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New onset of depression in aging women and men: contributions of social, psychological, behavioral, and somatic predictors in the community

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 August 2018

Manfred E. Beutel ,
Elmar Brähler ,
Joerg Wiltink ,
Jasmin Ghaemi Kerahrodi ,
Juliane Burghardt ,
Matthias Michal ,
Andreas Schulz ,
Phillipp S. Wild ,
Thomas Münzel  and
Irene Schmidtmann
...Show all authors
Manfred E. Beutel*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
Elmar Brähler
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
Joerg Wiltink
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
Jasmin Ghaemi Kerahrodi
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
Juliane Burghardt
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
Matthias Michal
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
Andreas Schulz
Affiliation:
Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
Phillipp S. Wild
Affiliation:
Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
Thomas Münzel
Affiliation:
Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany Center for Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
Irene Schmidtmann
Affiliation:
Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
Karl J. Lackner
Affiliation:
Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
Norbert Pfeiffer
Affiliation:
Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
Andreas Borta
Affiliation:
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH Co KG, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
Ana N. Tibubos
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
*
Author for correspondence: Manfred E. Beutel, E-mail: manfred.beutel@unimedizin-mainz.de
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Abstract

Background

Based on the vulnerability–stress model, we aimed to (1) determine new onset of depression in individuals who had not shown evidence of depression at baseline (5 years earlier) and (2) identify social, psychological, behavioral, and somatic predictors.

Methods

Longitudinal data of N = 10 036 participants (40–79 years) were evaluated who had no evidence of depression at baseline based on Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), no history of depression, or intake of antidepressants. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to predict the onset of depression.

Results

Prevalence of new cases of depression was 4.4%. Higher rates of women (5.1%) than men (3.8%) were due to their excess incidence <60 years of age. Regression analyses revealed significant social, psychological, behavioral, and somatic predictors: loneliness [odds ratio (OR) 2.01; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.48–2.71], generalized anxiety (OR 2.65; 1.79–3.85), social phobia (OR 1.87; 1.34–2.57), panic (OR 1.67; 1.01–2.64), type D personality (OR 1.85; 1.47–2.32), smoking (OR 1.35; 1.05–1.71), and comorbid cancer (OR 1.58; 1.09–2.24). Protective factors were age (OR 0.88; 0.83–0.93) and social support (OR 0.93; 0.90–0.95). Stratified by sex, cancer was predictive for women; for men smoking and life events. Entered additionally, the PHQ-9 baseline score was strongly predictive (OR 1.40; 1.34–1.47), generalized anxiety became only marginally, and panic was no longer predictive. Other predictors remained significant, albeit weaker.

Conclusions

Psychobiological vulnerability, stress, and illness-related factors were predictive of new onset of depression, whereas social support was protective. Baseline subclinical depression was an additional risk weakening the relationship between anxiety and depression by taking their overlap into account. Vulnerability factors differed between men and women.

Keywords

Communitygenderonset of depressionvulnerability–stress model
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 49 , Issue 7 , May 2019 , pp. 1148 - 1155
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

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