Roger A., ed., Scotland and England 1286-1815 (Edinburgh, 1987), pp. 195–7.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ David Stevenson, ‘The early Covenanters and the federal union of Britain’, in Mason, ed., Scotland and England, pp. 167-8.

⁵⁹ Russell, Fall of the British Monarchies, p. 167.

⁶⁰ This quotation is taken from Adamson, ‘Vindiciae Veritatis’, p. 56.

⁶¹ PRO, C 219/43/3/111; CJ, ii, p. 49b.

⁶² CJ, ii, pp. 87a, 99a, 105b, 222b, 365a, 390b, 533b, 609b, 725a, 737b, 741b.

⁶³ CJ, ii, p. 585b; The Private Journals of the Long Parliament 7 March to 1 June 1642, ed. Vernon F. Snow and Anne Steele Young (New Haven, CT, 1987), p. 341.

⁶⁴ CJ, ii, pp. 584b-585a.

⁶⁵ The Private Journals of the Long Parliament 2 June to 17 September 1642, ed. Vernon F. Snow and Anne Steele Young (New Haven, CT, 1992), pp. 106, 467, 477.

⁶⁶ LJ, v, pp. 301a, 301b-303a.

⁶⁷ CJ, ii, pp. 774b, 802a, 817b, 825a, 839a, 842b, 857a, 882a, 888a, 890b, 891b, 947b, 975b, 994a; iii, pp. 46a, 55a, 56b, 76a, 78a, 82b, 86a, 106b, 107a, 112b, 167a.

⁶⁸ BL, MS Harley 165, foi. 3S4r. It would be interesting to know what, if anything, Darlcy knew of the secret negotiations which Pym, Saye, and others were conducting with the Queen in the spring of 1643 in an attempt to obtain the King’s assent to the terms Parliament had offered him at the Oxford peace talks: Gardiner, S. R., History of the Great Civil War 1642-1649, 4 vols (London, 1987 edn), 1, p. 133.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ BL, MS Add. 31116, p. 103.

⁷⁰ For a study of the relation between MPs’ politics and the location of their estates, see Lotte Mulligan, ‘Property and parliamentary politics in the English Civil War, 1642-6’, Historical Studies, University of Melbourne, 16 (1975), pp. 341-55.

⁷¹ BL, MS Harley 165, fol. 233r.

⁷² CJ, ii, p. 839a; LJ, v, p. 437a.

⁷³ Hexter, J. H., The Reign of King Pym (Cambridge, MA, 1941), pp. 28–30Google Scholar; Morrill, J., ‘The unweariableness of Mr Pym: influence and eloquence in the Long Parliament’, in Amussen, Susan D. and Kishlansky, Mark A., eds, Political Culture and Cultural Politics in Early Modern England (Manchester, 1998), p. 4, 2.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ During the summer of 1642 the leading parliamentarian apologist, Henry Parker, distributed copies of his tract, The Generali Junto, in which he urged the necessity of a military alliance with the Scots, to fifty of the leading men in both kingdoms: [Henry Parker], The Generali Junto [?June 1642], BL, 669 £18/1; Peacey, ‘Henry Parker and Parliamentary Propaganda’, pp. 65-9.

⁷⁵ Kaplan, Lawrence, ‘Steps to wan the Scots and Parliament, 1642-1643’, JBS, 9 (1970), pp. 52–8Google Scholar; Stevenson, David, The Scottish Revolution 1637-1644: the Triumph of the Covenanters (Newton Abbot, 1973), pp. 256–70Google Scholar; Cowan, ‘Solemn League and Covenant’, pp. 187-9.

⁷⁶ BL, MS Harley 164, fols 264v, 273r.

⁷⁷ CJ, iii, p. 110a.

⁷⁸ The Letters and Journals of Robert Baillie, ed. David Laing, 3 vols (Edinburgh, 1841-2), 2, p. 81.

⁷⁹ The minister of John Alured’s home parish of Sculcoates was certainly a member: Trout, A. E., ‘Nonconformity in Hull’, Transactions of the Congregational Historical Society, 9 (1924-6), p. 31Google Scholar; Hull Record Office, Hull Letters, L314: Hull corporation to Peregrine Pelham, 13 July 1643.

