Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T02:45:40.333Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Charcoal production from wood and cellulose: implications to radiocarbon dates and accelerator target production

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 July 2016

S W Leavitt ,
D J Donahue  and
Austin Long
S W Leavitt
Affiliation:
Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
D J Donahue*
Affiliation:
Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
Austin Long
Affiliation:
Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
*
∗Department of Physics, University of Arizona
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Radiocarbon dating with accelerators requires the manufacture of suitable carbon targets. Carbon yield and 13C fractionation were investigated for the simple and direct pyrolysis of wood and cellulose to charcoal. Under continuous vacuum removal of evolved volatiles, carbon yields of 35 to 40% and δ13C fractionation of −2.5‰ were observed in the pyrolysis of wood to charcoal, whereas yields of 30% and fractionation of −0.8‰ were obtained in the pyrolysis of cellulose to charcoal. Yield and fractionation leveled off at temperatures above 300°C. Yields and fractionations were also measured for pyrolysis of wood and cellulose in a continously-flowing argon atmosphere. Yields were higher and fractionations smaller than for the corresponding vacuum cases. For cellulose sealed in evacuated glass tubes and pyrolized at 550 to 600°C, carbon yields greater than 60% and fractionation of about −0.5‰ were observed. Yields increased and fractionation tended to decrease as the ratio of tube volume/mass of cellulose decreased, ie, as the pressure increased. Reheating of this charcoal under continuous vacuum pumping revealed no loss of mass and no alteration of carbon isotopic composition. Fractionation measurements were additionally performed on wood and the charcoal produced from burning in a fireplace, conditions approximating the “natural“ production of charcoal. Despite the large potential fractionation suggested in the wood pyrolysis experiments, charcoal produced in the fireplace showed very small or no fractionation.

Type
Research Article
Information
Radiocarbon , Volume 24 , Issue 1 , 1982 , pp. 27 - 35
Copyright
Copyright © The American Journal of Science 

References

Bennett, C L, Beukens, R P, Clover, M R, Gove, H E, Liebert, R B, Litherland, A E, Purser, K H, and Sondheim, W E, 1977, Radiocarbon dating using electrostatic accelerators: negative ions provide the key: Science, v 198, p 508–510.Google Scholar
Bottinga, Y, 1969, Carbon isotope fractionation between graphite, diamond and carbon dioxide: Earth Planetary Sci Letters, v 5, p 301–307.Google Scholar
Craig, Harmon, 1954, Carbon-13 in plants and the relationship between carbon-13 and carbon-14 variations in nature: Jour Geol, v 62, p 115–149.Google Scholar
Green, J W, 1963, Wood cellulose, in Whistler, R L, ed, Methods of carbohydrate chemistry: New York, Academic Press, p 9–21.Google Scholar
Hedges, R E M, Wand, J O, and White, N R, 1980, The production of C− beams for radiocarbon dating with accelerators: Nuclear Instruments and Methods, v 173, p 409–421.Google Scholar
Long, Austin, Arnold, L D, Damon, P E, Ferguson, C W, Lerman, J C, and Wilson, A T, 1979, Radial translocation of carbon in bristlecone pine, in Berger, Rainer and Suess, H, eds, Radiocarbon dating, Internatl radiocarbon conf, 9th, Proc: Berkeley/Los Angeles, Univ California Press, p 532–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mochida, I, Ohtsubo, R, and Takeshita, K, 1980, Catalytic graphitization of non-graphitizable carbon by chromium and manganese oxides: Carbon, v 18, p 117–123.Google Scholar
Park, R and Epstein, S, 1961, Metabolic fractionation of 13C/12C in plants: Plant Physiology, v 36, p 133–138.Google Scholar
Stuiver, Minze and Polach, H A, 1977, Reporting of 14C data: Radiocarbon, v 19, p 355–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar