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Not Wavering but Frowning: Ovid as Isopleth (Tristia 1 Through 10)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 July 2014

John Hendersin
John Hendersin*
Affiliation:
King's College, Cambridge
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Extract

      For poetry, read poverty, passim.
    Martin Parker

This poetry-stricken essay on onomastication finds in Tristia 1.10 a polynymous atoll in Tristia 1's ocean of anonymy, allonymy, anomie, anatomi.

      Sail away sail away sail away.
    Enya

All aboard! The first book of the Tristia is an emotion-ocean autoportrait, where elegiac couplets and compositions mime troughs of helpless misery and swells of resentment at reality:

There are times when we seem to hear them ‘like Ocean on a western beach’. Every successive billow gathers in the first four feet of the hexameter, curls over in the dactylic fifth and breaks on the final spondee, to ebb again with the backwash of the pentameter.

Type
Research Article
Information
Ramus , Volume 26 , Issue 2: Ovid and Exile II , 1997 , pp. 138 - 171
Copyright
Copyright © Aureal Publications 1997

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References

This missive got lost in the past: from the (Orwellian) Cambridge Graduate Literature Seminar series of Lent Term 1984. So many winning letters from gentle Gareth Williams, whining letters back to him in tomes…and (after that dreaded knock-at-the-door from the Old Firm—both Ramus hitmen taking ‘deadline’ ad litteram. I pleaded, more time, good behaviour…, Videau-Delibes, A., Les Tristes d’Ovide et I’elegie romaine: une poétique de la rupture [Paris 1991]Google Scholar, Partie I, 19–105, henceforth ‘V-D’, has said it all, honest, and—): last in the post, June 1998.

1. Lady sings I. Higginbotham, E. Drake, and D. Fisher’s blues.

2. Legend of Sir Leonard Lack-wit, translated out of all Christian Languages into the Kentish Tongue (12000 = 1633): errata.

3. Wilkinson, L.P., Ovid Recalled (Cambridge 1955), 33Google Scholar: how many readers really get this title? On ‘The nautical metaphor’ for sinking Ovid: V-D 91–102.

4. V-D 104. For Naso the ‘isopleth’, cf. 105: ‘II balance pareillement entre l’intérieur et l’extérieur, entre la nécessité de partir et la volonté de rester—la nécessité’ de rester et la volonté de partir, tout aussi bien’. Her Tristia 1 supersedes all earlier work, cries out for at once overdue translation.

5. I’m afraid I find ‘loyalist’ readings of the exile poverty too absurd to contest.

6. They might be Giants, Apollo 18.

7. Tr. 1.2.49f., Met. 11.529f., Paul. Fest. 62L s. v. decumana ora. N.b. fluctus numerare is a waste of tempus (Cic. Ad Att. 2.6.1).

8. Claassen, J.-M., ‘Ovid’s Wavering Identity: Personification and Depersonalisation in the Exilic Poems’, Latomus 49 (1990), 102–16Google Scholar, at 103, hi-jacks this slogan from Hermann Fränkel, whose ‘imputation to our poet of an almost Christian awareness of the other, the non-self may largely be discounted[. T]he term is a useful critical tool for one’s attempts to pin down, and even label, aspects of a particularly elusive poet’s multi-faceted self-awareness in his poetry.’ This model reader and reader-model sounds, though, almost, like ‘one’—of Them?

9. Cf. Posch, S., P. Ovidius Naso, Tristia I Interpretationen Band I: Die Elegien 1–4 (Innsbruck 1983), 29Google Scholar.

10. Tr. 1.1.3–12, cornua and frons: Hinds, S., ‘Booking the Return Trip: Ovid and Tristia 1, PCPS 31 (1985), 13–32Google Scholar, esp. 14; Posch [n. 9 above], 32.

11. Cic. Ad fam. 5.12.4; cf. The History of Cicero’s Banishment, translated from the French of Monsieur Morabin (London 1725Google Scholar), esp. 130–199 on Ad Att. Ill; Hutchinson, G., Cicero’s Correspondence: A Literary Study (Oxford 1998) 25–48Google Scholar (‘Exile’), with Beard’s, M. review, ‘Attorney for Himself, TLS 29 May 1998, 4fGoogle Scholar.; Galasso, L., ‘Modelli tragici e ricodificazione elegiaca: appunti sulla poesia ovidiana dell’esilio’, MD 18 (1987), 83–99Google Scholar, at 84–86, persuasively traces ‘una tragiciz-zazione e…una Pathetisierung’ from Cicero’s example.