⁸⁰ Edwards, Thomas, Antapologia (London, 1644), pp. 217, 223.Google Scholar

⁸¹ Tolmie, M., The Triumph of the Saints (Cambridge, 1977), p. 106Google Scholar; Edwards, Antapologia, p. 217; A Copy of a Letter written to a Private Friend touching the Lord Say (17 Oct. 1643), p. 4 (BL, E 72/5). When the Scottish polemicist claimed that ‘some of those who are said to be the greatest sticklers for Sectaries’ were appointed commissioners to the Scots in 1643, he was possibly thinking of Darley as well as Vane: [Buchanan], Truth its Manifest, p. 30. For an analysis of Saye’s and Brooke’s religious views, to which there is every sign that Darley’s closely conformed, see Adamson, ‘Vindiciae Veritatis’, pp. 58-9; Kupperman, ‘Definitions of liberty’, pp. 22-4.

⁸² CJ, iii, p. 148a. As a member of the Rump, Darley was appointed to return the thanks of the House to the Independent divine and friend of Saye, William Strong, and to request Philip Nye to preach before Parliament; CJ, vii, pp. 140b, 274b.

⁸³ DNB s.n. ‘Sidrach Simpson’.

⁸⁴ Vane is usually credited with doing all the talking on the English side: Rowe, Violet A. Sir Henry Vane the younger: a Study in Political and Administrative History (London, 1970), pp. 23–4Google Scholar; Kaplan, Lawrence, Politics and Religion during the English Revolution: the Scots and the Long Parliament 1643-1645 (New York, 1976), pp. xvii–xviiiGoogle Scholar; Makey, Walter, The Church of the Covenant 1637-1651: Revolution and Social Change in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1979), pp. 68–70Google Scholar; Cowan, ‘Solemn League and Covenant’, pp. 184, 190.

⁸⁵ According to Clarendon, Darley and the other commissioners were ‘entirely and stupidly governed’ by Vane: Clarendon, History of the Rebellion, 3, p. 216.

⁸⁶ Darley’s importance to the mission became abundantly clear early in September 1643, when he was instrumental in persuading Berwick-upon-Tweed to accept a Scottish garrison - a major diplomatic coup that undoubtedly helped reassure the Scots of the English Parliament’s bona fides: Berwick Record Office, B1/9, Berwick Guild Book 1627-43, fol. 261r; Oxford, Bodleian Library [hereafter Bodl.], MS Nalson III, fol. 50; HMC Portland, i, 129, pp. 136-7.

⁸⁷ Cowan, ‘Solemn League and Covenant’, p. 190.

⁸⁸ Pearl, Valerie, ‘Oliver St. John and the “middle group” in the Long Parliament: August 1643-May 1644’, EHR, 81 (1966), p. 497Google Scholar; Crawford, Patricia, Denzil Holies 1598-1680: a Study of his Political Career, Royal Historical Society Studies in History Series, 16 (London, 1979), pp. 93, 96Google Scholar; Letters and Journals of Robert Baillie, ed. Laing, 3, pp. 107, 115, 117. For Saye’s support for some kind of alliance or pact with the leading Scottish peers in 1641-2, see Pcacey, ‘Henry Parker and Parliamentary Propaganda’, pp. 65-9.

⁸⁹ [Fiennes, William, Saye, Viscount and Sele, ], Vindiciae Veritatis (London, 1654), pp. 40–2Google Scholar. For Saye’s misgivings about the Covenant see also Pearl, ‘Oliver St John and the “middle group”’, pp. 497-8.

⁹⁰ Cliffe, Puritans in Conflict, pp. 98-9.

⁹¹ My analysis of the middle group’s peace terms is based primarily upon the Newcastle Propositions (as initially drafted) and the Heads of Proposals, which both, to varying degrees, articulated the views of the Independent ‘grandees’ and their allies in the army. For the Newcastle Propositions, see David Scott, “The “Northern gentlemen”, the parliamentary Independents, and Anglo-Scottish relations in the Long Parliament’, HistJ (forthcoming). For the Heads of Proposals, see Adamson, J. S. A., ‘The English nobility and the projected settlement of 1647’, HistJ, 30 (1987), pp. 569–602Google Scholar; Woolrych, Austin, Soldiers and Statesmen: the General Council of the Army and its Debates 1647-1648 (Oxford, 1987), pp. 152, 160–7, 74–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gentles, Ian, The New Model Army in England, Ireland and Scotland, 1645-1653 (Oxford, 1992), pp. 181–4.Google Scholar

⁹² Pearl, Valerie, ‘The “Royal Independents” in the English Civil War’, TRHS, scr. 5, 18 (1968), pp. 69–96Google Scholar; Underdown, y, Pride’s Purge: Politics in the Puritan Revolution (Oxford, 1971), pp. 62–3Google Scholar. For St John’s associations with Saye, see Adamson, J. S. A., ‘Parliamentary management, men-of-business and the House of Lords, 1640-49’, in Jones, Clyve, ed., A Pillar of the Constitution: the House of Lords in British Politics, 1640-1784 (London, 1989), p. 36.Google Scholar

⁹³ Two others are Sir William Armyne and Sir Thomas Widdrington.

⁹⁴ Farnell, ‘The aristocracy in the English Civil Wars’, p. 82; Adamson, ‘Parliamentary management’, pp. 38-9.

⁹⁵ CalSPD 1644-5, pp. 104-5.

⁹⁶ LJ, vi, p. 400; HMC Portland, i, p. 169.

⁹⁷ Correspondence of the Scots Commissioners in London 1644-1646, ed. H. W. Mciklc (Edinburgh, 1917), pp. 46-8.

⁹⁸ This faction was generally identified with St John and the younger Vane in the Commons, and with Saye, Wharton, and the Earl of Northumberland in the Lords: BL, MS Harley 166, fol. 193r Underdown, Pride’s Purge, pp. 60-2; Palmer, William G., ‘Oliver St. John and the middle group in the Long Parliament, 1643-1645: a reappraisal’, Albion, 14 (1982), pp. 23–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Adamson, J. S. A., ‘The peerage in politics 1645-49’ (Cambridge Ph.D. thesis, 1986), pp. 4, 55–6.Google Scholar

⁹⁹ CJ, iii, p. 700b.

¹⁰⁰ Ibid.

¹⁰¹ CJ, iv, 105b; BL, MS Add. 31116, p. 407. CalSPD 1644-5, pp. 523, 528, 532, 542, 551.

¹⁰² CalSPD 1644-5, p. 614.

¹⁰³ BL, MS Harley 166, fol. 222r; [Edward Bowles], Manifest Truths, or an inversion of Truths Manifest [4 July 1646], p. 34 (BL, E 343/1).

¹⁰⁴ The only historian to have paid any attention to the Barwis affair is Phillips, C. B., ‘County committees and local government in Cumberland and Westmorland 1642-1660’, NH, 5 (1970), pp. 51–2Google Scholar. The main source for the Barwis affair are four tracts by John Musgrave, who was one of the principal actors in the dispute: A Word to the Wise [26 Jan. 1646], BL, E 318/5, Another Word to the Wise [20 Feb. 1646], BL, E 323/6; Yet Another Word to the Wise [1 Oct 1646], BL, E 355/25;,4 Fourth Word to the Wise [8 June 1647], BL, E 391/9.1 intend to deal at length with the Barwis affair elsewhere.

¹⁰⁵ CalSPD 1644-5, pp. 427-8, 431-2, 542-3, 575-6.

¹⁰⁶ The participants in an insurrection in Cumberland and Westmorland against the Scots (which Barwis and his local allies were accused of having instigated) in the spring of 1645 proclaimed a desire to ‘beat all the Scotts out of the kingdome’: Yet Another Word to the Wise, p. 22; Bodl., MS Nalson XIX, fols 244V, 266r-v.

¹⁰⁷ Bodl, MS Nalson XIX fols 265r-267r. See also A Word to the Wise, p. 9; Yet Another Word to the Wise, pp. 1-9; [Buchanan], Truth its Manifest, pp. 38-9, 80.

¹⁰⁸ Musgrave and Osmotherly appear to have been members of the ‘Congregated Church’ at Broughton, Cumberland: Yet Another Word to the Wise, p.35v; A Fourth Word to the Wise, pp. 2-3; Nightingale, B., The Ejected of 1662 in Cumberland and Westmorland: Their Predecessors and Successors, 2 vols (Manchester, 1911), 1, p. 621; 2, pp. 1257–8Google Scholar. For a concise account of Musgrave’s life see his biography in the DNB.

¹⁰⁹ Bodl., MS Nalson XIX, fols 244V, 266r-v; Another Word to the Wise, sig. B; A Fourth Word to the Wise, pp. 2-3.

¹¹⁰ Bodl, MS Nalson XIX, fol. 268r, Another Word to the Wise, sig. A2. Most of the Cumberland petitioners against Barwis were apparently religious Independents: see Yet Another Word to the Wise, pp. 30-1.

¹¹¹ Bodl., MS Nalson XIX, fol. 265r; Correspondence of the Scots Commissioners, ed. Meikle, p. 88.

¹¹² Bodl., MS Tanner 59, fol. 428r, Bodl., MS Nalson IV, fol. 35r.

¹¹³ Bodl., MS Nalson IV, fol. 60r.

¹¹⁴ [Buchanan], Truth its Manifest, p. 4r.

¹¹⁵ Bodl., MS Nalson IV, fol. 108r.

¹¹⁶ Bodl., MS Nalson XIX, fol. 2871; BL, MS Add. 37978, fol. 10r; Correspondence of the Scots Commissioners, ed. Meikle, p. 107.

¹¹⁷ London, Dr Williams’s Library, MS 24.50, fol. 47V.

¹¹⁸ Darley was part of this group, as were his friends Sir William Armyne and Lord Wharton: A Word to the Wise, p. 18; Another Word to the Wise, unpag.; A Fourth Word to the Wise, pp. 2-4.

¹¹⁹ Another Word to the Wise, sig. B.

¹²⁰ Phillips, ‘County committees in Cumberland and Westmorland’, p. 45.

¹²¹ A Word to the Wise, pp. 1, 7-8, 10, 14, 16; Another Word to the Wise, unpag.; Yet Another Word to the Wise, pp. 33-5, 40.

¹²² Another Word to the Wise, unpag.

¹²³ Ibid., sig. A2V.

¹²⁴ A Fourth Word to the Wise, pp. 5-8.

¹²⁵ The reassertion of English overlordship in Ireland, and the exclusion of the Scots from the war against the Irish rebels, were key Independent objectives. See Adamson, John, ‘Strafford’s ghost: the British context of Viscount Lisle’s lieutenancy of Ireland’, in Ohlmeyer, Jane H., ed., Ireland from Independence to Occupation 1641-1660 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 128–59.Google Scholar

¹²⁶ Darley’s political philosophy seems to have resembled that of his fellow Yorkshire-man, John Lambert: ‘It was not that Lambert was uninterested in the religious issue but that he correctly saw that the right tactic was to make sure that the right constitutional context was in place to support the religious state he desired’: Farr, D., ‘The military and political career of John Lambert 1619-57’ (Cambridge Ph.D. thesis, 1996), pp. 199–200.Google Scholar

¹²⁷ Scarborough Records 1641-60, ed. M. Y. Ashcroft, North Yorkshire Record Office Publications, 49 (Northallerton, 1991), p. 46. The editor has mistranscribed Darley’s signature on his letter to Scarborough corporation as ‘J Darley’, leading him to suppose that the letter was from one John Darley.

¹²⁸ Scarborough Records 1641-60, ed. Ashcroft, pp. 48-9.

¹²⁹ CJ, iv, p. 298b.

¹³⁰ Dr Williams’s Library, MS 24.50, fol. 47V.

¹³¹ CJ, iv, p. 307a.

¹³² LJ, vii, pp. 640b, 642b.

¹³³ CJ, iv, p. 481b.

¹³⁴ Bodl., MS Tanner 59, fol. 250r:? to Darley, 27 May 1646.

