Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c47g7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T23:31:34.565Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The relationship between aging and disease

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2008

Michael A Horan  and
Neil Pendleton
Michael A Horan*
Affiliation:
University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Neil Pendleton
Affiliation:
University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
*
Professor Michael A Horan, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Research and Teaching Building, Withington Hospital, Nell Lane, Manchester M20 8LR, UK.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Biological gerontology
Information
Reviews in Clinical Gerontology , Volume 5 , Issue 2 , May 1995 , pp. 125 - 141
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Johnson, TE. Increased lifespan of age-1 mutants in Caenorhabditus elegans and lower Gompertz rate of aging. Science 1990; 249: 908–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2Pearl, R. The biology of death, being a series of lectures delivered at the Lowell Institute in Boston in December 1920. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1922.Google Scholar
3Hayflick, L, Moorhead, PS. The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strain. Exp Cell Res 1961; 25: 585–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4Goldstein, S. Aging in vitro: growth of cultured cells from the Galapagos tortoise. Exp Cell Res 1974; 83: 297–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5Rohme, D. Evidence for a relationship between longevity of mammalian species and life span of normal fibroblasts in vitro and erythrocytes in vivo. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 5009–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Martin, GM, Sprague, CA, Epstein, CJ. Replicative life span of cultivated human cells: effects of donor age, tissue and genotype. Lab Invest 1970; 23: 86–92.Google ScholarPubMed
7Schneider, EL, Mitsui, Y. The relationship between in vitro cellular aging and in vivo human age. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1976; 73: 3584–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Goldstein, S, Moerman, EL, Soeloner, JS. Chronologic and physiologic age affect replicative life span of fibroblasts from diabetic, prediabetic and normal donors. Science 1978; 199: 781–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Rittling, SR, Brooks, KM, Cristofalo, CJ, Baserga, R. Expression of cell cycle dependent genes in young and senescent WI-38 fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 86: 3316–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10Seshadri, T, Campisi, J. Repression of c-fos transcription and an altered genetic program in senescent human fibroblasts. Science 1990; 247: 205–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11Goletz, TA, Hensler, PJ, Yi, N, Adami, GR, Pereira-Smith, OM. Evidence for a genetic basis for the model system of cellular senescence, J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41: 1255–58.Google ScholarPubMed
12Bayreuther, K, Francz, PI, Gogol, J, Hapke, C, Maier, M, Meinrath, HG. Differentiation of primary and secondary fibroblasts in cell culture systems. Mutat Res 1991; 256: 233–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Krohn, PL. Heterochronic transplantation in the study of ageing. Proc R Soc Lond 1962; B157: 128–47.Google Scholar
14Harrison, DE. Normal function of transplanted marrow cell lines from aged mice. J Gerontol 1975; 30: 279–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15Cutler, RG. Evolutionary biology of aging and longevity in mammalian species. In: Johnson, JE ed. Aging and cell function. New York: Plenum Press, 1984: 1–147.Google Scholar
16Korthas, JK. Neuropathies. In: Barclay, L ed. Clinical geriatric neurology. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1993: 283–93.Google Scholar
17Brody, H. The effects of age upon the main nucleus of the inferior olive in the human. J Comp Neurol 1975;155: 61–71.Google Scholar
18Vijayashankar, N, Brody, H. A quantitative study of the pigmented neurons in the nuclei locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus in man as related to aging. J Neuropathol 1979; 38: 490–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19Duara, R, London, ED, Rapoport, SI. Changes in structure and energy metabolism of the aging brain. In: Finch, CE, Schneider, EL eds. Handbook of the biology of aging, second edition. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985: 595–616.Google Scholar
20Colman, CW, Holets, VR. Structural changes at synapses with age: plasticity and regeneration. In: Finch, CE, Schneider, EL eds. Handbook of the biology of aging, second edition. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985: 617–44.Google Scholar
21Carroff, SN. The neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry 1980; 41: 79–83.Google Scholar
22Orgel, LE. The maintenance of the accuracy of protein synthesis and its relevance to ageing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1963; 49: 517–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Rothstein, M. Evidence for and against the error catastrophe hypothesis. In: Warner, HR, Butler, RN, Sprott, RL, Schneider, EL eds. Modern biological theories of aging. New York: Raven Press, 1987: 139–54.Google Scholar
