1 The Lands Act of 1860 aimed to promote rapid white settlement by making fourteen year leases available to those who stocked their runs. The continuing anxiety and sense of grievance which these land tenure arrangements caused in Queensland led to the Bjelke-Petersen government's massive conversion of pastoral leases to freehold title. At the root of the anxiety were fears of native title claims, as well as of government and mining company interventions.Google Scholar

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4 Both women came to Queensland at the instigation of Bishop Quinn, Connolly (then Olivia Knight) in 1860 and O'Doherty with her husband Dr Kevin Izod O'Doherty in 1862.Google Scholar

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16 Praed, , Mrs. Tregaskiss, 4–5; 12: 138. Ning's real name is Angela; her father calls her ‘Pickaninny,’ which the child repeats as ‘Ning.’Google Scholar

17 Praed, , Fugitive Anne, 425. Kombo's name alludes to ‘comboism’, a nineteenth century euphemism for sexual relations between white men and black women: see Noel Loos, Invasion and Resistance: Aboriginal-European Relations on the North Queensland Frontier 1861–1897 (Canberra: A.N.U. Press, 1982), 170.Google Scholar

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21 Foott, ‘The Future of Australia,’ Where the Pelican Builds, 4.Google Scholar

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24 Henry Arthur Kellow, Queensland Poets (London: George G. Harrap, 1930), 121.Google Scholar

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27 MacLeod, Rita (as Margaret Fleming), Mirrors of Silver (Brisbane: Watson, Ferguson, 1915), 4, 10, 6. Rita MacLeod, For the Sake of the Soldier: Voluntary Work of Brisbane Women (Brisbane: Gordon and Gotch, 1916?).Google Scholar

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30 O'Neil, Lydia M.D., Dinkum Aussie and Other Poems (Brisbane: Watson Ferguson and Co., 1924), 8.Google Scholar

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41 Coungeau, Emily, ‘The Price of Conquest’, Rustling Leaves: Selected Poems (Sydney: William Brooks, 1920), 97. Rustling Leaves contains a number of poems in this style, including ‘In Memoriam – Gallipoli’, 101–102, ‘Cavell – Martyr – 1915’, 108–109. ‘Lest We Forget – Gallipoli’, 119, ‘The Return, 1919–20’, 133–4, ‘The Deathless Dead, 1919’, 145–6.Google Scholar

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45 Fisher, , ‘Violation’, Earth Spiritual, n.p.Google Scholar

46 Fisher, , ‘The Source’, Earth Spiritual, n.p. Fisher owned and edited The Theatre in Sydney from 1909 to 1918. Dulcie Deamer includes her recollections of Fisher in Peter Kirkpatrick, ed., The Queen of Bohemia: The Autobiography of Dulcie Deamer (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1998).Google Scholar

47 Forrest, Mabel, Alpha Centauri (Melbourne: Thomas C. Lothian, 1909), 8. Several of the poems with identifiably ‘Australian’ themes won prizes at Eisteddfods: the incentive of such competitions partly explains the choice of subject matter.Google Scholar

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50 Hemmings, Ernestine, Peter Pan Land and Other Poems (Brisbane: Hibernian Newspapers, 1916), 15–16.Google Scholar

51 Morris, Meaghan, ‘The Fairies of the Day’, unpublished paper given at Griffith University, 21 May 1999. In this paper, Morris also discussed the ‘knowingness' of Hemmings’ early poems.Google Scholar

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60 England, E.M., ts letter to Clem Christesen, 26 February 1941, Meanjin Letterbook 1, Meanjin Archive, Baillieu Library, University of Melbourne.Google Scholar

61 England, E.M., The Happy Monarch and Other Verses (Brisbane: Carter-Watson, 1927), 12–13, 14–15, 17, 51.Google Scholar

62 England, ‘Queensland Night’, ‘Thoughts of Sydney’, ‘In Exile’, The Happy Monarch, 19, 38, 47. England received part of her education in Sydney.Google Scholar

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73 Martin, Harriet Patchett, ‘Cross Currents’, in Fisher, , ed., By Creek and Gully, 21, 33. In an earlier version of this story, the main character, Aline Beaumont, becomes a nurse in London: see Harriet Patchett Martin, ‘A Night in a Custom House’ in Harriet Patchett Martin, ed., Under the Gum Tree: Australian ‘Bush’ Notes (London: Trischler and Co., 1890), 79–95.Google Scholar

74 Locke, Sumner, Mum Dawson, ‘Boss’ (Sydney: N.S.W. Bookstall Co., 1911); The Dawson's Uncle George (N.S.W. Bookstall Co., 1912); Skeeter Farm Takes a Spell (Sydney: N.S.W. Bookstall Co., 1915); Samaritan Mary (New York: Holt, 1916).Google Scholar

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79 Cottrell, Dorothy, Earth Battle (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1930), 17, 39, 318, 23. This novel was published in the United States as Tharlane (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1930). Cottrell also published a short story The Night Flowers (Elsinore, California: Elsinore-Leader Press, 1930), which includes some of the characters from Earth Battle. Google Scholar

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