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Holocene regional climate change and formation of southern Ontario's largest swamp inferred from a kettle-lake pollen record

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 September 2021

Eunji Byun Open the ORCID record for Eunji Byun [Opens in a new window] ,
Sharon A. Cowling  and
Sarah A. Finkelstein Open the ORCID record for Sarah A. Finkelstein [Opens in a new window]
Eunji Byun
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B1, Canada
Sharon A. Cowling
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B1, Canada
Sarah A. Finkelstein*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B1, Canada
*
*Corresponding author: Sarah A. Finkelstein, Email: sarah.finkelstein@utoronto.ca
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Abstract

Greenock Swamp wetland complex is one of few remaining natural wetlands in the Great Lakes region and, at 89 km2 in areal extent, is currently the largest hardwood swamp in southern Ontario, Canada. We present here pollen and sediment records from a kettle hole (Schmidt Lake) and adjacent Thuja occidentalis swamp to reconstruct regional paleoclimate and vegetation history, and to assess the timing and development of the swamp ecosystem and associated carbon stocks. Pollen-inferred paleoclimate reconstructions show the expected warming in the Early Holocene, and indicate the Mid-Holocene initiation of lake-effect snow. This enhanced snowfall may have maintained high water tables in the adjacent wetland since ca. 8300 years ago, promoting the establishment of a swamp dominated by Thuja occidentalis. Carbon accumulation rates in a >2-m-long peat core collected from a Thuja occidentalis stand adjacent to Schmidt Lake are 30–40 g C/m2/yr, which is higher than the average of northern high-latitude peatlands. Using topographic and hydrological parameters, we estimated that mean swamp peat thicknesses could exceed 2 m. Thus, this study encourages future investigations on temperate swamps from the perspective of hitherto underestimated Holocene carbon sinks and shows the importance of regional hydroclimate in supporting swamp ecosystems.

Keywords

Temperate wetlandSwampPeatPaleoclimatePaleoecologyHoloceneModern analogue techniqueGreat LakesLake-effect snow
Type
Research Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 106 , March 2022 , pp. 56 - 74
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Copyright
Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2021

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Footnotes

§

Present address: Ecohydrology Research Group, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Water Institute, 200 University Ave W, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada

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