Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-8bljj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-02T06:19:00.012Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Unraveling rift margin evolution and escarpment development ages along the Dead Sea fault using cosmogenic burial ages

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

A. Matmon ,
D. Fink ,
M. Davis ,
S. Niedermann ,
D. Rood  and
A. Frumkin
A. Matmon*
Affiliation:
The Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
D. Fink
Affiliation:
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, PMB1, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia
M. Davis
Affiliation:
The Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
S. Niedermann
Affiliation:
Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam - Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany
D. Rood
Affiliation:
Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-397, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
A. Frumkin
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91905, Israel
*
*Corresponding author at: Institute of Earth Sciences Hebrew University of Jerusalem Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel 91904. Tel.: + 972 2 6586703; fax: + 972 2 5662581.E-mail address:arimatmon@mail.huji.ac.il (A. Matmon).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Dead Sea fault (DSF) is one of the most active plate boundaries in the world. Understanding the Quaternary history and sediments of the DSF requires investigation into the Neogene development of this plate boundary. DSF lateral motion preceded significant extension and rift morphology by ~10 Ma. Sediments of the Sedom Formation, dated here between 5.0 ± 0.5 Ma and 6.2−2.1+inf Ma, yielded extremely low 10Be concentrations and 26Al is absent. These reflect the antiquity of the sediments, deposited in the Sedom Lagoon, which evolved in a subdued landscape and was connected to the Mediterranean Sea. The base of the overlying Amora Formation, deposited in the terminal Amora Lake which developed under increasing relief that promoted escarpment incision, was dated at 3.3−0.8+0.9 Ma. Burial ages of fluvial sediments within caves (3.4 ± 0.2 Ma and 3.6 ± 0.4 Ma) represent the timing of initial incision. Initial DSF topography coincides with the earliest Red Sea MORB's and the East Anatolian fault initiation. These suggest a change in the relative Arabian–African plate motion. This change introduced the rifting component to the DSF followed by a significant subsidence, margin uplift, and a reorganization of relief and drainage pattern in the region resulting in the topographic framework observed today.

Keywords

Sedom LagoonAmora LakeCosmogenic burial datingDead Sea fault
Type
Articles
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 82 , Issue 1 , July 2014 , pp. 281 - 295
Copyright
University of Washington

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agnon, A. An attempted revision of the Neogene stratigraphy in the Dead Sea Valley. Israel Geological Society Annual Meeting, Nazareth. (1983). 63 Google Scholar
Agnon, A. The Development of Depositional Basins in the Southern Part of Western Dead Sea Escarpment. (M.Sc. Thesis) (1983). Hebrew University of Jerusalem, (61 pp.)Google Scholar
Agnon, A. The fault escarpment south west of the Dead Sea: from stratigraphy to morphotectonic history. Israel Geological Society Annual Meetings, Field Trips Guidebook, Arad, Israel. (1993). 81–97.Google Scholar
Avni, Y., Bartov, Y., Garfunkel, Z., and Ginat, H. Evolution of the Paran drainage basin and its relations to the Plio-Pleistocene history of the Arava Rift western margin, Israel. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 49, (2000). 215–238.Google Scholar
Balco, G., and Shuster, D.L. Production rate of cosmogenic 21Ne in quartz estimated from 10Be, 26Al, and 21Ne concentrations in slowly eroding Antarctic bedrock surfaces. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 281, (2009). 48–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balco, G., Stone, J.O., Lifton, N.A., and Dunai, T.J. A complete and easily accessible means of calculating surface exposure ages or erosion rates from 10Be and 26Al measurements. Quaternary Geochronology 3, (2008). 174–195.Google Scholar
Bartov, Y., Steinitz, G., Eyal, M., and Eyal, Y. Sinistral movement along the Gulf of Aqaba — its age and relation to the opening of the Red Sea. Nature 285, 5762 (1980). 220–222.Google Scholar
Bartov, Y., Stein, M., Enzel, Y., Agnon, A., and Reches, Z. Lake levels and sequence stratigraphy of Lake Lisan, the Late Pleistocene precursor of the Dead Sea. Quaternary Research 57, 1 (2002). 9–21.Google Scholar
Beaumont, C., Kooi, H., and Willett, S. Coupled tectonic-surface process models with applications to rifted margins and collisional orogens. Summerfield, M.A. Geomorphology and Global Tectonics: Chichester. (2000). John Wiley, 29–55.Google Scholar
Begin, Z.B., Ehrlich, A., and Nathan, Y. Lake Lisan; the Pleistocene precursor of the Dead Sea. Geological Survey of Israel Bulletin 63, (1974). 38 Google Scholar
Belmaker, B., Lazar, B., Beer, J., Christl, M., Tepelyakov, N., and Stein, M. 10Be dating of Neogene halite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 122, (2013). 418–429.Google Scholar
Bierman, P.R., and Caffee, M.W. Slow rates of rock surface erosion and sediment production across the Namib Desert and escarpment, Southern Africa. American Journal of Science 301, 4–5 (2001). 326–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloom, A.L. Geomorphology. third edition (1998). Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. (482 pp.)Google Scholar
Bohannon, R.G., Naeser, C.W., Schmidt, D.L., and Zimmermann, R.A. The timing of uplift, volcanism and rifting peripheral to the Red Sea: a case for passive rifting?. Journal of Geophysical Research 94, (1989). 1683–1701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosworth, W., and McClay, K. Structural and stratigraphic evolution of the Gulf of Suez rift, Egypt: A synthesis. Ziegler, P.A., Cavazza, W., Robertson, A.H.F., and Crasquin-Soleau, S. Peri-Tethys Memoir 6: Peri-Tethyan Rift/Wrench Basins and Passive Margins. MeÅLmoires du MuseÅLum National d_Histoire Naturelle de Paris 186, (2001). 567–606.Google Scholar
Bosworth, W., Huchon, P., and McClay, K. The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden basins. Journal of African Earth Sciences 43, (2005). 334–378.Google Scholar
Braucher, R., Merchel, S., Borgomano, J., and Bourlès, D.L. Production of cosmogenic radionuclides at great depth: a multi element approach. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 309, (2011). 1–9.Google Scholar
Calvo, R. Stratigraphy and Petrology of the Hazeva Formation in the Arava and the Negev: Implications for the Development of Sedimentary Basins and the Morphotectonics of the Dead Sea Rift Valley. (PhD Thesis [in Hebrew]) (2000). Earth Sciences Department. Hebrew University, Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Calvo, R. Stratigraphy and petrology of the Hazeva Formation in the Arava and Negev: implications for the development of sedimentary basins and morphotectonics of the Dead Sea rift valley. Geological Survey of Israel Report, GSI/22/02. (2002). (264 pp.)Google Scholar
Calvo, R., and Bartov, Y. Hazeva Group, southern Israel: new observations, and their implications for its stratigraphy, paleogeography, and tectono-sedimentary regime. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 50, 2–4 (2001). 71–99.Google Scholar
Chmeleff, J., von Blanckenburg, F., Kossert, K., and Jakob, D. Determination of the 10Be half-life by multicollector ICP-MS and liquid scintillation counting. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 268, 2 (2010). 192–199.Google Scholar
Cole, K.L., and Mayer, L. Use of packrat middens to determine rates of cliff retreat in the eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona. Geology 10, 11 (1982). 597–599.Google Scholar
Daëron, M., Benedetti, L., Tapponnier, P., Sursock, A., and Finkel, R. Constraints on the post ∼ 25-ka slip rate of the Yammoûneh fault (Lebanon) using in situ cosmogenic 36Cl dating of offset limestone-clast fans. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 227, 1–2 (2004). 105–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daëron, M., Klinger, Y., Tapponnier, P., Elias, A., Jacques, E., and Sursock, A. 12,000-year long record of 10 to 13 paleo-earthquakes on the Yammoûneh fault (Levant fault system, Lebanon). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 97, 3 (2007). 749–771.Google Scholar
Davis, M.N., Matmon, A., Ron, H., Fink, D., and Niedermann, S. Dating Pliocene lacustrine sediments in the central Jordan Valley, Israel — Implications for cosmogenic burial dating. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 305, (2011). 317–327.Google Scholar
Dunai, T.J. Influence of secular variation of the geomagnetic field on production rates of in situ produced cosmogenic nuclides. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 193, (2001). 197–212.Google Scholar
Ebinger, C.J. Tectonic development of the western branch of the East African rift system. Geological Society of America Bulletin 101, (1989). 885–903.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebinger, C.J., Rosendahl, B.R., and Reynolds, D. Tectonic model of the Malawi rift, Africa. Tectonophysics 141, (1987). 215–235.Google Scholar
Fink, D., and Smith, A. An inter-comparison of 10Be and 26Al AMS reference standards and the 10Be half-life. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 259, (2007). 600–609.Google Scholar
Fruchter, N., Matmon, A., Avni, Y., and Fink, D. Sediment source and mixing and the cycle of sediment transport: an example from NE Negev Desert, Israel. Geomorphology 134, 3–4 (2011). 363–377.Google Scholar
Frumkin, A. Determining the exposure age of a karst landscape. Quaternary Research 46, (1996). 99–106.Google Scholar
Frumkin, A. The Cave of the Letters sediments — indication of an early phase of the Dead Sea depression?. The Journal of Geology 109, 1 (2001). 79–90.Google Scholar
Frumkin, A. Formation and dating of a salt pillar in Mount Sedom diapir, Israel. Geological Society of America Bulletin 121, 1/2 (2009). 286–293.Google Scholar
Garfunkel, Z. Internal structure of the Dead Sea leaky transform (rift) in relation to plate kinematics. Tectonophysics 80, (1981). 81–108.Google Scholar
Garfunkel, Z., and Horovitz, A. The upper tertiary and quaternary morphology of the Negev. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 15, (1966). 101–117.Google Scholar
Gilchrist, A.R., and Summerfield, M.A. Tectonic models of passive margin evolution and their implications for theories of long-term landscape evolution. Kirkby, M.J. Process Models and Theoretical Geomorphology. (1994). John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. 55–84.Google Scholar
Gillespie, A.R., Budinger, F.E. Jr., and Abbott, E.A. Verification of prehistoric campfires by 40Ar/39Ar analysis of fire-baked stones. Journal of Archaeological Science 16, 3 (1989). 271–291.Google Scholar
Gosse, J.C., and Phillips, F.M. Terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclides: theory and application. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, 14 (2001). 1475–1560.Google Scholar
Granger, D.E. A review of burial dating methods using 26Al and 10Be. Geological Society of America Special Papers 415, (2006). 1–16.Google Scholar
Granger, D.E., Kirchner, J.W., and Finkel, R.C. Quaternary downcutting rate of the New River, Virginia, measured from differential decay of cosmogenic 26Al and 10Be in cave-deposited alluvium. Geology 25, 2 (1997). 107–110.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granger, D.E., Fabel, D., and Palmer, A.N. Pliocene–Pleistocene incision of the Green River, Kentucky, determined from radioactive decay of cosmogenic 26Al and 10Be in Mammoth Cave sediments. Geological Society of America Bulletin 113, (2001). 825–836.Google Scholar
