Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-cfpbc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T05:56:46.463Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder at the age of 6 years and clinical and functional outcomes 3 years later

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2016

L. R. Dougherty ,
V. C. Smith ,
S. J. Bufferd ,
E. M. Kessel ,
G. A. Carlson  and
D. N. Klein
L. R. Dougherty*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park State, MD, USA
V. C. Smith
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park State, MD, USA
S. J. Bufferd
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA
E. M. Kessel
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
G. A. Carlson
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
D. N. Klein
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
*
*Address for correspondence: L. Dougherty, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. (Email: ldougher@umd.edu)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Little is known about the predictive validity of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD). This longitudinal, community-based study examined associations of DMDD at the age of 6 years with psychiatric disorders, functional impairment, peer functioning and service use at the age of 9 years.

Method

A total of 473 children were assessed at the ages of 6 and 9 years. Child psychopathology and functional impairment were assessed at the age of 6 years with the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment with parents and at the age of 9 years with the Kiddie-Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) with parents and children. At the age of 9 years, mothers, fathers and youth completed the Child Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders, and teachers and K-SADS interviewers completed measures of peer functioning. Significant demographic covariates were included in all models.

Results

DMDD at the age of 6 years predicted a current diagnosis of DMDD at the age of 9 years. DMDD at the age of 6 years also predicted current and lifetime depressive disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at the age of 9 years, after controlling for all age 6 years psychiatric disorders. In addition, DMDD predicted depressive, ADHD and disruptive behavior disorder symptoms on the K-SADS, and maternal and paternal reports of depressive symptoms on the CDI, after controlling for the corresponding symptom scale at the age of 6 years. Last, DMDD at the age of 6 years predicted greater functional impairment, peer problems and educational support service use at the age of 9 years, after controlling for all psychiatric disorders at the age of 6 years.

Conclusions

Children with DMDD are at high risk for impaired functioning across childhood, and this risk is not accounted for by co-morbid conditions.

