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Factors associated with depression among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 September 2023

Haoyu Tian ,
Tianci Qiao ,
Jing Teng ,
Chen Kang ,
Jia Ke ,
Lili Shan ,
Mengting Li ,
Chun Shen  and
Yan Han Open the ORCID record for Yan Han [Opens in a new window]
Haoyu Tian
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Tianci Qiao
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Jing Teng
Affiliation:
First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
Chen Kang
Affiliation:
Second Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
Jia Ke
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Lili Shan
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Mengting Li
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Chun Shen*
Affiliation:
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
Yan Han*
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
*
Corresponding authors: Yan Han; Email: hanyan@shutcm.edu.cn Chun Shen; Email: shenchun@fudan.edu.cn
Corresponding authors: Yan Han; Email: hanyan@shutcm.edu.cn Chun Shen; Email: shenchun@fudan.edu.cn
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Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the mental health of healthcare workers (HCWs). We aimed to identify the factors associated with depression among HCWs during the pandemic. We conducted literature search using eight electronic databases up to July 27 2022. Observational studies with more than 200 participants investigating correlates of depression in HCWs after COVID-19 outbreak were included. We used fixed- and random-effects models to pool odds ratios (ORs) across studies, and Cochran's chi-squared test and I2 statistics to assess study heterogeneity. Publication bias was evaluated by funnel plots. Thirty-five studies involving 44,362 HCWs met the inclusion criteria. Female (OR=1.50, 95% CI [1.23,1.84]), single (OR=1.36, 95% CI [1.21,1.54]), nurse (OR=1.69, 95% CI [1.28,2.25]), history of mental diseases (OR=2.53, 95% CI [1.78,3.58]), frontline (OR=1.79, 95% CI [1.38,2.32]), health anxiety due to COVID-19 (OR=1.88, 95% CI [1.29,2.76]), working in isolation wards (OR=1.98, 95% CI [1.38,2.84]), and insufficient personal protective equipment (OR=1.49, 95% CI [1.33,1.67]) were associated with increased risk of depression. Instead, HCWs with a positive professional prospect (OR=0.34, 95% CI [0.24,0.49]) were less likely to be depressed. This meta-analysis provides up-to-date evidence on the factors linked to depression among HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the persistent threats posed by COVID-19, early screening is crucial for the intervention and prevention of depression in HCWs.

Keywords

COVID-19depressionfactorshealthcare workersmeta-analysis
Type
Review Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 53 , Issue 14 , October 2023 , pp. 6424 - 6433
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

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Footnotes

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Co-first authors

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