Hostname: page-component-5c6d5d7d68-wbk2r Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-15T18:55:57.420Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The care of patients with dementia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2008

Constantine G Lyketsos*
Affiliation:
The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland and Copper Ridge, Sykesville, Maryland, USA
Cynthia Steele
Affiliation:
The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland and Copper Ridge, Sykesville, Maryland, USA
*
Constantine G Lyketsos Neuropsychiatry and Memory Group, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-5371, USA.

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Psychiatry of old age
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Cohen, D, Isedorfer, C. Depression in family members caring for a relative with Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988; 36: 885–89.Google Scholar
2Steele, CD. The management of the family. In: Burns, A, Levy, R eds. Dementia. London: Chapman and Hall, 1994: 541–52.Google Scholar
3Steele, C, Lucas, MJ, Tune, LE. An approach to the management of dementia syndromes. Johns Hopkins Med J 1982; 151: 362–68.Google Scholar
4Verhey, FRJ, Rosendaal, N, Ponds, RWHM, Jolles, J. Awareness and depression. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1993; 8: 851–56.Google Scholar
5Goldberg, RJ. Care of demented elderly persons. Ann Intern Med 1982; 95: 781.Google Scholar
6Zubenko, GS. Impact of psychiatric hospitalizaron on behavioral complications of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 1484–91.Google Scholar
7Lyketsos, CG, Rabins, PV. Psychopathology in dementia. Curr Opin Psychiatry 1994; 7: 342–46.Google Scholar
8Thapa, PB. Effects of antipsychotic withdrawal in elderly nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42: 280–86.Google Scholar
9Brisman, MH, Fetell, MR, Post, KD. Reversible dementia due to macroprolactinoma. Case report. J Neurosurg 1993; 79: 135–37.Google Scholar
10Kawashima, N, Sindo, R, Kohno, M. Primary Sjögren's syndrome with subcortical dementia. Intern Med 1993; 32: 561–64.Google Scholar
11Caselli, RJ, Scheithauer, BW, Bowles, CA et al. The treatable dementia of Sjögren's syndrome. Ann Neural 1991; 30: 98101.Google Scholar
12Lindenbaum, J, Healton, EB, Savage, DG et al. Neuropsychiatric disorders caused by Cobalamin deficiency in the absence of anemia or macrocytosis. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 1720–28.Google Scholar
13Fine, EJ, Soria, ED. Myths about vitamine B12 deficiency. South Med J 1991; 84: 1475–81.Google Scholar
14Hector, M, Burton, JR. What are the psychiatric manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988; 36: 1105–12.Google Scholar
15Nicholson, CD. Pharmacology of nootropics and metabolically active compounds in relation to their use in dementia [Review]. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1990; 101: 147–59.Google Scholar
16Davis, RE, Emmeerling, MR, Jaen, JC, Moos, WH, Spiegel, K. Therapeutic intervention in dementia [Review]. Crit Rev Neurobiol 1993; 7: 4283.Google Scholar
17Olson, L. Reparative strategies in the brain: treatment strategies based on trophic factors and cell transfer techniques [Review]. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1993; 58: 37.Google Scholar
18Breitner, JC, Gau, BA, Welsh, KA et al. Inverse association of anti-inflammatory treatments and Alzheimer's disease: initial results of a co-twin control study. Neurology 1994; 11: 227–32.Google Scholar
19Volger, BW. Alternatives in the treatment of memory loss in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Clin Pharm 1991; 10: 447–56.Google ScholarPubMed
20Sinforiani, E, Iannuccelli, M, Mauri, M et al. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1990; 10: 6974.Google Scholar
21Passeri, M, Cucinotta, D, Bonati, PA, Iannuccelli, M, Parnetti, L, Senin, U. Acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of mildly demented elderly patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1990; 10: 7579.Google Scholar
22Bottini, G, Vallar, G, Cappa, S et al. Oxiracetam in dementia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Acta Neural Scand 1992; 86: 237–41.Google Scholar
