Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-r6qrq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T09:11:50.277Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Cerebral multi-infarct states

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2008

Carol A Wilkieson
Affiliation:
Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
David J Stott*
Affiliation:
Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
Joanna M Wardlaw
Affiliation:
Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
Francis I Caird
Affiliation:
Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
*
David J Stott, Senior Lecturer in Geriatric Medicine, University Department of Geriatric Medicine, 3rd Floor, Centre Block, Royal Infirmary of Glasgow, Glasgow G4 0SF, UK.

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Clinical geriatrics
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Babikian, V, Ropper, AH.Binswanger's disease: a review. Stroke 1987; 18: 212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2Ishii, N, Nishihara, Y, Imamura, T.Why do frontal lobe symptoms predominate in vascular dementia with lacunes? Neurology 1986; 36: 340–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Critchley, M.Arteriosclerotic Parkinsonism. Brain 1929; 52: 2383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4Sulkava, R, Wikstrom, J, Aromaa, A et al. Prevalence of severe dementia in Finland. Neurology 1985; 35: 1025–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Forette, F, Boller, F.Hypertension and the risk of dementia in the elderly. Am J Med 1991; 90 (suppl 3A): 1419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Davous, P.Les demences vasculaires. Ann Med Interne 1991; 142: 353–70.Google Scholar
7Bachman, DL, Wolf, PA, Linn, R et al. Prevalence of dementia and probable senile dementia of the Alzheimer type in the Framingham Study. Neurology 1992; 42: 115–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Skoog, I, Nilsson, L, Palmertz, B, Andreasson, L-A, Svanborg, A.A population-based study of dementia in 85-year-olds. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 153–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Barclay, LL, Zemcov, A, Blass, JP, Sansone, J.Survival in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementias. Neurology 1985; 35: 834–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Gorelick, PB, Chatterjee, A, Patel, D et al. Cranial computed tomographic observations in multi-infarct dementia: a controlled study. Stroke 1992; 23: 804–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11Mielke, R, Herholz, K, Grond, M, Kessler, J, Heiss, W-D.Severity of vascular dementia is related to volume of metabolically impaired tissue. Arch Neurol 1992; 49: 909–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12Hachinski, VC, Iliff, LD, Zilhka, E et al. Cerebral blood flow in dementia. Arch Neurol 1975; 32: 632–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Rosen, WG, Terry, RD, Fuld, PA, Katzman, R, Peck, A.Pathological verification of ischaemic score in differentiation of dementias. Ann Neurol 1980; 7: 486–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (third edition). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1987.Google Scholar
15Chui, HC, Victoroff, JI, Margolin, D, Jagust, W, Shankle, R, Katzman, R.Criteria for the diagnosis of ischemie vascular dementia proposed by the State of California Alzheimer's Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers. Neurology 1992; 42: 473–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16Erkinjuntti, T, Haltia, M, Palo, J, Sulkava, R, Paetau, A.Accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of vascular dementia: a prospective clinical and post-mortem neuropathological study. J Neural Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988; 5: 1037–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17Molska, PK, Paljarvi, L, Rinne, JO, Rinne, UK, Sako, E.Validity of clinical diagnosis in dementia: a prospective clinicopathological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985; 48: 1085–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18Loeb, C, Gandolpho, C, Croce, R, Conti, M.Dementia associated with lacunar infarction. Stroke 1992; 23: 1225–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Parnetti, L, Mecocci, P, Santucci, C et al. Is multi-infarct dementia representative of vascular dementias? A retrospective study. Acta Neurol Scand 1990; 81: 484–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Roman, GC.Senile dementia of the Binswanger type. JAMA 1987; 258: 1782–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Hershey, LA, Modic, MT, Jaffe, DF, Greenough, PG.Natural history of the vascular dementias: a prospective study of seven cases. Can J Neurol Sci 1986; 13: 559–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Wade, JPH, Mirsen, TR, Hachinski, VC, Fisman, M, Lau, C, Merskey, H.The clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neural 1987; 44: 2429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Nutt, JG, Marsden, CD, Thompson, PD.Human walking and higher-level gait disorders, particularly in the elderly. Neurology 1993; 43: 268–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Roman, GC, Tatemichi, TK, Erkinjuntti, T et al. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Neurology 1993; 43: 250–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25Villardita, C.Alzheimer's disease compared with cerebrovascular dementia. Neuropsychological similarities and differences. Acta Neurol Scand 1993; 87: 299308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Celifarco, A, Gerard, G, Faegenburg, D, Burakoff, R.Dysphagia as the sole manifestation of bilateral strokes. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85: 610–13.Google ScholarPubMed
27Gelber, DA, Good, DC, Laven, LJ, Verhulst, SJ.Causes of urinary incontinence after acute hemispheric stroke. Stroke 1993; 24: 378–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Resnick, NM, Yalla, SV, Laurino, E.The pathophysiology of urinary incontinence among institutionalized elderly persons. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Fisher, CM.Lacunar strokes and infarcts: a review. Neurology 1982; 32: 871–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Bamford, JM, Warlow, CP.Evolution and testing of the lacunar hypothesis. Stroke 1988; 19: 1074–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Millikan, C, Futrell, N.The fallacy of the lacune hypothesis. Stroke 1990; 21: 1251–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32Blackwood, W, Hallpike, JF, Kocen, RS, Mair, WGP.Atheromatous disease of the carotid arterial system and embolism from the heart in cerebral infarction - a morbid anatomical study. Brain 1969; 92: 897910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Tomlinson, BE, Blessed, G, Roth, M.Observations on the brains of demented old people. J Neurol Sci 1970; 11: 205–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Steingart, A, Hachinski, VC, Lau, C et al. Cognitive and neurologic findings in demented patients with diffuse white matter lucencies on computed tomographic scan (leuko-araiosis). Arch Neurol 1987; 44: 3639.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Inzitari, D, Diaz, F, Fox, A et al. Vascular risk factors and leuko-araiosis. Arch Neurol 1987; 44: 4247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Meyer, JS, Kawamura, J, Terayama, Y.White matter lesions in the elderly. J Neurol Sci 1992; 110: 17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Yao, H, Sadoshima, S, Kuwabara, Y, Ichiya, Y, Fujishima, M.Cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in patients with vascular dementia of the Binswanger type. Stroke 1990; 21: 1694–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Erkinjuntti, T, Hachinski, VC.Rethinking vascular dementia. Cerebrovasc Dis 1993; 3: 323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39Janota, I, Mirsen, TR, Hachinski, VC, Lee, DH, Merskey, H.Neuropathologic correlates of leuko-araiosis. Arch Neurol 1989; 46: 1124–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40Kinkel, WR, Jacobs, L, Polachini, H, Bates, V, Heffner, RR.Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger's Disease). Computed tomographic, nuclear magnetic resonance, and clinical correlations. Arch Neurol 1985; 42: 951–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Loizou, LA, Kendall, BE, Marshall, J.Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy: a clinical and radiological investigation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1981; 44: 294304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Engel, PA, Gelber, J.Does computed tomographic brain imaging have a place in the diagnosis of dementia? Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 1437–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43Hunt, AL, Orrison, WW, Yeo, RA et al. Clinical significance of MRI white matter lesions in the elderly. Neurology 1989; 39: 1470–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Kobayashi, S, Yamaguchi, S, Okada, K, Yamashita, K.Primitive reflexes and MRI findings, cerebral blood flow in normal elderly. Gerontology 1990; 36: 199205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Awad, IA, Johnson, PC, Spetzler, RF, Kodak, JA.Incidental subcortical lesions identified on magnetic resonance imaging in the elderly. II. Postmortem pathological correlations. Stroke 1986; 17: 1090–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Mirsen, TR, Lee, DH, Wong, CJ et al. Clinical correlates of white-matter changes on magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain. Arch Neurol 1991; 48: 1015–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47Drayer, BP. Techniques in imaging of the brain: cerebral circulation and metabolism. In: Harrison, MJG, Dyken, ML eds. Cerebral vascular disease. London: Butterworths, 1980: 188212.Google Scholar