24Orgel, LE. The maintenance of the accuracy of protein synthesis and its relevance to ageing: a correction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1970; 67: 1476–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25Ono, T, Cutler, RG. Age-dependent relaxation of gene repression: increase of endogenous murine leukaemia virus-related and globin-related RNA in brain and liver of mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978; 75: 4431–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Wallace, DC. Mitochondrial genetics: a paradigm for aging and degenerative diseases? Science 1992; 256: 628–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Lee, CM, Chung, SS, Kaczkowski, JM, Weindruch, R, Aitken, JM. Multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions associated with age in skeletal muscle of rhesus monkeys. J Gerontol 1993; 48: B201–B205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Beal, MF. Does impairment of energy metabolism result in excitotoxic neuronal death in neurodegenerative illnesses? Ann Neural 1992; 31: 119–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Linnane, AW, Marzuki, S, Ozawa, T, Tanaka, M. Mitochondrial DNA mutations as an important contribution to aging and degenerative diseases. Lancet 1989; i: 642–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30Kohn, RR. Principles of mammalian aging. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1971: 20.Google Scholar
31Hay, ED ed. Cell biology of the extracellular matrix. New York: Plenum, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32Bjorksten, J. Crosslinkage and the aging process. In: Rothstein, M ed. Theoretical aspects of aging. New York: Academic Press, 1974: 43–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33Robert, L, Labat-Robert, J. Cell-matrix interactions, their importance in ageing at the tissue level. Eur J Gerontol 1991; 2: 82–91.Google Scholar
34Labat-Robert, J, Robert, L. Aging of the extracellular matrix and its pathology. Exp Gerontol 1988; 23: 5–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Zharhary, D, Klinman, NR. Antigen responsiveness of the mature and generative B cell population of aged mice. J Exp Med 1983; 157: 1300–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Zharhary, D. T cell involvement in the decrease of antigen-responsive B cells in aged mice. Eur J Immunol 1986; 16: 1175–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Blaivas, M, Carlson, BM. Muscle fiber branching – difference between grafts in old and young rats. Mech Ageing Dev 1991; 60: 43–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Gutmann, E, Carlsson, BM. Regeneration and transplantation of muscle in old rats and between young and old rats. Life Sci 1976; 18: 109–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39Zacks, SI, Sheff, MF. Age-related impeded regeneration of mouse minced anterior tibial muscle. Muscle Nerve 1982; 5: 152–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40Sadeh, M. Effects of aging on skeletal muscle regeneration. J Neural Sci 1988; 87: 67–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Davis, KM, Fish, LC, Elahi, D, Clark, BA, Minaker, KL. Atrial natriuretic peptide levels in the prediction of congestive heart failure risk in frail elderly. J Am Med Assoc 1992; 267: 2625–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Gerstenblith, G. Echocardiographic assessment of a normal adult aging population. Circulation 1977; 56: 273–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43Rodeheffer, RJ, Gerstenblith, G, Becker, LC. Exercise cardiac output is maintained with advancing age in healthy human subjects. Circulation 1984; 69: 203–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Lakatta, EG. Cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms in advanced age. Physiol Rev 1993; 73: 413–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Shannon, RP, Wei, JY, Rosa, PM. The effect of age and sodium depletion on cardiovascular response to orthostasis. Hypertension 1986; 8: 438–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Cross, JS, Neufeld, RR, Libow, LS. Autopsy study of the elderly institutionalised patient. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148: 173–76.Google Scholar
47Hadley, EC. Causes of death amongst the oldest old. In: Suzman, RM, Willis, DP, Manton, KG eds. The oldest old. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992: 183–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
48Macfadyen, D. International demographic trends. In: Kane, RL, Evans, JG, Macfadyen, D eds. Improving the health of older people: a world view. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990: 19–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49Rose, G, Marmot, MG. Social class and coronary heart disease. Br Heart J 1981; 45: 13–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50Barker, DJP. Fetal and infant origins of adult disease. London: British Medical Journal, 1992.Google Scholar
51Lass, JL. Herpes zoster: protecting older patients' vision. Geriatrics 1984; 39: 79–80; 85–87; 91–94.Google ScholarPubMed
52Berger, R, Florent, G, Just, M. Decrease of the lymphoproliferative response to varicella-zoster virus antigen in the aged. Infect Immun 1981; 32: 24–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53Dutt, AK, Stead, WW. Tuberculosis. In: Yoshikawa, TT ed. Clinics in geriatric medicine. 1992; 8(4): 761–775.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54Rich, AR. The pathogenesis of tuberculosis, second edition. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1951: 110.Google Scholar
55Dubrow, EL. Reactivation of tuberculosis: a problem of aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 1976; 24: 481–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56Geboes, K, Bossaert, H. Reactivation of tuberculosis in old age. J Am Geriatr Soc 1977; 25: 318–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57Reichman, LB, O'Day, R. Tuberculosis infection in a large urban population. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978; 117: 705–709.Google Scholar
58Imre, S, Juhasz, E. The effect of oxidative stress on inbred mice of different ages. Mech Ageing Dev 1987;38: 259–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59Baird, MB, Sanir, HV. Regulation of catalase activity in mice of different ages. Gerontologia 1971; 17: 105–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60Reiss, U, Gershon, D. Comparison of cytoplasmic Superoxide dismutase in liver, heart, and brain of aging rats and mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 73: 255–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61Stohs, SJ, Hassing, JM, Al-Turk, WA, Masoud, AN. Glutathione levels in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues of mice as a function of age. Age 1980; 3: 11–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62Hazelton, GA, Lang, CA. Glutathione contents of tissues in the aging mouse. Biochem J 1980; 188: 25–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Stohs, SJ, El-Rashidy, FH, Lawson, T, Kobayashi, RH, Wulf, BG, Potter, JF. Changes in glutathione and glutathione metabolising enzymes in human erythrocytes and lymphocytes as a function of age. Age 1984; 7: 3–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
64Hart, JG, Timbrell, JA. The effect of age on paracetamol hepatotoxicity in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 1979; 28: 3015–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65Beiersdchmitt, WP, Keenan, KP, Weiner, M. Age-related increased susceptibility of male Fisher 344 rats to acetaminophen nephrotoxicity. Life Sci 1986; 39: 2335–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
66Kennah, HE, Coetzee, ML, Ove, P. A comparison of DNA repair synthesis in primary hepatocytes from old and young rats. Mech Ageing Dev 1985; 29: 283–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
67Von Hoff, DD, Layard, MW, Basa, P et al. Risk factors for doxorubicin-induced congestive heart failure. Ann Intern Med 1979; 91: 710–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68McMartin, DN, Engel, SG. Effect of aging on gentamicin nephrotoxicity and pharmacokinetics in rats. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1982; 38: 193–207.Google ScholarPubMed
69Goldstein, RS, Pasino, DA, Hook, JB. Cephaloridine nephrotoxicity in aging male Fisher 344 rats. Toxicology 1986; 38: 43–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
70Storer, JB. Radiation resistance with age in normal and irradiated populations of mice. Radiation Res 1965; 25: 435–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71Finch, SC. The study of atomic bomb survivors in Japan. Am J Med 1979; 66: 899–901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
72Miura, K, Goldstein, RS, Morgan, DG, Pasino, DA, Hewitt, WR, Hook, JB. Age-related differences in suceptibility to renal ischaemia in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1987; 87: 284–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
73National Cancer Institute. Division of cancer treatment and control. Surveillance, epidemiology and end results program. NIH publication no. 90–2289. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute.Google Scholar
74Armitage, P, Doll, R. A two-stage theory of carcinogenesis in relation to the age distribution of human cancer. Br J Cancer 1957; 11: 161–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
75Farber, E. The multistep nature of cancer development. Cancer Res 1984; 44: 4217–23.Google ScholarPubMed
76Ebbesen, P. Cancer and normal aging. Mech Ageing Dev 1984; 25: 269–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
77Vijg, J, Mullaart, E, Lohman, PHM, Knook, DL. UV-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in fibroblasts of aging inbred rats. Mutation Res 1985; 146: 197–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78Vijg, J, Mullaart, E, Roza, L. Immunochemical detection of DNA in alkaline sucrose gradient fractions. J Immunol Methods 1986; 91: 53–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79Yu, LP, Smith, GN, Brandt, KD, Myers, SL, O'Connor, BL, Brandt, DA. Reduction of the severity of canine osteoarthritis by prophylactic treatment with oral doxycycline. Arthritis Rheum 1992;35: 1150–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80Harley, CB, Futcher, AB, Greider, CW. Telomeres shorten during aging of human fibroblasts. Nature 1990; 345: 458–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
81Harley, CB. Telomere loss: mitotic clock or genetic time bomb? Mutation Res 1991; 256: 1271–82.Google ScholarPubMed
82Greenber, RS, Shuster, JL. Epidemiology of cancer in children. Epidemial Rev 1985; 7: 22–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
83MacMahon, B. Epidemiology of Hodgkin's disease. Cancer Res 1966; 26: 1189–1201.Google ScholarPubMed
84Correa, P, O'Connor, GT. Epidemiologic patterns of Hodgkin's disease. Int J Cancer 1971; 8: 192–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85Abramson, JH. Childhood experience and Hodgkin's disease in adults. An interpretation of incidence data. Isr J Med Sci 1974; 16: 1365–70.Google Scholar
86Vogelstein, B, Pearson, ER, Hamilton, SR. Genetic alterations during colorectal tumour development. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 525–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
87Fearon, ER, Vogelstein, B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 1990; 61: 759–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88Yancik, R. Ovarian cancer: age contrasts in incidence, histology, disease stage at diagnosis, and mortality. Cancer 1993; 71 (suppl): 517–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
89Ershler, WB. Geriatric correlates of experimental tumour biology. Oncology 1993; 6 (suppl): 58–61.Google Scholar
90Kaesberg, PR, Ershler, WB. The change in tumour aggressiveness with age: lessons from experimental animals. Semin Oncol 1989; 16: 29–33.Google ScholarPubMed
91Ershler, WB, Stewart, JA, Hacker, MP, Moore, AL, Tindle, BH. B16 murine melanoma and aging: slower growth and longer survival in old mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 1984; 72: 161–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
92Yuhas, JM, Pazimo, NH, Procter, JO. A direct relationship between immune competence and the subcutaneous growth rate of a malignant murine lung tumour. Cancer Res 1974; 34: 722–28.Google Scholar
93Hirayama, R, Takemura, K, Nihei, Z et al. Differential effect of host microenvironment and systemic humoral factors on the implantation and the growth rate of metastatic tumor in parabiotic mice constructed between young and old mice. Mech Ageing Dev 1993; 71: 213–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
94Ershler, WE, Gamelli, RL, Moore, AL. Experimental tumours and aging: local factors that may account for the observed age advantage in the B16 melanoma model. Exp Gerontol 1984; 19: 367–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
95Ershler, WB, Socinski, MA, Greene, CJ. Bronchogenic cancer, metastasis and aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 1983; 31: 673–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
96Hadar, E, Ershler, WB, Kreisle, RA. Lymphocyte-induced angiogenesis factor is produced by L3T4+ murine T lymphocytes, and its production declines with age. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1988; 26: 31–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
97Ershler, WB. The influence of an aging immune system on cancer incidence and progression. J Gerontol 1993; 48: B3–B7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
98Kim, YT, Scwab, R, Siskind, GW, Weksler, ME. Cellular basis for the slower growth of the B16 melanoma in old mice. Aging Immunol Infect Dis 1989; 1: 237–44.Google Scholar
99Kreisle, R, Stebler, BA, Ershler, WB. Effect of host age on tumour-associated angiogenesis in mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 44–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
100McGandy, RB, Barows, CH, Spanias, CH, Meredith, A, Stone, JL, Norris, AH. Nutrient intake and energy expenditure in men of different ages. J Gerontol 1966; 21: 581–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
101Munro, HN, Suter, NM, Russel, RM. Nutritional requirements of the elderly. Anna Rev Nutr 1987; 7: 23–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
102Forbes, GB, Reina, JB. Adult lean body mass declines with age: some longitudinal observations. Metabolism 1970; 19: 653–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
103Martineau, L, Horan, MA. Pharmacological and nutritional approaches to muscle wasting in the aged. Pharmacol Ther 1995 (in press).Google Scholar
104Shephard, RJ. Physical activity and aging, second edition. London: Croom Helm, 1987.Google Scholar
105Gersovitz, M, Motil, K, Munro, HN, Scrimshaw, NS, Young, VR. Human protein requirements: assessment of the adequacy of the current recommended dietary allowance for dietary protein in elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 35: 6–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
106Sullivan, DH, Moriarty, MS, Chernoff, R, Lipschitz, DA. An analysis of the quality of care routinely provided to elderly hospitalized veterans. JPENJ Parenter Enteral Nutr 1987; 13: 249–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
107Bastow, MD, Rawlings, J, Allison, SP. Under-nutrition, hypothermia, and injury in elderly women with fractured femur: an injury response to altered metabolism? Lancet 1983; i: 143–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
108Patterson, BM, Cornell, CN, Carbone, B, Levine, B, Chapman, D. Protein depletion and metabolic stress in elderly patients who have a fracture of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg USA 1992; 74–A: 251–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
109Sullivan, DH, Patch, GA, Walls, RC, Lipschitz, DA. Impact of nutrition status on morbidity and mortality in a select population of geriatric rehabilitation patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 51: 749–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
110Rich, MW, Bosner, MS, Chung, MK, McKenzie, JP. Is age an independent predictor of early and late mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction? Am J Med 1992; 92: 7–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
111Benfante, R, Reed, D, Frank, J. Do coronary heart disease risk factors measured in the elderly have the same predictive roles as in the middle-aged: comparisons of relative and attributable risks. Ann Epidemiol 1992; 2: 273–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
112Harris, TB, Makuc, DM, Kleinman, JC et al. Is the serum cholesterol – coronary heart disease relationship modified by activity level in older persons? J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 447–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
113Sorkin, JD, Andres, R, Muller, DC, Baldwin, HL, Fleg, JL. Cholesterol as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in elderly men: the Baltimore longitudinal study on aging. Ann Epidemiol 1992; 2: 59–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
114Wong, ND, Wilson, PWF, Kannel, WB. Serum cholesterol as a prognostic factor after myocardial infarction: the Framingham study. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 687–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
115Horan, MA, Hendriks, HFJ, Brouwer, A. Systems under stress: infectious agents and host defences. In: Horan, MA, Brouwer, A eds. Gerontology: approaches to biomedical and clinical research. London: Edward Arnold, 1990: 105–34.Google Scholar
116Lord, SR, Clark, RD, Webster, IW. Physiological factors associated with falls in an elderly population. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 1194–1200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
117Gibson, MJ. Falls in later life. In: Kane, RL, Evans, JG, Macfadyen, D eds. Improving the health of older people: a world view. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990: 290–315.Google Scholar
118Isaacs, B. Current achievements in geriatrics; morbidity in elderly hospital patients. London: Cassell, 1964.Google Scholar
119Cape, RDT. A geriatric service. Midlands Med Rev 1972; 8: 21–30.Google Scholar
120Williamson, J, Stokoe, IH, Gray, S et al. Old people at home. Their unreported needs. Lancet 1967; i: 1117–20.Google Scholar
121Ebrahim, S, Hedley, R, Sheldon, M. Low levels of ill health among elderly non-consulters in general practice. BMJ 1984; 289: 1273–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
122Williams, ES, Barley, NH. Old people not known to the general practitioners: low risk group BMJ 1985; 291: 251–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
123Blazer, D, George, L, Landerman, R. The phenomenology of late life depression. In: Bebington, PE, Jacoby, R eds. Psychiatric disorders of the elderly. London: Mental Health Foundation, 1986; 143–52.Google Scholar
124Rodstein, M. The characteristics of non-fatal myocardial infarction in the aged. Arch Intern Med 1956; 98: 84–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
125Pathy, MS. Clinical presentation of myocardial infarction in the elderly. Br Heart J 1967; 29: 190–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
126Burston, GR, Moore-Smith, B. Occult surgical emergencies in the elderly. Br J Clin Pract 1979; 24: 239–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
127Clinch, D, Banerjee, AK, Ostick, G. Absence of abdominal pain in elderly patients with peptic ulcer. Age Ageing 1984; 13: 120–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
128Fulton, JD, Peebles, SE, Smith, GD, Davies, JW. Unrecognised viscus perforation in the elderly. Age Ageing 1989; 18: 403–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
129Madden, JW, Croker, JR, Beynon, GPJ. Septicaemia in the elderly. Postgrad Med J 1987; 57: 502–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
130Droste, K, Roskamm, H. Silent myocardial ischaemia. Am Heart J 1989; 118: 1087–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
131Gjorup, T, Hendriksen, T, Lund, E, Stromgard, E. Is growing old a disease? A study of the attitudes of elderly people to physical symptoms. J Chron Dis 1987;40: 1095–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
132Krumholz, HM, Pasternak, RC, Weinstein, MC et al. Cost-effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase in elderly patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 7–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
133Grover, SA, Cook, EF, Adam, J, Coupal, L, Goldman, L. Delayed diagnosis of gynaecologic tumours in elderly women: relation to national medical practice patterns. Am J Med 1989; 86: 151–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
134Binstock, RH, Post, SG eds. Too old for health care? Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.Google Scholar