23Evans, PH. Free radicals in brain metabolism and pathology. Br Med Bull 1993; 49: 557–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Lavretsky, EP, Jarvik, LF. A group of potassium-channel blockers-acetylcholine releasers: new potentials for Alzheimer disease? A review. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 12: 110–18.Google Scholar
25Fischhof, PK. Divergent neuroprotective effects of nimodipine in FDD and MID provide indirect evidence of disturbances in Ca2+ homeostasis in dementia. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1993; 15: 549–55.Google Scholar
26Schneider, LS, Olin, JT, Pawluczyk, S. A double-blind crossover pilot study of L-deprenyl (selegiline) combined with cholinesterase inhibitor in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 321–23.Google Scholar
27Holloway, M. The estrogen factor [News]. Sci Am 1992; 266: 2627.Google Scholar
28Eagger, SA, Levy, R, Sahakain, BJ. Tacrine in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neural Scand Suppl 1992; 139: 7580.Google Scholar
29Davis, KL, Thal, LJ, Gamzu, ER et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study of Tacrine for Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1253–59.Google Scholar
30Farlow, M, Gracon, SI, Hershey, LA, Lewis, KW, Sadowsky, CH, Dolan-Ureno, J. JAMA 1992; 268: 2523–29.Google Scholar
31Knapp, MJ, Knopman, DS, Solomon, PR, Pendlebury, WW, Davis, CS, Gracon, SI. A 30-week randomized controlled trial of high-dose Tacrine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. JAMA 1994; 271: 985–91.Google Scholar
32Wilcook, GK, Surmon, DJ, Scott, M et al. An evaluation of the efficacy and safety of tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) without lecithin in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Age Ageing 1993; 22: 316–24.Google Scholar
33Holford, NH, Peace, KE. Results and validation of a population pharmacodynamic model for cognitive effects in Alzheimer patients treated with tacrine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 11471–75.Google Scholar
34Perryman, KM, Fitten, LJ. Delayed matching-to-sample performance during a double-blind trial of tacrine (THA) and lecithin in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 1993; 53: 479–86.Google Scholar
35Nordberg, A. In vivo detection of neurotransmitter changes in Alzheimer's disease [Review]. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993; 695: 2733.Google Scholar
36Alhainen, K, Helkala, EL, Reinikainen, K, SrRiekkinen, P. The relationship of cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites with clinical response to tetrahydroaminoacridine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect 1993; 5: 185–92.Google Scholar
37Ford, JM, Truman, CA, Wilcock, GK, Roberts, CJ. Serum concentrations of Tacrine hydrochloride predict its adverse effects in Alzheimer's disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 53: 691–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Ahlin, A. Pharmacokinetics of tetrahydroaminoacridine: relations to clinical and biochemical effects in Alzheimer patients. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 7: 2936.Google Scholar
39Watkins, PB, Zimmerman, JH, Knapp, MJ, Gracon, SI, Lewis, KW. Hepatotoxic effects of Tacrine administration in patients with Alzheimer's disease. JAMA 1994; 271: 992–98.Google Scholar
40Fredj, G, Dietlin, F, Barbier, G et al. Comparison of Tacrine hepatotoxicity in patients with Alzheimer's disease or AIDS [Review]. Therapie 1992; 47: 245–47.Google Scholar
41Miller, E. Psychological strategies. In: Copeland JRM, Abou-Saleh MT, Blazer DG eds. Principles and practice of geriatric psychiatry. Chichester: Wiley, 1994: 427–30.Google Scholar
42Glickstein, JK, Neustadt, GK. Speech-language interventions in Alzheimer's disease. A functional communication approach [Review]. Clin Commun Disord 1993; 3: 1530.Google Scholar
43Bird, M, Luszcz, M. Enhancing memory performance in Alzheimer's disease: acquisition assistance and cue effectiveness. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1993; 15: 921–32.Google Scholar
44Maletta, GJ. Treatment of behavioral symptomatology of Alzheimer's disease, with emphasis on aggression: current clinical approaches. Intern Psychogeriatrics 1992; 4(suppl): 117–30.Google Scholar
45Risse, SC, Barnes, R. Pharmacologie treatment of agitation associated with dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986; 34: 368–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46Carlyle, W, Ancill, RJ, Sheldon, L. Aggression in the demented patient: a double-blind study of loxapine versus haloperidol. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1993; 8: 103108.Google Scholar
47Cocarro, EF, Kramer, E, Zemishlany, Z et al. Pharmacologie treatment of noncognitive behavioral disturbances in elderly demented patients. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 1640–45.Google Scholar
48Mishima, K, Okawa, M, Hishikawa, Y, Hozumi, S, Hori, H, Takahashi, K. Morning bright light therapy for sleep and behavior disorders in elderly patient with dementia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994; 89: 17.Google Scholar
49Friedman, R, Gryfe, CI, Tal, DT, Freedman, M. The noisy, elderly patient: prevalence, assessment, and response to the antidepressant doxepin. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neural 1992; 5: 187–91.Google Scholar
50Mellow, AM, Solano-Lopez, C, Davis, S. Sodium valproate in the treatment of behavioral disturbance in dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neural 1993; 6: 205209.Google Scholar
51Steele, C. Management of aggressive, disruptive behavior and wandering. In: Altman, HJ, Altman, BN eds. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. New York: Plenum Press, 1990: 417–35.Google Scholar
52Palmer, AM, DeKosky, ST. Monoamine neurons in aging and Alzheimer's disease [Review]. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 1993; 91: 135–59.Google Scholar
53Teri, L, Wagner, A. Alzheimer's disease and depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992; 60: 379–91.Google Scholar
54Gottfries, CG, Karlsson, I, Nyth, AL. Treatment of depression in elderly patients with and without dementia disorders [Review]. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 6(suppl): 5584.Google Scholar
55Raskind, MA. Geriatric psychopharmacology. Management of late-life depression and the noncognitive behavioral disturbances of Alzheimer's disease [Review]. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1993; 16: 815–27.Google Scholar
56Chan-Palay, V. Depression and senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type: a role for moclobemide [Review]. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1992; 106(suppl): S13739.Google Scholar
57Reisberg, B, Ferris, SH, Torossian, C, Kluger, A, Monteiro, I. Pharmacologic treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a methodologic critique based upon current knowledge of symptomatology and relevance for drug trials. Int Psychogeriatr 1992; 4(suppl): 116.Google Scholar
58Cummings, JL, Gorman, DG, Shapiro, J. Physostigmine ameliorates the delusions of Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 1993; 33: 536–41.Google Scholar
59Oberholzer, AF, Hendriksen, C, Monsch, AU, Heierli, B, Stahelin, HB. Safety and effectiveness of low-dose clozapine in psychogeriatric patients: a preliminary study. Int Psychogeriatr 1992; 4: 187–95.Google Scholar
60Tune, LE, Steele, C, Cooper, T. Neuroleptic drugs in the management of behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1991; 14: 353–74.Google Scholar
61Teri, L, Logsdon, RG. Identifying pleasant activities for Alzheimer's disease patients: the Pleasant Events Schedule-AD. Gerontologist 1995; 31: 124–27.Google Scholar
62Rebok, GW, Keyl, PM, Bylsma, FW, Blaustein, MJ, Tune, L. The effects of Alzheimer's disease on driving-related abilities. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1995 (in press).Google Scholar
63Mitzer, JE et al. Daughters caring for Hispanic and non-Hispanic Alzheimer's patients: does ethnicity make a difference? Community Ment Health J 1992; 28: 293303.Google Scholar
64US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Losing a million minds (confronting the tragedy of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias). OTA-VA-323. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1987.Google Scholar