48Marchal, G, Rioux, P, Petit-Taboue, M-C et al. Regional cerebral oxygen consumption, blood flow, and blood volume in healthy human aging. Arch Neurol 1992; 49: 1013–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49Roberts, MA, McGeorge, AP, Caird, FI.Electroencephalography and computerised tomography in vascular and non-vascular dementia in old age. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1978; 41: 903906.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50Leuchter, AF, Newton, TF, Cook, IA, Walter, DO, Rosenberg-Thompson, S, Lachenbruch, PA.Changes in brain functional connectivity in Alzheimer-type and multi-infarct dementia. Brain 1992; 115: 1543–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51Faught, E.Current role of electroencephalography in cerebral ischaemia. Stroke 1993; 24: 609–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
52Burns, A, Jacoby, R, Levy, R.Neurological signs in Alzheimer's disease. Age Ageing 1991; 20: 4551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53Forstl, H, Burns, A, Levy, R, Cairns, N, Luthert, P, Lantos, P.Neurologic signs in Alzheimer's disease. Results of a prospective clinical and neuropathologic study. Arch Neurol 1992; 49: 1038–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54Tresch, DD, Folstein, MF, Rabins, PV, Hazzard, WR.Prevalence and significance of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in elderly patients with dementia and depression. J Am Geriatr Soc 1985; 33: 530–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55Taylor, J, Johnston, RA, Caird, FI.Surgical treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy in elderly patients. Age Ageing 1991; 20: 407–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56Yanneste, J, Augustijn, P, Tan, WF, Dirven, C.Shunting normal pressure hydrocephalus: thepredictive value of combined clinical and CT data. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56: 251–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57Chang, CM, Yu, YL, Ng, HK, Leung, SY, Fong, KY.Vascular pseudoparkinsonism. Acta Neurol Scand 1992; 86: 588–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58Tohgi, H, Chiba, K, Kimura, M.Twenty-four-hour variation of blood pressure in vascular dementia of the Binswanger type. Stroke 1991; 22: 603608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59Raiha, I, Tarvonen, S, Kurki, T, Rajala, T, Sourander, L.Relationship between vascular factors and white matter low attenuation of the brain. Acta Neurol Scand 1993; 87: 286–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60Wolf, PA, Dawber, TR, JrThomas, HE, Kannel, WB.Epidemiologic assessment of chronic atrial fibrillation and risk of stroke: The Framingham study. Neurology 1978; 28: 973–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61Petersen, P, Madsen, EB, Brun, B, Pedersen, F, Gyldensted, C, Boysen, G.Silent cerebral infarction in chronic atrial fibrillation. Stroke 1987; 18: 1098–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62Ratcliffe, PJ, Wilcock, GK.Cerebrovascular disease in dementia: the importance of atrial fibrillation. Postgrad Med J 1985; 61: 201204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Coope, J, Warrender, TS.Randomised trial of treatment of hypertension in elderly patients in primary care. Br Med J 1986; 293: 1145–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly. Mortality and morbidity results from the European working party on high blood pressure in the elderly trial. Lancet 1985; i: 1349–54.Google Scholar
65Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the systolic hypertension in the elderly program. JAMA 1991; 265: 3255–64.Google Scholar
66Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. Secondary prevention of vascular disease by prolonged antiplatelet treatment. Br Med J 1988; 296: 320–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
67Meyer, JS, Rogers, RL, McClintic, K, Mortel, KF, Lotfi, J.Randomised clinical trial of daily aspirin therapy in multi-infarct dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989; 37: 549–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68The Dutch TI A Trial Study Group. A comparison of two doses of aspirin (30 mg vs. 283 mg a day) in patients after a transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1261–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
69Black, RS, Barclay, LL, Nolan, KA, Thaler, HT, Hardiman, ST, Blass, JP.Pentoxifylline in cerebrovascular dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40: 237–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70 Preliminary report of the stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation study. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 863–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar