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Structural divergence of the rotary ATPases

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 March 2011

Stephen P. Muench ,
John Trinick  and
Michael A. Harrison
Stephen P. Muench
Affiliation:
Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorks, LS2 9JT, UK
John Trinick
Affiliation:
Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorks, LS2 9JT, UK
Michael A. Harrison*
Affiliation:
Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorks, LS2 9JT, UK
*
*Author for Correspondence: Dr M. Harrison, Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorks LS2 9JT, UK.Tel.: (+44) (0)113 3437766; Email: m.a.harrison@leeds.ac.uk
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Abstract

The rotary ATPase family of membrane protein complexes may have only three members, but each one plays a fundamental role in biological energy conversion. The F1Fo-ATPase (F-ATPase) couples ATP synthesis to the electrochemical membrane potential in bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts, while the vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) operates as an ATP-driven proton pump in eukaryotic membranes. In different species of archaea and bacteria, the A1Ao-ATPase (A-ATPase) can function as either an ATP synthase or an ion pump. All three of these multi-subunit complexes are rotary molecular motors, sharing a fundamentally similar mechanism in which rotational movement drives the energy conversion process. By analogy to macroscopic systems, individual subunits can be assigned to rotor, axle or stator functions. Recently, three-dimensional reconstructions from electron microscopy and single particle image processing have led to a significant step forward in understanding of the overall architecture of all three forms of these complexes and have allowed the organisation of subunits within the rotor and stator parts of the motors to be more clearly mapped out. This review describes the emerging consensus regarding the organisation of the rotor and stator components of V-, A- and F-ATPases, examining core similarities that point to a common evolutionary origin, and highlighting key differences. In particular, it discusses how newly revealed variation in the complexity of the inter-domain connections may impact on the mechanics and regulation of these molecular machines.

Type
Review Article
Information
Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics , Volume 44 , Issue 3 , August 2011 , pp. 311 - 356
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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