¹³⁵ CJ, iv, p. 314a. For Strode’s links with Saye see Adamson, ‘Parliamentary manage ment’, pp. 32-5.

¹³⁶ Adamson, ‘Parliamentary management’, pp. 33-4; Adamson, ‘The peerage in polities’, p. 26.

¹³⁷ Memorials of the Civil War: comprising the Correspondence of the Fairfax Family, ed. Robert Bell, 2 vols (London, 1849), 1, pp. 125, 126, 127. In November 1644, Saye, as Master of the Court of Wards, ordered a commission for Yorkshire to be granted to Nathaniel Fiennes (his son), Darley, and Boynton, to inquire into the death of Sir William Howard of Naworth, Cumberland. This commission led to Darley being granted the wardship of Howard’s heir, William Howard, and, following the latter’s death early in 1645, the wardship of Charles Howard, the future Cromwellian major-general. It was possibly Darley who arranged the marriage in 1645 between Charles Howard and a daughter of Lord Howard of Escrick PRO, WARD 9/556, pp. 693, 877, 951; CalSPD, 1645-7, p. 38; PRO, SP 20/2, fol. 141v; Castle Howard Archives, A5/25.

¹³⁸ PRO, SP 19/4, pp. 313, 316, 319, 322, 336, passim; SP 19/5, passim; SP 19/6, pp. 1, 56.

¹³⁹ CJ, v, p. 78a; PRO, SP 23/3, pp. 52, 70, 83, 91, 100, passim; SP 23/4, passim; SP 23/5, fol. 3r; The Countrey Committees Laid Open, p. 5; BL, Verney Papers: Dr Denton to Sir Ralph Verney, 14 Jan. 1647 [MF 636/8]. I owe this last reference to Dr Peacey.

¹⁴⁰ [David Buchanan], An Explanation of some Truths, Of the carriage of things about this great Work A Short View of the present condition of Scotland [3 Jan. 1646], pp. 53, 56 (BL, E 314/15).

¹⁴¹ [Buchanan], An Explanation of some Truths, pp. 20, 31, 48; [Buchanan], Truth its Manifest, pp. 44-5, 47; A True Relation of the Proceedings of the Scotch Army (4 Aug. 1645), p. 3 (BL, E 294/25).

¹⁴² Underdown, Pride’s Purge, pp. 96-7.

¹⁴³ Mercurios Pragmaticus, no. 16 (11-18 July 1648), sig. Q3V (BL, E 453/11). For a discussion of the Independents’ scheme to install Gloucester as king, see Underdown, Pride’s Purge, pp. 170, 183.

¹⁴⁴ CJ, v, p. 693a; Mercurius Pragmaticus, no. 24 (5-12 Sept 1648), sig. Gg2v (BL, E 462/34).

¹⁴⁵ The quotations are taken from Mercurios Pragmaticus, no. 24, sig. Gg2v. The adroit manipulation of the ‘state-clockwork’ which lay behind the Darleys’ success at Westminster was also evident at local level, see PRO, SP 28/250, fols 147r-148r. The Darleys were apparently as close-fisted as they were acquisitive, provoking one contemporary to remark that they were ‘the worst to parte with money of any men breathinge’: BL, MS Add. 21426, fol. 10r.

¹⁴⁶ Bodl., MS Rawlinson 52, fol. 54r Darley to Lord Wharton, Sept 1648; C], vi, 34b.

¹⁴⁷ The Countrey Committees Laid Open, p. 5.

¹⁴⁸ There is strong evidence to suggest that James Chaloner was one of the more moderate members of the Rump, and not the ardent Republican (like his brother Thomas) he is generally portrayed as being: BL, MS Add. 71448, fol. 67r, D. Scott, draft biography of James Chaloner, History of Parliament Trust.

¹⁴⁹ PRO, CO 124/2, fols 197V, 108r.

¹⁵⁰ An Erastian church, congregational Independency, limited toleration for tender consciences, etc.

¹⁵¹ Burton, Thomas, The Diary of Thomas Burton, ed. Rutt, John Towill, 4 vols (London, 1828), 2, p. 320.Google Scholar