Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-xfwgj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-30T10:57:30.967Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Aging and salt and water balance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2008

PA O'Neill*
Affiliation:
University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
*
PA O'Neill, Research and Teaching Building, Withington Hospital, Nell Lane, Manchester M20 3LR, UK.

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Biological gerontology
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Bhatnager, D, Weinkove, C. Serious hypernatraemia in a hospital population. Postgrad Med J 1988; 64: 441–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2Arrieff, AI, Gusado, R. Effects on the central nervous system of hypernatraemic and hyponatraemic states. Kidney Int 1976; 10: 104–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3Mahowald, JM, Himmelstein, DU. Hypernatraemia in the elderly: relation to infection and mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc 1981; 29: 177–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Kleinfield, M, Casimir, M, Borra, S. Hyponatraemia as observed in a chronic disease facility. J Am Geriatr Soc 1979; 27: 156–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5Miller, M, Morley, JE, Rubenstein, LA, Ouslander, J, Strome, S. Hyponatraemia in a nursing home population. Gerontologist 1985; 25: 118.Google Scholar
6Sunderam, SG, Mankikar, GD. Hyponatraemia in the elderly. Age Ageing 1983; 12: 7780.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Kennedy, PGE, Mitchell, DM, Hoffbrand, BI. Severe hyponatraemia in hospital inpatients. BMJ 1978; 2: 1251–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Tierney, WM, Martin, DK, Greenlee, MC, Zerbe, RL, McDonald, CJ. The prognosis of hyponatraemia at hospital admission. J Gen Int Med 1986; 1: 380–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Snyder, NA, Feigel, DW, Aieff, AF. Hypernatraemia in elderly patients: a heterogeneous, morbid and iatrogenic entity. Ann Intern Med 1987; 107: 309–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Lavizzo-Mourey, R, Johnson, J, Stolley, P. Risk factors for dehydration among elderly nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988; 36: 213–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11O'Neill, PA, Faragher, EB, Davies, I. Reduced survival with increasing plasma osmolality in elderly continuing care patients. Age Ageing 1990; 19: 6871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12McLean, KA, O'Neill, PA, Davies, I. Relationship of plasma osmolality to survival in acutely ill elderly patients. Age Ageing 1990; 19: P7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13Thrasher, TN, Keil, LC. Regulation of drinking and vasopressin and thirst after drinking in hypernatraemic humans. Am J Physiol 1987; 252: R108R120.Google Scholar
14Skorecki, KI, Ausiello, DA. Vasopressin receptor-adenylate cyclase interactions: a model for cAMP metabolism in the kidney. In: Cowley, AW Jr, Liard, JF, Ausiello, DA eds. Vasopressin: cellular and integrative functions. New York: Raven Press, 1988: 169–76.Google Scholar
15Brown, D. Membrane recycling and epithelial cell function. Am J Physiol 1989; 256: Fl12.Google ScholarPubMed
16Rowe, JW, Khan, RL. Human ageing: usual and successful. Science 1987; 237: 143–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Woodhouse, KW, Wynne, H, Baillie, S, James, OFW, Rawlins, MD. Who are the frail elderly? Q J Med 1988; 255: 505506.Google Scholar
18Lighthart, GL, Corberand, JX, Fournier, C et al. Admission criteria for immunogerontological studies in man: the Senieur protocol. Mech Ageing Dev 1984; 28: 4755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19Lighthart, GL, Corberand, JX, Geertzen, HGM et al. Necessity of the assessment of health status in human immunogerontological studies: evaluation of the Senieur protocol. Mech Ageing Dev 1990; 55: 89105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20Davies, I, O'Neill, PA, McLean, KA, Catania, J, Bennett, D. Age-associated alterations in thirst and arginine vasopressin in response to a water or sodium load. Age Ageing 1995; 24: 151–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21McClean, KA, O'Neill, PA, Davies, I, Morris, J. Influence of age on plasma osmolality: a community study. Age Ageing 1992; 21: 5660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22Owen, JA, Campbell, DG. A comparison of plasma electrolyte and urea values in healthy persons. Clin Chem Acta 1968; 22: 611–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Bold, AM, Wilding, P. Clinical chemistry. Oxford: Blackwell, 1975.Google Scholar
24Leask, RGS, Andrews, GR, Caird, FI. Normal values for sixteen blood constituents. Age Ageing 1973; 2: 1423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25O'Neill, PA, Faragher, EB, Davies, I et al. Reduced survival with increasing plasma osmolality in elderly continuing care patients. Age Ageing 1990; 19: 6871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Diem, J, Lentner, C eds. Documenta Geigy scientific tables. Basle: Geigi, 1970: 177.Google Scholar