12. Claassen, J.-M., ‘Error and the Imperial Household: An Angry God and the Exiled Ovid’s Fate’ A Class 30 (1987), 31–47Google Scholar, at 31.

13. Spared: 1.1.20; 2.61; barred: 1.2.92f.; 3.5f., 62, 85; 4.20, 8.37f.; relegated, not exiled: 2.127; 5.11.21f.; Tomi: 1.2.82–86; duration: 1.1.34; 5.83f., perpetuo…,/ni…; half-way house: 2.201, 57…

14. Claassen, J.-M., ‘Dio’s Cicero and the Consolatory Tradition’, PLLS 9 (1996), 29–45Google Scholar; T.J.G. Whitmarsh, ‘“Greece is the World”. Exile and Identity in the Second Sophistic’, in S. Goldhill (ed.), ‘Everywhere is Greece to the Wise’: National and Cultural Identity in the Second Sophistic (forthcoming).

15. Gaius: Dio 59.3.6; Nero: Tac. Ann. 14.12.

16. Juv. 1.73, Strabo 10.5.3: see Mayor’s, J.E.B. extended note on ‘Gyara. Relegatio in insulam. To what islands exiles were sent. Relegatus’ (Juvenal 4 [London 1886]Google Scholar, i. 120–22); cf. Edwards, C., Writing Rome: Textual Approaches to the City (Cambridge 1996), 110–33Google Scholar (‘City of Exiles’).

17. plenum exiliis mare, infecti caedibus scopuli, Tac. Hist. 1.2; maris Aegaei rupem scopu-losque frequentes/exulibus magnis, Juv. 13.246f.; Pisonians: Tac. Ann. 15.71.

18. Mosaic: Tac. Ann. 3.66,69; 4.30; 6.3; 13.43; 4.21; 4.13; Capreae Tiberius’ lair, 4.67; party: Suet. Tib. 13.1; butcher…uniuersos: Suet. Gai. 28; quicquid ubique exulum: Suet. Ner. 43. 1; primum facinus noui principatus: Tac. Ann. 1.6.1, cf. 13.1.1.

19. The indiscriminate approach: Simpson, J., The Oxford Book of Exile (Oxford 1995Google Scholar): quote from G. Greer, at 233. A sketch of Ovid’s ‘myth of exile’: Claassen, J.-M., ‘Ovid’s Poems from Exile: The Creation of a Myth and the Triumph of Poetry’, A…A 34 (1988), 158–69Google Scholar, and ead. [n.12 above], esp. 41f. Monster: Plin. NH 7.36. For redemptive transportation to oceanic paradise on French New Caledonia, cf. Matsuda, M.K., The Memory of the Modern (Oxford 1996), 143–63Google Scholar (‘Distances. In the revolutionary garden’): 150f., the exotic prospect attracted convicts, and incited down-and-outs to crime…

20. V-D 53.

21. Slavitt, D.R., Ovid’s Poetry of Exile, Translated into Verse (Baltimore 1990), 23–25Google Scholar.

22. Ransmayr, C., The Last World (London 1991Google Scholar), If. I’m afraid most critics just hail Ovid’s boat ‘The Minerva’, and sail or row on past.

23. Casson, L., Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World2 (Princeton 1986), 148fGoogle Scholar. on ‘galleys’; at 356 n. 57 he warns us to delete ‘Galeata’ from the ship-name list of RE Suppl. 5 (1931) 954.16Google Scholar, ‘Seewesen’. Tutela and insigne: Hahn, E. A., ‘Vergil’s Linguistic Treatment of Divine Beings, Part II’, TAPA 89 (1958), 237–53Google Scholar, at 25If.

24. Cf. Horn. Il. 15.608, Hesych. s.v. πήληξ.

25. Hardie, P., ‘Ships and Ship-Names in the Aeneid’, in Whitby, M., Hardie, P., and Whitby, M. (eds.), Homo Viator: Classical Essays for John Bramble (Bristol 1987), 163–71Google Scholar, at 168.

26. Detienne, M. and Vernant, J.-P., Cunning Intelligence in Greek Culture and Society (Chicago 1991Google Scholar), esp. 227. ‘[C] Brooke-Rose’s Between, for example, systematically avoids all forms of the verb to be,…bul no critic ever realised this principle until the author herself pointed it out’ (Heise, U.K., Chronoschisms: Time, Narrative, and Post-Modernism [Cambridge 1997], 59Google Scholar): have you noticed yet—?

27. After Hermesianax’ tribute to his Leontion, above all the love-lives of the poets, cf. Caims, F., Tibullus: A Hellenistic Poet at Rome (Cambridge 1979), 219fGoogle Scholar. Antimachus’ ludic lay Lyde wasn’t over till the fat lady takes it to the top, sings all the way to (the) colophon, Philetas’ goer Bittis is ship-shape, in good trim: Callim. fr. 398, Aet. fr. 1.9f.; Hermesianax Leontion fr. 7.41–46, 75–78. Right but nasty to point to Ovid’s sex-queen back in the Amores, where the anonymous starlet puella was promised fame/name/nomen for going (along) with the genius, but should see that nomina nostra joined in stardom will be Ovidius and Naso; when ‘She’ does get a name of her own, in Ovid’s room, it will be Corinna, which translates to Romans as just puella again (Am. 1.3.21,26;1.5).

28. As this essay shows, it’s not that creativity ebbs from writers past their fiftieth birthdays: exposure tips into over-exposure, is all (Just twenty-six, little Ramus resents any suggestion to the contrary, esp. de Luce, J., ‘Ovid as an Idiographic Study of Creativity and Old Age’, in Falkner, T. M. and de Luce, J. [eds.], Old Age in Greek and Latin Literature [Albany NY 1989], 195–216Google Scholar).

29. Thus it is the Musagete Emperor who politicises Amor, by criminalising its poet: in opening a contest for authentic interpretation of the juvenilia, Augustus renews, revitalises, revives, ‘Ovid’ (cf. Labate, M., ‘Elegia triste ed elegia lieta: un caso di riconversione letteraria’, MD 19 [1987], 91–129Google Scholar, esp. 129).

30. Briefly, most recently: Cucchiarelli, A., ‘La nave e l’esilio (allegorie dell’ ultimo Ovidio)’, MD 38 (1997), 215–24Google Scholar.

31. 1.9.61 -66 and 2 passim, esp. duo crimina, carmen et error, 207, ‘two sins, a sing and a misspelling’, 250, ‘no sin in my singing’…: JH, ‘Wrapping up the Case: Reading Ovid, Amores, 2, 7 (+8), I’, MD 27 (1991), 37–88Google Scholar, at 68–70, ‘H. Under Oath’: ‘…The strategy, that is to say, works to scotch suspicion by increasing it.’

32. Cf. JH (n.31 above), 60, on sufficiam (and 44 n. 10 for a line on the exile poetry that now resembles recidivism).

33. Evans, H.B., Publico Carmina: Ovid’s Books from Exile (Lincoln 1983Google Scholar), explores the incremental evolution from each book-length instalment to the next, with proper respect for the retroactively finalised positioning of predecessors which continuing development implements. He underplays the drama in the ‘provisionality’ of this writing-jag, though, which promises an open pattern of an unrelenting ‘annual’ release pending Augustus’ closure of the series. Poet and reader can imagine what mileage post-pardon poetry would have found, both prospectively and retroactively, in the cancellation/vindication of the exilic poetry!

34. Tempora, etc.: Hinds (n.10 above), 31 n.35; JH, ‘And Now for Something Completely Different: Yes, it’s Ovid’s Metamorphoses’, Omnibus 19 (1990), 15–20Google Scholar, esp. 20.

35. Labate (n.29 above), esp. 93.

36. Esp. V-D 45.

37. pia…coniunx: 1.2.37; 3.17f., 41–46, 79–102; 6 passim; the household: 1.3.23f., 64; amici: 1.3.15, 65f.; 5 passim; 6.15f.; ?amicf ? 1.5.29–34, 37f.; 9 passim.

38. AA 2.727; 3.794—if necessary, fake it well, 802. Modi in/as sex, music, hairdressing, you name it: JH, , ‘Polishing off the Politics. Horace’s Ode to Pollio, 2, 1’ MD 37 (1996), 59–136Google Scholar, at 123; id. (n.31 above), 55.

39. Tic. Ann. 2.32.1; 3.76.2.

40. Applied to ‘The poetics of exile’: Helzle, M., ICS 13 (1988), 73–83Google Scholar, at 76f.

41. Liv. 38.41.4; Tempyra: ibid., angustiae; no dis-location at all, in that this was a ‘hamlet of the Samothracians’ (Strabo 7 fr. 48). Paradise in the visual treat of Ehrhardt, H., Samothrake: Heiligtümer in ihrer Landschaft und Geschichte als Zeugen antiken Geisteslebens (Stuttgart 1985Google Scholar).

42. duplici…uiae, 46 - , Ap. Rhod. 2.549, the Planctae: Detienne and Vernant (n.26 above), 155, ‘the twisting passage through which no ship can pass: the rocks move from side to side, constantly clashing together like a door which slams shut and becomes a smooth wall as soon as anybody attempts to pass through it. They also move up and down, rising from the depths of the abyss of the sea right up to the sky’. Reality can be (coped with) like that.

43. The turn ‘left’ (in laeuum, 17) is Ovid’s shift to elude the ‘sinister’ wilderness (1.11.31, barbara pars laeud), by displacing the dreaded ‘shore of West Pontus’ (1.8.39, Ponti…ora Ssinistri). Obliquity (tenui limite ∽ Callim. Epigr. 23.5f. = Ait. Prol. 37f., ): JH, , ‘Horace, Odes 3. 22, and the Life of Meaning, etc. etc.’, Ramus 24 (1995), 103–51Google Scholar, at 131f. mare…deduxit in (15) capsizes with a tricksy, alliterative, lyrical (αίóλoς, in Aeoliae…Helles) anastrophe its own Callimachean gesture, as the leptotes process issues in Homer-πóνoς, (Hymn 2 106).

44. 1.3.80–86, esp. coniunx exulis exul ero; Tac. Hist. 1.3.1, comitatae profugos liberos matres, secutae maritos in exilia coniuges…; Lucan 8.648–51, matrum sola per undas/et per castra comes… ‘memi, coniunx, in tuta puppe relinqui?’ Tullia: Plut. Cic. 41.2. Ovid‘s (step-)daughter missed the good-byes: 1.3.19f. Devoted daughters sensationally sharing downfall: Tac. Ann. 16.10–12, 30–32, Antistia Pollitta, Servilia.

45. Intertextual aemulatio: see V-D, esp. 60–62 on Propertius and 54–56 on the Argosy.

46. West Pediment: Met. 6.78f.; Mars: Fasti 3.If., casside, 5f., 171, posita…casside, 681f., cf. Met. 14.806; Minerva: 6.655, posita…cuspide; soldier: Am. 3.8.13; soldier Ovid: Tr. 4.1.74. See Hinds, S., ‘Arma in Ovid’s Fasti’, Arethusa 25 (1992), 81–153Google Scholar, esp. 88, 98, 100, 102 n. 25. With ‘rent casque’, disarmed Minerva will exsecrate her Ibis of the North (Elgin), ‘Her helm was dinted, and the broken lance/seem’d weak and shaftless e’en to mortal glance’ (Byron, G., ‘The Curse of Minerva’, 87 and 81f, in Poetical Works, ed. Page, F., rev. Jump, J. (Oxford 1970), 143Google Scholar.

47. Met. 4.796–801, Tibull. 1.4.25f, Serv. on Virg. Aen. 6.289.

48. Callim. Hymn 5.43. Ares (i.e. Mars): Homeric Hymn (8.1). πήληξ: used later only in Aristophanes’ mock-debate on poetics in Frogs, when Aeschylus’ use of the word is satirised by Euripides as damage to hearing (1017f.)!

49. As on the Parthenon, and in Odyssey: 1.2.9f., 5.76, bellatrix…diua.

50. Williams, G., Banished Voices: Readings in Ovid’s Exile Poetry (Cambridge 1994), 151Google Scholar n.112.

51. Beard, M. and JH, , ‘With this Body I thee Worship: Sacred Prostitution in Antiquity’, in Wyke, M. (ed.), Gender and the Body in Mediterranean Antiquity (= Gender and History 9.3 [1997], 480–503Google Scholar, at 503 n.72. Neptune: Mela 2.48; haven: Apul. Met. 10.35.

52. L. Kurke, cited in Beard and JH (n.51 above), 496: Aphrodite ώπλισμένη, Pausan. 3.23.1, 2.5.1.

53. ‘Friggin’ in the riggin’’, trad., Sex Pistols, The Great Rock’n’roll Swindle (1993).

54. Name to be supplied.

55. V-D 51–69 (‘L’ltinéraire du héros’) is excellent on this, the topic of my erstwhile seminar. She and/or RE have the details. Cf. Claassen, J.-M., ‘Ovid’s Poetic Pontus’, PLLS 6 (1990), 65–94Google Scholar, at 68. Strabo’s Pontic periplous (7.6) works down the coast from Danube to Bosphorus, so his text plots the start of any Tomi-Rome return trip!

56. Apollod. 1.9.27, Detienne and Vemant (n.26 above), 233.

57. One of Lycophron’s esoteric riddles, Alex. 1208; RE 7 (1912), 2815.47–54. Often mistaken for Troy (as Ovid planned).

58. Great enough to take King Antiochus: Livy 35.43.4.

59. Plin. NH 4.73; so Pausan. 7.4.3, Nonn. 3.190–204, etc.

60. Hellespontiacus is his epithet to be re-read in from line 24: Virg. Georg. 4.111, Ov. Fast. 1.440,6.341.

61. Her male goes down in the storm, his female laments the death, Her. 18–19.

62. The name Gallus is ineluctable; but Propertius wound up recalling to Rome the dedicatee of his first poems, Tullus, from sojourn at the island/‘isthmus’ (causeway) of ‘frigid Cyzicus’, just when Propertius himself was giving up Cynthia, amor, for Athens and philosophy, negotiating the isthmus of Corinth from Lechaeum (to Cenchreae [we supply the name]: 3.22; 3.21.19). The ‘notable’ pun in the appositional pentameter Cyzicus, Haemoniae nobile gentis opus (30) harks back to another doorway, back in Rome, at Propertius’ name-dripping description of the opening of Augustus’ portico of Apollo on the Palatine: et ualuae, Libyci nobile dentis opus’. (2.31.12).

63. Pind. Pyth. 4.203–09, Diod. Sic. 4.49.8, Cole, S G., Theoi Megaloi: The Cult of the Great Gods at Samothrace (Leiden 1984), 68Google Scholar.

64. Planctae: e.g. Ap. Rhod. 2.320f.; ornaments: 2.601f.

65. E.g. Ap. Rhod. 2.350.

66. per…urbem / …sub…moenia tendat, 35f., cf. per: 11, 27, 47. The cult-statue of Apollo was packed up and shipped back to the capital/Capitol: Strabo. 7.6.

67. Moenia: irrevocably evoking altae m. Romae in post-Augustan verse from ken. 1.7. Anchialê: Strabo 7.6.

68. Strabo 7.6.

69. Even a near-mention of Odyssey betrays nost-algia all too poignantly.

70. Old name: ‘Krounoi’ (‘fountains’), after a statue of Dionysus uncannily washed up there (Strabo 7.6).

71. Not a penultimate Milesian tale of colonisation: Mela 2.2; others, including the town’s mint, affirm Heraclea Pontica.

72. Cole (n.63 above), 70–75: priests recorded at Dionysopolis, Tomi; temples at Odessus, Kallatis. Apsyrtus is recalled in Tr. 3.9, as in Ovid’s, or anyone’s, Medea.

73. Bistonian Orpheus: e.g. Ap. Rhod. 1.34; persecuted 1o: Calvus fr. 12? Via Egnatia; Livy 38.41. Moesia: Williams (n.50 above), 5.

74. As he called the name of his lost wife (Virg. Georg. 4.524), or gurgled out something, at any rate(Mef. 11.50).

75. Hdt. 4.94–96, Hartog, F., The Mirror of Herodotus: The Representation of the Other in the Writing of History (Berkeley 1988), 84–111Google Scholar, and cf. esp. 137; Thule: Deinias in Ant. Diog. Wonders beyond Thule, Phot. Bibl. 109a, cf. 110a.

76. Lycophr. Alex. 77. Nonnus 13.400–03 parades local detail (cf. Cole [n.63 above], 115 n.123), as already when Cadmus collected Harmonia (3.37–4. 228): Hellenistic sources? Callimachus?

77. Hence e.g. Eustath. on Il. 13.12f., where (to inspire Schliemann) Poseidon looks down over Troy from the wooded peak on ‘Thracian Samos’: ‘Here = posterity’s Samothrace’, quoting Strabo 10.2.17, ‘The Poet [= Homer] calls the Thracian one Samos too, which we now call Samothrace’, and providing much more lore (like Diod. Sic. 5.47–49); hence Aen. 7.208, Threiciamque Samum. quae nunc Samothracia fertur, ‘Virgil’s most prosaic line’ (Fordyce, C. J., P. Vergili Maronis Aeneid Libri Vll-VIll, with a Commentary [Oxford 1977], 107Google Scholarad loc): suspect aetiological intermediary? (Callimachus?)

78. In-between: V-D 69. Ovid: AA 2.601f., ‘Who would dare profane…the sacra found on Thracian Samos?/It’s a drop of goodness to keep silence for something’; so Ap. Rhod. 1.921, Val. Fl. 2.440. Orpheus: Diod. Sic. 4.49.8; Dioscuri: R. Hunter, ‘The Divine and Human Map of the Argonautica’, Syllecta Classica 6 (1995), 1–15, at 8.

79. See Cole (n.63 above), 87–103, ‘Romans at Samothrace’ (= ead., ‘The Mysteries of Samothrace during the Roman Period’, ANRW 2.18.2 [1989], 1565–98Google Scholar: the inscription at 1575, cf. 1580.)

80. Cole (n.63 above), 97f., citing Tac. Ann. 15.50, 71. Pellucid source-book: Lewis, N., Samothrace: The Literary Sources (London 1959Google Scholar).

81. Arsinoe: Justin 24.3.9, cf. Fantuzzi, M.,.‘Mythological Paradigms in the Bucolic Poetry of Theocritus’, PCPS 41 (1995), 16–35, at 26Google Scholar. Perseus: Livy 42.25, 50, etc.

82. ILS 4055: Sex. Pompeio et Sex. Appuleio cos. Idibus Septembr., mystes pius P. Sextius Lippinus Tarquitianus, q. Macedoniae, et Symmystae. ?Epoptes…?;Cole (n.63 above), 91f.

83. First-century BCE, Domitius Callistratus (§39 in RE 10.2 [1919], 1748). Callimachus: De Ling. Lat. 7.34 (Kasmilos, camillus), Rawson, E., Intellectual Life in the Late Roman Republic (London 1985), 237Google Scholar. Dion. Hal. 1.67–69 cites Callistratus at 68 (along with one Satyrus, and Arctinus the cyclic poet), à propos two spear-carrier images of the Trojan Gods, which he saw on the Velia, labelled ‘Penates’ (Serv. on Virg. Aen. 3.12 says ‘Magnis Diis’), and unravels in some style how Dardanus came from Arcadia, took the dowry of Chryse daughter of Pallas, namely the Palladium and these images of the gods, with him from Samothrace to his foundation of Dardania, whence they later transferred to Troy, before Aeneas got them out to Italy (no, Homer’s Palladium was a copy), and they settled forever at Rome, Palladium with Vesta, and the Great Gods on Velia. Varro even promised ‘to put the ignorant priests straight on their cult in a letter’! (Gleefully ? cited ? by Augustine City of God 7.28…)

84. Cassius: Serv. on Aen. 1.378, Schol. Ver. on Aen. 2.717; Dion. Hal. 1.68.2; Troy: Strabo 7 fr. 50; ‘Great Gods’: dei magni, Serv. on Aen. 3.12; Cole (n.63 above), 100–03; Fox, M., Roman Historical Myths: The Regal Period in Augustan Literature (Oxford 1996), 252Google Scholar.

85. Strabo 7 fr. 51: difficile per difficilius.

86. Varro: De Ling. Lat. 5.58. Gnostic sermon: gleefully cited by Hippol. Haer. 5.8.9. Mnaseas, cited by the encyclopedic Schol. Ap. Rhod. 1.917: Cole (n.63 above), 102; Burkert, W., ‘Concordia discors: The Literary and Archaeological Evidence on the Sanctuary of Samothrace’, in Marinatos, N. and Hagg, T. (eds.), Greek Sanctuaries: New Approaches (London 1993), 178–91Google Scholar.

87. Varro, ?convicted? gleefully of inconsistent theology by Augustine City of God 7.28: Rawson (n.83 above), 312–16. Varro’s categories embrace airy and blurred ‘Gods’ useful to helpless and ingenious (Ovids) alike.

88. Burkert, W., Greek Religion (Oxford 1985), 280–85Google Scholar (‘The Kabeiroi and Samothrace’), very briefly gives the flavour of mythographers’ mystificatory speculation, which eternally fetishes the proper noun. Cole (n.63 above) applies model severity: pace Hdt. 2.51 no Kabeiroi are known from inscriptions on Samothrace, nor Corybants, nor Dioskouroi (1; 66: an exception proves the rule).

89. Sash: Schol. Par. on Ap. Rhod. 1.918; priest: Plut. Lac. Apophth. 217d.

90. Horn. Hymn. Diosc. 33.8–11.

91. Rhythmic point in line 20: Nagle, B.R., The Poetics of Exile: Program and Polemic in the Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto of Ovid (Collection Latomus 170: Brussels 1980), 149Google Scholar.

92. Françhise Sagan.