Gur, D., Steinitz, G., Kolodny, Y., Starinsky, A., and McWilliams, M. 40Ar/39Ar dating of combustion metamorphism (the “Mottled Zone”, Israel). Chemical Geology 122, (1995). 171–184.Google Scholar
Guralnik, B., Matmon, A., Avni, Y., and Fink, D. 10Be exposure ages of ancient desert pavements reveal Quaternary evolution of the Dead Sea drainage basin and rift margin tilting. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 290, (2010). 132–141.Google Scholar
Haeuselmann, P., Granger, D.E., Jeannin, P.Y., and Lauritzen, S.E. Abrupt glacial valley incision at 0.8 Ma dated from cave deposits in Switzerland. Geology 35, 2 (2007). 143–146.Google Scholar
Haviv, I., Enzel, Y., Whipple, K.X., Zilberman, E., Stone, J., Matmon, A., and Fifield, L.K. Amplified erosion above waterfalls and oversteepened bedrock reaches. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, (2006). F04004 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilgen, F.J., and Langereis, C.G. A critical re-evaluation of the Miocene/Pliocene boundary as defined in the Mediterranean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 118, (1993). 167–179.Google Scholar
Hirsch, F. 1:50,000 Geological Map, Sheet 19-II (Hanakhtesh Haqatan). (1995). Geological Survey of Israel, Google Scholar
Horowitz, A. The Jordan Rift Valley. (2001). Taylor & Francis, Google Scholar
Hutchinson, D.R., Golmshtok, A.J., Zoneneshain, L.P., Moore, T.C., Scholz, C.A., and Klitgord, K.D. Depositional and tectonic framework of the rift basins of Lake Baikal from multichannel seismic data. Geology 20, (1992). 589–592.Google Scholar
Inbar, N., Shulman, H., Flexer, A., and Yellin-Dror, A. The structure of Kinnarot basin, Jordan Rift Valley, Israel. The Israel Geological Society, Annual Meeting Abstract Book. (2010). 77 Google Scholar
Joffe, S., and Garfunkel, Z. Plate kinematics of the circum Red Sea-a re-evaluation. Tectonophysics 141, 1–3 (1987). 5–22.Google Scholar
Kashai, E.L., and Croker, P.F. Structural geometry and evolution of the Dead Sea–Jordan rift system as deduced from new subsurface data. Tectonophysics 141, 1–3 (1987). 33–60.Google Scholar
Katz, A., and Starinsky, A. Geochemical history of the Dead Sea. Aquatic Geochemistry 15, (2009). 159–194.Google Scholar
Kaufman, A. U-series dating of Dead Sea basin carbonates. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 35, (1971). 1269–1281.Google Scholar
Ken-Tor, R., Agnon, A., Enzel, Y., Stein, M., Marco, S., and Negendank, J.F.W. High-resolution geological record of historic earthquakes in the Dead Sea basin. Journal of Geophysical Research 106, n B2 (2001). 2221–2234.Google Scholar
Ken-Tor, R., Stein, M., Enzel, Y., Agnon, A., Marco, S., and Negendank, J.F.W. Precision of calibrated radiocarbon ages of historic earthquakes in the Dead Sea basin. Radiocarbon 43, n 3 (2001). 1371–1382.Google Scholar
Korschinek, G. et al. A new value for the half-life of 10Be by heavy-ion elastic recoil detection and liquid scintillation counting. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 268, 2 (2010). 187–191.Google Scholar
LeBeon, M., Klinger, Y., Al-Qaryouti, M., Meriaux, A.S., Finkel, R.C., Elias, A., Mayyas, O., Ryerson, F., and Tapponnier, P. Early Holocene and Late Pleistocene slip rates of the southern Dead Sea fault determined from 10Be cosmogenic dating of offset alluvial deposits. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 115, (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JB007198 Google Scholar
LeBeon, M., Klinger, Y., Al-Qaryouti, M., Meriaux, A.S., Finkel, R.C., Elias, A., Mayyas, O., Ryerson, F., and Tapponnier, P. Quaternary morphotectonic mapping of the Wadi Araba and implications for the tectonic activity of the southern Dead Sea fault. Tectonics 31, 5 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012TC003112 Google Scholar
Lisker, S., Vaks, A., Bar-Matthews, M., Porat, R., and Frumkin, A. Stromatolites in caves of the Dead Sea fault escarpment: implications to latest Pleistocene lake levels and tectonic subsidence. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 1–2 (2009). 80–92.Google Scholar
Lisker, S., Porat, R., and Frumkin, A. Late Neogene rift valley fill sediments preserved in caves of the Dead Sea fault escarpment (Israel): palaeogeographic and morphotectonic implications. Sedimentology 57, (2010). 429–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mack, G.H., Seager, W.R., Leeder, M.R., Perez-Arlucea, M., and Salyards, S.L. Pliocene and Quaternary history of the Rio Grande, the axial river of the southern Rio Grande rift, New Mexico, USA. Earth-Science Reviews 79, 1–2 (2006). 141–162.Google Scholar
Marco, S. Paleomagnetism and Paleoseismology in the Late Pleistocene Dead Sea Graben. (Ph.D. Thesis) (1996). The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Google Scholar
Matmon, A., Enzel, Y., Zilberman, E., and Heimann, A. Late Pliocene to Pleistocene reversal of drainage systems in northern Israel: tectonic implications. Geomorphology 28, (1999). 43–59.Google Scholar
Matmon, A., Zilberman, E., and Enzel, Y. Determination of escarpment age using morphologic analysis: an example from the Galilee, northern Israel. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112, 12 (2000). 1864–1876.Google Scholar
Matmon, A., Shaked, Y., Porat, N., Enzel, Y., Finkel, R., Lifton, N., Boaretto, E., and Agnon, A. Landscape development in an hyper arid sandstone environment along the margins of the Dead Sea fault: implications from dated rock falls. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 240, (2005). 803–817.Google Scholar
Mayer, L. Evolution of the Mogollon Rim in central Arizona. Tectonophysics 61, (1979). 49–62.Google Scholar
McClusky, S., Reilinger, R., Mahmoud, S., Ben Sari, D., and Tealeb, A. GPS constraints on Africa (Nubia) and Arabia plate motions. Geophysics Journal International 155, (2003). 126–138.Google Scholar
Mor, D., and Steinitz, G. K–Ar ages of the Neogene–Quaternary basalts around the Yarmuk Valley. Annual Meeting. (1985). Israel Geological Society, 77–78.Google Scholar
Neev, D. A pre-Neogene erosion channel in the southern Coastal Plain of Israel. Geological Survey of Israel Bulletin 25, (1960). 20 Google Scholar
Neev, D., and Emery, K.O. The Dead Sea, depositional processes and environments of evaporates. Geological Survey of Israel Bulletin 41, (1967). 147 Google Scholar
Niedermann, S. Cosmic-ray-produced noble gases in terrestrial rocks: dating tools for surface processes. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 47, (2002). 731–784.Google Scholar
Niedermann, S., Graf, T., and Marti, K. Mass spectrometric identification of cosmic-ray-produced neon in terrestrial rocks with multiple neon components. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 118, (1993). 65–73.Google Scholar
Niedermann, S., Bach, W., and Erzinger, J. Noble gas evidence for a lower mantle component in MORBs from the southern East Pacific Rise: decoupling of helium and neon isotope systematics. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, (1997). 2697–2715.Google Scholar
Nishiizumi, K. Preparation of 26Al AMS standards. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 223–224, (2004). 388–392.Google Scholar
Ollier, C.D. Tectonics and landscape evolution in southeast Australia. Geomorphology 12, 1 (1995). 37–44.Google Scholar
Pe'eri, S., Zebker, H.A., Ben-Avraham, Z., Frumkin, A., and Hall, J.K. Spatially-resolved uplift rate of the Mount Sedom (Dead Sea) salt diapir from InSAR observations. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 53, 2 (2004). 99–106.Google Scholar
Picard, L. Structure and evolution of Palestine with comparative notes on neighboring countries. Geology Department Bulletin 4, (1943). Hebrew University of Jerusalem, (134 pp.)Google Scholar
Quennell, A.M. Geology and mineral resource of (former) Transjordan. Colonial Geology and Mineral Resources 2, (1951). 85–115.Google Scholar
Quennell, A.M. The structural and geomorphic evolution of the Dead Sea Rift. Quaterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 114, (1958). 1–24.Google Scholar
Rood, D.H., Hall, S., Guilderson, T.P., Finkel, R.C., and Brown, T.A. Challenges and opportunities in high-precision 10Be measurements at CAMS. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 268, (2010). 730–732.Google Scholar
Rosendahl, B.R. Architecture of continental rift with special reference to East Africa. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 15, (1987). 445–503.Google Scholar
Rotstein, Y., Bartov, Y., and Frieslander, U. Evidence for local shifting of the main fault and changes in the structural setting, Kinarot basin, Dead Sea transform. Geology 20, (1992). 251–254.Google Scholar
Ryb, U., Mattews, A., Erel, Y., Gordon, G., Anbar, A., and Avni, Y. Iron mineralization along the northern Negev anticlines: sources, timing, and paleogeographical implications. Israel Geological Society, Annual Meeting Abstracts. (2009). 112 Google Scholar
Ryb, U., Erel, Y., Mattews, A., Avni, Y., Gordon, G., and Anbar, A. Large Molybdenium isotope variations trace subsurface fluid migration along the Dead Sea transform. Geology 37, 5 (2009). 463–466.Google Scholar
Sa'ar, H. Origin and Sedimentology of the Sandstones in Graben-fill Formations of Dead Sea Rift Valley. (M.Sc. Thesis) (1985). Hebrew University, (81 pp.)Google Scholar
Schumm, S.A., and Chorley, R.J. Talus weathering and scarp recession in the Colorado Plateaus. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 10, (1966). 11–36.Google Scholar
Shaliv, G. Stages in the Tectonic and Volcanic History of Neogen Continental Basins in Northern Israel. (PhD Thesis) (1989). Hebrew University, 102 Google Scholar
Shaliv, G. Stages in the tectonic and volcanic history of the Neogene basin in the Lower Galilee and the valleys. Geological Survey of Israel, Report GSI/11/91. (1991). (101 pp.)Google Scholar
Sharp, W.D., and Clague, D.A. 50-Ma Initiation of Hawaiian–Emperor Bend records major change in Pacific plate motion. Science 313, (2006). 1281–1284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steckler, M.S., and ten Brink, U.S. Lithospheric strength variations as a control on new plate boundaries; examples from the northern Red Sea region. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 79, (1986). 12159–12173.Google Scholar
Stein, M., and Agnon, A. So, what is the age of the Sedom Lagoon?. Annual Meeting. (2007). Israel Geological Society, Newe Zohar. 119 Google Scholar
Stein, M., Agnon, A., Starinsky, A., Raab, M., Katz, A., and Zak, I. What is the “age” of the Sedom Formation?. Annual Meeting. (1994). Israel Geological Society, 108 Google Scholar
Stein, M., Starinsky, A., Agnon, A., Katz, A., Raab, M., Spiro, B., and Zak, I. The impact of brine–rock interaction during marine evaporite formation on the isotopic Sr record in the oceans: evidence from Mt. Sedom, Israel. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64, (2000). 2039–2053.Google Scholar
Steinitz, G., and Bartov, Y. The Miocene–Pliocene history of the Dead Sea segment of the rift in light of K–Ar ages of basalts. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 40, 1–4 (1991). 199–208.Google Scholar
Steinitz, G., Bartov, Y., and Hunziker, J.C. K–Ar age determinations of some Miocene–Pliocene basalts in Israel and their significance to the tectonics of the rift valley. Geological Magazine 115, (1978). 329–340.Google Scholar
Steinitz, G., Calvo, R., and Bartov, Y. New 40Ar–39Ar age for the Ein Yahav dike and its implications on the age of the Hazeva Formation. Geological Survey of Israel Current Research 12, (2000). 206–208.Google Scholar
Stock, G.M., Anderson, R.S., and Finkel, R.C. Pace of landscape evolution in the Sierra Nevada, California, revealed by cosmogenic dating of cave sediments. Geology 32, (2004). 193–196.Google Scholar
Stock, G.M., Anderson, R.S., and Finkel, R.C. Rates of erosion and topographic evolution of the Sierra Nevada, California, inferred from cosmogenic 26Al and 10Be concentrations. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 30, (2004). 985–1006.Google Scholar
Stock, G.M., Granger, D.E., Sasowsky, I.D., Anderson, R.S., Robert, C., and Finkel, R.C. Comparison of U-Th, paleomagnetism, and cosmogenic burial methods for dating caves: Implications for landscape evolution studies. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 236, (2005). 388–403.Google Scholar
Summerfield, M.A. Sub-aerial denudation of passive margins; regional elevation versus local relief models. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 102, 3–4 (1991). 460–469.Google Scholar
Summerfield, M.A. Global geomorphology; an introduction to the study of landforms. Longman Science and Technology. (1991). John Wiley & Sons, Essex, United Kingdom, New York, NY, United States. (537 pp.)Google Scholar
ten-Brink, U.S., Schoenberg, N., Kovach, R.L., and Ben-Avraham, Z. Uplift and possible Moho offset across the Dead Sea transform. Kovach, R.L., and Ben-Avraham, Z. Geologic and Tectonic Processes of the Dead Sea Transform Zone. Tectonophysics 180, (1990). 71–85.Google Scholar
Torfstein, A. Brine Freshwater Interplay and Effects on the Evolution of Saline Lakes: The Dead Sea Rift Terminal Lakes. (Ph.D. Thesis) (2008). The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Google Scholar
Torfstein, A., Haase-Schramm, A., Waldmann, N., Kolodny, Y., and Stein, M. U-series and oxygen isotope chronology of the mid-Pleistocene Lake Amora (Dead Sea basin). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73, (2009). 2603–2630.Google Scholar
Vaks, A., Woodhead, J., Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A., Cliff, R., Zilberman, T., Matthews, A., and Frumkin, A. Pliocene–Pleistocene climate of the northern margin of Saharan–Arabian Desert recorded in speleothems from the Negev Desert, Israel. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 368, (2013). 88–100.Google Scholar
van der Beek, P., and Braun, J. Controls on post mid-Cretaceous landscape evolution in the southeastern highlands of Australia: insights from numerical surface process models. Journal of Geophysical Research 104, (1999). 4945–4966.Google Scholar
Wagner, T., Fabel, D., Fiebig, M., Haeuselmann, P., Sahy, D., Xu, S., and Stuwe, K. Young uplift in the non-glaciated parts of the Eastern Alps. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 295, 1–2 (2010). 159–169.Google Scholar
Wdowinski, S., and Zilberman, E. Kinematic modeling of large scale structural asymmetry across the Dead Sea Transform. Tectonophysics 266, (1996). 187–201.Google Scholar
Wdowinski, S., and Zilberman, E. Systematic analyses of the large-scale topography and structure across the Dead Sea Rift. Tectonics 16, (1997). 409–424.Google Scholar
Weinberger, R., Begin, Z.B., Waldmann, N., Gardosh, M., Baer, G., Frumkin, A., and Wdowinski, S. Quaternary rise of the Sedom Diapir, Dead Sea basin. Geological Society of America Special Papers 401, (2006). 33–51.Google Scholar
Weinberger, R., Bar-Matthews, M., Levi, T., and Begin, Z.B. Late-Pleistocene rise of the Sedom diapir on the backdrop of water-level fluctuations of Lake Lisan, Dead Sea basin. Quaternary International 175, (2007). 53–61.Google Scholar
Westaway, R. Kinematic consistency between the Dead Sea fault zone and the Neogene and Quaternary left-lateral faulting in SE Turkey. Tectonophysics 391, (2004). 203–237.Google Scholar
Yair, A., and Gerson, R. Mode and rate of escarpment retreat in an extremely arid environment. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Suppl. 21 (1974). 202–215.Google Scholar
Zak, I. The Geology of Mt. Sedom. (PhD Thesis) (1967). Hebrew University, Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Zelilidis, A. Drainage evolution in a rifted basin, Corinth graben, Greece. Geomorphology 35, 1–2 (2000). 69–85.Google Scholar
Zilberman, E. The Mahmal Graben and Nahal Hawwa; an introduction to the paleogeography of the central Negev in the Miocene. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 42, 3–4 (1993). 197–209.Google Scholar
Zilberman, E., Baer, G., Avni, Y., and Feigin, D. Pliocene fluvial systems and tectonics in the central Negev, southern Israel. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 45, 3 (1996). 113–126.Google Scholar