27Hodkinson, HM. Clinical biochemistry of the elderly. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1984: 170–71.Google Scholar
28Shock, NW, Watkin, DM, Yiengst, MJ et al. Age differences in the water content of the body as related to basal oxygen consumption in males. J Gerontol 1963; 18: 18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Lesser, GT, Markotsky, H. Body water compartments in human ageing using fat free mass as the reference standard. Am J Physiol 1979; 236: R215R220.Google ScholarPubMed
30Steen, B, Lungren, BK, Isakson, B. Body composition at age 70, 75, 79 and 81. A longitudinal population study. In: Chadra, RK ed. Nutrition, immunity and illness in the elderly. New York: Pergamon Press, 1985.Google Scholar
31Wolf, AV. Thirst: physiology of the urge to drink and problems of water lack. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1958.Google Scholar
32Hodkinson, HM. Common symptoms of disease in the elderly, second edition. Oxford: Blackwell, 1980: 71.Google Scholar
33Philips, PA, Rolls, BJ, Ledingham, JGG et al. Reduced thirst after water deprivation in healthy elderly men. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 753–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34Crowe, MJ, Forsling, ML, Rolls, BJ et al. Altered water excretion in healthy elderly men. Age Ageing 1987; 16: 285–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Philips, PA, Bretherton, M, Johnson, CI, Gray, L. Reduced osmotic thirst in healthy elderly men. Am J Physiol 1991; 261: R166R177.Google Scholar
36Miescher, E, Fortney, SM. Responses to dehydration and rehydration during heat exposure in young and older men. Am J Physiol 1989; 257: R1050R1056.Google Scholar
37Rolls, BJ, Wood, RJ, Lind, H. Thirst following water deprivation in humans. Am J Physiol 1980; 239: R476R482.Google ScholarPubMed
38Philips, PA, Johnson, CI, Gray, L. Thirst and fluid intake in the elderly. In: Ramsay, DJ, Booth, DA eds. Thirst: physiological and psychological aspects. London: Springer-Verlag, 1991.Google Scholar
39Cowart, BJ. Development of taste perception in humans: sensitivity and preference throughout the life span. Psychol Bull 1981; 90: 4373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40Gribben, B, Pickering, TG, Sleight, P, Peto, R. Effects of age and high blood pressure on baroreflex sensitivity in man. Circ Res 1971; 29: 424–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41Cleroux, J, Giannattasio, C, Grassi, G et al. Effect of ageing on the cardiopulmonary receptor reflex in normotensive humans. J Hypertens 1989; 6: S141S144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42Miller, PD, Krebs, RA, Neal, BJ, McIntyre, DO. Hypodipsia in geriatric patients. Am J Med 1982; 73: 354–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43Fitzsimmons, JT. Pathology and pathophysiology of thirst and sodium appetite. In: Seldin, DW, Giebisch, G eds. Physiology and pathophysiology. New York: Raven Press, 1985: 885910.Google Scholar
44Rodgers, PW, Kurtzman, NA. Renal failure, uncontrollable thirst and hyperreninaemia. J Am Med Assoc 1973; 225: 1236–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45Phillips, PA, Rolls, BJ, Ledingham, JGG, Morton, JJ, Forsling, ML. Angiotensin II-induced thirst and vasopressin release in man. Clin Sci 1985; 68: 669–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Hoffman, WE, Phillips, MI. Blockage of blood pressure and drinking responses to angiotensin by anterior third ventricle destruction. Kidney 1976; 10: 311.Google Scholar
47Ohashi, M, Fujio, M, Nawata, H et al. High plasma concentrations of human atrial natriuretic polypeptide in aged men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 64: 8185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48Burrell, L, Lambert, HJ, Baylis, PH. Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on thirst and arginine vasopressin release in humans. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: R475R479.Google ScholarPubMed
49Clark, BA, Elahi, D, Fish, L et al. Atrial natriuretic peptides depress osmostimulated vasopressin release in young and elderly humans. Am J Physiol 1991; 261: E252E256.Google Scholar
50Burrell, LM, Palmer, JM, Baylis, PH. Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits fluid intake in hyperosmolar subjects. Clin Sci 1992; 83: 3539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51Vogels, OJM, Broere, CAJ, Nieuwenhuys, R. Neuronal hypertrophy in the human supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 1990; 109: 6267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52Currie, AP, Adamson, H, van Dyke, HB. Vasopressin and oxytocin in the posterior lobe of the pituitary in man. J Clin Endocrin Metab 1960; 20: 947–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