Keywords

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorderirritabilitylongitudinal studies
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 46 , Issue 5 , April 2016 , pp. 1103 - 1114
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adleman, NE, Kayser, R, Dickstein, D, Blair, R, Pine, D, Leibenluft, E (2011). Neural correlates of reversal learning in severe mood dysregulation and pediatric bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 50, 1173–1185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Press: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Axelson, D, Birmaher, B, Zelazny, J, Kaufman, J, Gill, MK (2009). The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) 2009 Working Draft. Advanced Center for Intervention and Services Research, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic (http://www.psychiatry.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/Documents/assessments/KSADS-PL_2009_working_draft_full.pdf). Accessed December 2015.Google Scholar
Axelson, D, Findling, RL, Fristad, MA, Kowatch, RA, Youngstrom, EA, Horwitz, SM, Arnold, LE, Frazier, TW, Ryan, N, Demeter, C, Gill, MK, Hauser-Harrington, JC, Depew, J, Kennedy, SM, Gron, BA, Rowles, BM, Birmaher, B (2012). Examining the proposed disruptive mood dysregulation disorder diagnosis in the longitudinal assessment of mania symptoms study. Journal of Clinical Psychology 73, 1342–1350.Google Scholar
Birmaher, B, Brent, D, Chiappetta, L, Bridge, J, Monga, S, Baugher, M (1999). Psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): a replication study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38, 1230–1236.Google Scholar
Brotman, MA, Rich, BA, Guyer, AE, Lunsford, JR, Horsey, SE, Reising, MM, Thomas, LA, Fromm, SJ, Towbin, K, Pine, DS, Leibenluft, E (2010). Amygdala activation during emotion processing of neutral faces in children with severe mood dysregulation versus ADHD or bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 167, 61–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brotman, MA, Schmajuk, M, Rich, BA, Dickstein, DP, Guyer, AE, Costello, EJ, Egger, HL, Angold, A, Pine, DS, Leibenluft, E (2006). Prevalence, clinical correlates, and longitudinal course of severe mood dysregulation in children. Biological Psychiatry 60, 991–997.Google Scholar
Bufferd, SJ, Dougherty, LR, Carlson, GA, Klein, DN (2011). Parented-reported mental health in preschoolers: findings using a diagnostic interview. Comprehensive Psychiatry 52, 359–369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bufferd, SJ, Dougherty, LR, Carlson, GA, Rose, S, Klein, DN (2012). Psychiatric disorders in preschoolers: continuity from ages 3 to 6. American Journal of Psychiatry 169, 1157–1164.Google Scholar
Copeland, WE, Angold, A, Costello, EJ, Egger, H (2013). Prevalence, comorbidity, and correlates of DSM-5 proposed disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 170, 173–179.Google Scholar
Copeland, WE, Shanahan, L, Egger, H, Angold, A, Costello, EJ (2014). Adult diagnostic and functional outcomes of DSM-5 disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 171, 6688–6774.Google Scholar
Crick, N (1996). The role of overt aggression, relational aggression, and prosocial behavior in the prediction of children's future social adjustment. Child Development 67, 2317–2327.Google Scholar
Deveney, CM, Hommer, RE, Reeves, E, Stringaris, A, Hinton, KE, Haring, CT, Vidal-Ribas, P, Towbin, K, Brotman, MA, Leibenluft, E (2015). A prospective study of severe irritability in youths: 2- and 4-year follow-up. Depression and Anxiety 32, 364–372.Google Scholar
Dougherty, LR, Smith, VC, Bufferd, SJ, Carlson, GA, Stringaris, A, Leibenluft, E, Klein, DN (2014). DSM-5 disruptive mood dysregulation disorder: correlates and predictors in young children. Psychological Medicine 44, 2239–2350.Google Scholar
Egger, HL, Ascher, BH, Angold, A (1999). The Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment: Version 1.1. Center for Developmental Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center: Durham, NC.Google Scholar
Guyer, AE, McClure, EB, Adler, AD, Brotman, MA, Rich, BA, Kimes, AS, Pine, DS, Ernst, M, Leibenluft, E (2007). Specificity of facial expression labeling deficits in childhood psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 48, 863–871.Google Scholar
Kovacs, M (1992). Children's Depression Inventory Manual. Multi-Health Systems, Inc.: North Tonawanda, NY.Google Scholar
Ladd, GW, Profilet, SM (1996). The Child Behavior Scale: a teacher-report measure of young children's aggressive, withdrawn, and prosocial behaviors. Developmental Psychology 32, 1008–1024.Google Scholar
Leibenluft, E (2011). Severe mood dysregulation, irritability, and the diagnostic boundaries of bipolar disorder in youths. American Journal of Psychiatry 168, 129–142.Google Scholar
Leibenluft, E, Charney, DS, Towbin, KE, Bhangoo, RK, Pine, DS (2003). Defining clinical phenotypes of juvenile mania. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 430–437.Google Scholar
Leibenluft, E, Cohen, P, Gorrindo, T, Brook, JS, Pine, DS (2006). Chronic versus episodic irritability in youth: a community-based, longitudinal study of clinical and diagnostic associations. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 16, 456–466.Google Scholar
Leibenluft, E, Stoddard, J (2013). The developmental psychopathology of irritability. Development and Psychopathology 25, 1473–1487.Google Scholar
Luby, JL, Mrakotsky, C, Heffelfinger, AK, Brown, K, Hessler, M, Spitznagel, E (2003). Modification of DSM-IV criteria for depressed preschool children. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 1169–1172.Google Scholar
Margulies, DM, Weintraub, S, Basile, J, Grover, PJ, Carlson, GA (2012). Will disruptive mood dysregulation disorder reduce false diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children? Bipolar Disorders 14, 488–496.Google Scholar
Martel, MM (2009). Research review: a new perspective on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: emotion dysregulation and trait models. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 50, 1042–1051.Google Scholar
Olino, TM, Klein, DN, Dyson, MW, Rose, SA, Durbin, CE, (2010). Temperamental emotionality in preschool-aged children and depressive disorders in parents: associations in a large community sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 119, 468–478.Google Scholar
Rich, BA, Grimley, ME, Schmajuk, M, Blair, KS, Blair, RJR, Leibenluft, E (2008). Face emotion labeling deficits in children with bipolar disorder and severe mood dysregulation. Development and Psychopathology 20, 529–546.Google Scholar
Shaffer, D, Gould, M, Brasic, J, Ambrosini, P, Fisher, P, Bird, H, Aluwahlia, S (1983). A children's global assessment scale. Archives of General Psychiatry 40, 1228–1231.Google Scholar
Stringaris, A, Cohen, P, Pine, DS, Leibenluft, E (2009). Adult outcomes of youth irritability: a 20-year prospective community-based study. American Journal of Psychiatry 166, 1048–1054.Google Scholar
Stringaris, A, Zavos, H, Leibenluft, E, Maughan, B, Eley, TC (2012). Adolescent irritability: phenotypic associations and genetic links with depressed mood. American Journal of Psychiatry 169, 47–54.Google Scholar
Tseng, W, Thomas, L, Harkins, E, Pine, DS, Leibenluft, E, Brotman, M (2016). Neural correlates of masked and unmasked face emotion processing in youth with severe mood dysregulation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 11, 78–88.Google Scholar
Wiggins, JL, Mitchell, C, Stringaris, A, Leibenluft, E (2014). Developmental trajectories of irritability and bidirectional associations with maternal depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 53, 1191–1205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Dougherty supplementary material

Dougherty supplementary material 1

Download Dougherty supplementary material(File)
File 43.5 KB