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Molecular Fingerprinting of 14C Dated Soil Organic Matter Fractions from Archaeological Settings in NW Spain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 July 2018

Cruz Ferro-Vázquez ,
Joeri Kaal ,
Francisco Javier Santos Arévalo  and
Felipe Criado Boado
Cruz Ferro-Vázquez*
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of York, King’s Manor, York, YO1 7EP, United Kingdom
Joeri Kaal
Affiliation:
Institute for Heritage Sciences (Incipit), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avenida de Vigo s/n, 15780, Santiago de Compostela, Spain Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Francisco Javier Santos Arévalo
Affiliation:
Centro Nacional de Aceleradores, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Junta de Andalucía. Av. Thomas Alva Edison 7, 41092, Seville, Spain
Felipe Criado Boado
Affiliation:
Institute for Heritage Sciences (Incipit), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avenida de Vigo s/n, 15780, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
*
*Corresponding author. Email: cruz.ferrovazquez@york.ac.uk.
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Abstract

This paper evaluates the complexities of radiocarbon (14C) dates from soil organic matter (SOM) in archaeological scenarios. The aqueous NaOH-insoluble residual SOM from Neolithic to medieval sites in NW Spain produced consistently older calibrated 14C ages than NaOH-extractable SOM. Using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation (THM-GC-MS), we analyzed the molecular composition of these SOM fractions, aiming to understand the differences in 14C ages and to gain insight on SOM dynamics in relation to age fractionation. The molecular composition of the NaOH-extractable SOM, which accounts for roughly two-thirds of total SOM, has a larger proportion of microbial detritus than the NaOH-insoluble SOM. This might suggest that the discrepancies between the two fractions is due to microbial rejuvenation in the extractable fraction, leading to 14C results that are younger than the activity that is to be dated. However, archaeological evidence presented here unambiguously shows that the 14C age of the extractable SOM provides the more accurate age for the targeted activity, and that the insoluble fraction contains inherited old carbon. After statistical data evaluation using Partial Least Squares-Regression (PLS-R), it is concluded that this inherited SOM is a mixture of Black Carbon from wild and/or domestic fires and recalcitrant aliphatic SOM.

Keywords

molecular compositionPy-GC-MSradiocarbon datingSOM fractionsTHM-GC-MS
Type
Research Article
Information
Radiocarbon , Volume 61 , Issue 1 , February 2019 , pp. 101 - 130
Copyright
© 2018 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona 

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