53Hoogendijk, JE, Fliers, E, Swaab, DF, Verwer, RWH. Activation of vasopressin neurons in the human supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus in senescence and senile dementia. J Neurol Sci 1985; 69: 291–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54Fliers, E, Swaab, DF, Pool, CHRW, Verwer, RWH. The vasopressin and oxytocin neurons in the human supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus. Change with age and in senile dementia. Brain Res 1985; 342: 4553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55Helderman, JH, Vestel, RE, Rowe, JW, Tobin, JE, Andres, R, Robertson, GL. The response of arginine vasopressin to intravenous ethanol and hypertonic saline in man: the impact of aging. J Gerontol 1978; 33: 3947.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56Rowe, JW, Minaker, KL, Sparrow, D, Robertson, GL. Age-related failure of volume-pressure mediated vasopressin release. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982; 54: 661–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57Kirkland, JL, Lye, M, Goddard, C, Vargas, E, Davies, I. Plasma vasopressin in dehydrated elderly patients. Clin Endocrinol 1984; 20: 451–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58Froklis, VV, Golovchenko, SF, Medved, VI, Froklis, RA. Vasopressin and cardiovascular systems in aging. Gerontology 1982; 28: 290302.Google Scholar
59Rondeau, E, Delima, J, Cailens, HJ, Ardaillou, R, Vahanian, A, Acar, J. High plasma antidiuretic hormone in patients with cardiac failure. Influence of age. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1982; 8: 267–74.Google ScholarPubMed
60Engel, PA, Rowe, JW, Minaker, KL, Robertson, GL. Stimulation of vasopressin release by exogenous vasopressin: effect of sodium intake and age. Am J Physiol 1984; 246: E202E207.Google Scholar
61Bevilacqua, M, Norbiato, G, Chebat, E et al. Osmotic and non-osmotic control of vasopressin release in the elderly – effect of metoclopramide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 65: 1243–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62Thompson, CJ, Bland, M, Burd, J, Baylis, PH. The osmotic thresholds for thirst and vasopressin are similar in healthy man. Clin Sci 1986; 71: 651–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Li, HC, Hsieh, SM, Nagai, I. The response of plasma arginine vasopressin to 14h water deprivation in the elderly. Acta Endocrinol 1984; 105: 314–17.Google Scholar
64Faull, CM, Holmes, C, Baylis, PH. Water balance in elderly people: is there a deficiency of vasopressin? Age Ageing 1993; 22: 114–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
65Vargas, E, Lye, M, Faragher, EB et al. Cardiovascular haemodynamics and the response of vasopressin, aldosterone, plasma renin activity and plasma catecholamines to head-up tilt in young and old healthy subjects. Age Ageing 1986; 15: 1728.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
66Darmady, EM, Offer, J, Woodhouse, MS. The parameters of the ageing kidney. J Pathol 1973; 109: 195207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67Chiodera, P, Capretti, L, Marches, M. Abnormal arginine vasopressin response to cigarette smoking and metoclopramide (but not insulin-induced hypoglycaemia) in elderly subjects. J Gerontol 1991; 46: M6M10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
68McLachlan, MSF. The ageing kidney. Lancet 1978; 2: 143–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69Lewis, WH, Alving, AS. Changes with age in the renal function in adult man. I. Clearance of urea. II. Amount of urea nitrogen in the blood. III. Concentrating ability of the kidneys. Am J Physiol 1938; 123: 500515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
70Kleeman, CR. Water metabolism. In: Maxwell, MH, Kleeman, CR eds. Clinical disorders of fluid and electrolyte balance. New York: McGraw Hill, 1972.Google Scholar
71Dontas, AS, Karkenos, S, Papanayioutou, P. Mechanisms of renal tubular defects in old age. Postgrad Med J 1972; 48: 295303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72Rowe, JW, Shock, NW, DeFronzo, RA. The influence of age on the renal response to water deprivation in man. Nephron 1976; 17: 270–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73Hollenberg, NK, Adams, DF, Soloman, HS, Rashid, A, Abrams, HL, Merrill, J. Senescence and the renal vasculature in normal man. Circ Res 1974; 34: 309–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74Larsson, M, Jagenburg, R, Landahl, S. Renal function in an elderly population. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1986; 46: 593–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
75Miller, JH, Shock, NW. Age differences in the renal tubular response of antidiuretic hormone. J Gerontol 1953; 8: 446–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76Lindeman, RD, Lee, TD, Yiengst, MH, Shock, NW. Influence of age, renal disease, hypertension, diuretics and calcium on the antidiuretic responses to sub-optimal infusions of vasopressin. J Lab Clin Med 1966; 68: 206–33.Google Scholar
77Lindeman, RD, Goldman, R. Anatomical and physiologic age changes in the kidney. Exp Gerontol 1986; 21: 379406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78Weidmann, P, De Myttenaere-Bursztein, S, Maxwell, MH, De Lima, J. Effect of ageing on plasma renin and aldosterone in normal man. Kidney Int 1975; 8: 325–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79Crane, MJ, Harris, JJ. Effect of ageing on renin activity and aldosterone excretion. J Lab Clin Med 1976; 87: 947–59.Google ScholarPubMed
80Nakamaru, M, Ogihara, T, Higaki, J et al. Effect of age on active and inactive plasma renin in normal subjects and in patients with essential hypertension. J Am Geriatr Soc 1981; 29: 379–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
81North, R, Lasmann, M, Tan, S, Fernandez-Cruz, A, Mulrow, P. Age and the renin-aldosterone system. Arch Intern Med 1977; 137: 1414–17.Google Scholar
82Tsunoda, K, Age, K, Goto, T et al. Effect of age on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in normal subjects. Simultaneous measurement of active and inactive renin, renin substrate and aldosterone in plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 62: 384–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83Kala, R, Fyhrquist, F, Eisalo, A. Effect of short term upright posture on plasma angiotensin II in man. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1974; 33: 8794.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
84Skott, P, Ingerslev, J, Neisen, D, Geise, J. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in normal 85-year-old people. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1987; 47: 6974.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85Macias, Nunez JF, Roman, AB, Commes, JR. Physiology and disorders of water balance and electrolytes in the elderly. In: Macias, Nunez JF, Cameron, JS eds. Renal function and disease in the elderly. London: Butterworth, 1987: 6793.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
86Duggan, JD, Klifeather, S, Lightman, S, O'Brien, E, O'Malley, K. Plasma ANP and platelet ANP binding site density in ageing and hypertension. Clin Sci 1991; 81: 509–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
87Lennox, S, Woodhouse, K, Penney, M. Plasma atrial natriuretic polypeptide in the elderly – influence of age, hypertension, and treatment of hypertension. Lifespan 1995; 6: 67.Google Scholar
88Ohashi, M, Fujio, N, Nawata, H et al. Pharmacokinetics of synthetic alpha-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide in normal men: effect of ageing. Regul Pept 1987; 19: 265–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
89McNight, JA, Roberts, G, Sheridan, B, Brew, Atkinson A. Relationship between basal and sodium stimulated plasma atrial natriuretic factor, age, sex and blood pressure in normal man. J Hum Hypertens 1989; 3: 157163.Google Scholar
90Tajiimi, F, Sagawa, S, Iwanoto, J, Miki, K, Claybaugh, JR, Shiraki, K. Renal and endocrine responses in the elderly during headout water immersion. Am J Physiol 1988; 254: R977–R983.Google Scholar
91Miller, M. Hormonal aspects of fluid and sodium balance in the elderly. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1995; 24: 233–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
92Duggan, JD, O'Malley, K. Ageing and atrial natriuretic factor. J Hum Hypertens 1990; 4: 5356.Google ScholarPubMed
93Heim, JM, Gottman, JW, Strom, TM, Gerzer, R. Effects of a bolus dose of atrial natriuretic factor in young and elderly volunteers. Eur J Clin Invest 1989; 19: 265–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
94Jansen, TL, Tan, AC, Smits, P, de Boo, T, Benraad, TJ, Thien, T. Hemodynamics effects of atrial natriuretic factor in young and elderly subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990; 48: 179–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
95Yamada, T, Endo, T, Ito, K, Nagata, H, Izumiyama, T. Age-related changes in endocrine and renal function in patients with essential hypertension. J Am Geriatr Soc 1979; 27: 286–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
96Myers, J, Morgan, T, Waga, S, Manley, K. The effect of sodium intake on blood pressure related to the age of the patients. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1982; 9: 287–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
97Karlberg, BE, Tolagen, K. Relationships between blood pressure, age, plasma renin activity and electrolyte excretion in normotensive subjects. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1977; 37: 521–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
98Macias, Nunez JF, Garcia, Iglesias C, Bondia, Román A et al. Renal handling of sodium in old people: a functional study. Age Ageing 1978; 7: 178–81.Google Scholar
99Epstein, M, Hollenberg, NK. Age as a determinant of renal sodium conservation in normal man. J Lab Clin Med 1976; 87: 411–17.Google ScholarPubMed
100Schalekamp, MA, Krauss, XH, Schalekamp-Kuyken, MP, Kolsters, G, Birkenhager, WH. Studies on the mechanisms of hypernatriuresis in essential hypertension in relation to measurement of plasma renin concentration, body fluid compartments and renal function. Clin Sci 1971; 41: 219–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed