Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-p2v8j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T12:02:29.426Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Corticosteroid and growth hormone responses to methylamphetamine in depressive illness

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

S. A. Checkley*
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, London
*
1Address for correspondence: Dr S. A. Checkley, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF.

Synopsis

It is suggested that, if depressed patients have deficient noradrenergic function at central α-adrenergic receptors, then they will also have impaired corticosteroid responses to methylamphetamine but unaltered growth hormone responses. This prediction has been confirmed when the responses of a group of patients with endogenous depression were compared with the responses of a group of patients with other functional psychoses, a group of patients with reactive depression, and a group of patients with other psychiatric diagnoses. These findings support the hypothesis that there is a functional deficiency of noradrenaline at some central α-adrenergic receptors.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1979

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahlqvist, R.P. (1948). A study of the adrenotrophic receptors. American Journal of Physiology 153, 586600.Google Scholar
Besser, G. M., Butler, P. W. P., Landon, J. & Rees, L. (1969). Influence of amphetamines on plasma corticosteroid and growth hormone levels in man. British Medical Journal iv, 528530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bevan, P., Bradshaw, C. M. & Szabadi, E. (1977). The pharmacology of adrenergic neuronal responses in the cerebral cortex: evidence for excitatory – and inhibitory – receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology 59, 635641.Google Scholar
Brauman, H. (1975). The growth hormone response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in anorexia nervosa and control underweight or normal subjects. European Journal of Clinical Investigations 5, 289295.Google Scholar
Bray, G. A., Whipp, B. J., Koyal, S. N. & Wasserman, K. (1977). Some respiratory and metabolic effects of exercise in moderately obese men. Metabolism 26, 403412.Google Scholar
Brown, W. A. (1977). Psychologic and neuroendocrine response to methylphenidate. Archives of General Psychiatry 34, 11031108.Google Scholar
Brownlee, G. & Williams, G. W. (1963). Potentiation of amphetamine and pethidine by monoamineoxidase inhibitors. Lancet i, 669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, J. K. (1976). Plasma ACTH levels during human pregnancy. Journal of Physiology (London) 259, 51P52P.Google Scholar
Butler, P. W. P., Besser, G. M. & Steinberg, H. (1968). Changes in plasma Cortisol induced by dexamphetamine and chlordiazepoxide given alone and in combination in man. Journal of Endocrinology 40, 391392.Google Scholar
Carney, M. W. P., Roth, M. & Garside, R. F. (1965). The diagnosis of depressive syndromes and the prediction of ECT response. British Journal of Psychiatry 111, 659674.Google Scholar
Carroll, B. J. (1972). Effect of awaiting electroconvulsive treatment on morning plasma Cortisol levels. In Depressive Illness: Some Research Studies (ed. Davies, B., Carroll, B. J. & Mowbray, R. M.), pp. 7576. Charles C. Thomas: Springfield, Ill.Google Scholar
Carroll, B. J. & Mendels, J. (1976). Neuroendocrine regulation in affective disorders. In Hormones, Behaviour and Psychopathology (ed. Sachar, E. J.), pp. 193224. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Cashmore, G. C., Davies, C. T. M. & Few, J. D. (1977). Relationship between increases in Cortisol concentration and rate of Cortisol secretion during exercise in man. Journal of Endocrinology 72, 109110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chalmers, R. J., Bennie, E. H., Johnson, R. H. & Kinnell, H. G. (1977). The growth hormone response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in alcoholics. Psychological Medicine 7, 607611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Checkley, S. A. (1978). A new distinction between the euphoric and the anti-depressant effects of methylamphetamine. British Journal of Psychiatry. (In the press.)Google Scholar
Checkley, S. A. & Crammer, J. L. (1977). Hormonal responses to methylamphetamine in depression: a new approach to the noradrenaline depletion hypothesis. British Journal of Psychiatry 131, 582586.Google Scholar
Cryer, P. E. & Daughaday, W. H. (1977). Growth hormone. In Clinical Neuroendocrinology (ed. Martin, L. & Besser, G. M.), pp. 243277. Academic Press: New York.Google Scholar
Estler, C.-J. (1975). Effects of amphetamine-type psychostimulants on brain metabolism. Advances in Pharmacology and Therapeutics 13, 305357.Google Scholar
Ettigi, P. G., Lal, S. & Martin, T. B. (1975). Effects of sex, oral contraceptives and glucose loading on apomorphine-induced growth hormone secretion. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 40, 10941098.Google Scholar
Genazzini, A. R. (1975). Immunoreactive ACTH and plasma Cortisol levels during pregnancy. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford) 4, 114.Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. (1974). Monthly variations of serum levels of thyrotrophin, growth hormone and Cortisol in man. Hormone Metabolism and Research 6, 506509.Google Scholar
Greene, W., Conran, G., Schalch, D. & Schreiner, B. F. (1969). Psychological correlates of growth hormone and adrenal secretory responses in patients undergoing cardiac catheterisation. Psychosomatic Medicine 32, 599614.Google Scholar
Gruen, P. H., Sachar, E. J., Altman, N. & Sassin, J. (1975) Growth hormone responses to hypoglycaemia in post. menopausal depressed women. Archives of General Psychiatry 32, 3133.Google Scholar
Hamilton, M. (1967). Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 6, 278296.Google Scholar
Imura, H., Nakai, Y., Kato, Y., Hoshimoto, Y. & Moridera, K. (1973). Effect of adrenergic drugs on growth hormone and ACTH secretion.In Endocrinology. Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Endocrinology (ed. Scow, R. O.), pp. 156162. Excerpta Medica: New York.Google Scholar
Johnsson, L. E., Anggard, E. & Gunne, L. M. (1971). Blockade of intravenous amphetamine euphoria in man. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 12, 889896.Google Scholar
Kizer, J. S. & Youngblood, W. W. (1978). Neurotransmitter systems and central neuroendocrine regulation. In Psychopharmacology: a Generation of Progress (ed. Lipton, M. A., Di Mascio, A., & Killam, K. F.), pp. 465486. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Krieger, D. T. (1975). Rhythms of ACTH and corticosteroid secretion in health and disease and their experimental modification. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 6, 785791.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kurokawa, N., Suematsu, H., Tamai, H., Esaki, M., Aok, H. & Ikemi, Y. (1977). Effect of emotional stress on human growth hormone secretion. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 31, 231235.Google Scholar
Langer, G., Heinze, C., Reim, B. & Matussek, N. (1976). Reduced growth hormone responses to amphetamine in ‘endogenous’ depressive patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 33, 14711475.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D. & Tyler, C. (1967). A simple screening test for Cushing's disease. British Medical Journal iv, 394397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matussek, N., Ackenheil, M., Hippius, H., Schroder, H.-T., Schultes, H. & Wasilewski, B. (1977). Effect of clonidine on HGH release in psychiatric patients and controls. Presented at the VI World Congress of Psychiatry, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1977.Google Scholar
Mendels, J., Frazer, A. & Carroll, B. (1974). Growth hormone responses in depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 131, 11541155.Google Scholar
Moore, K. E. (1977). The actions of amphetamines on neurotransmitters: a brief review. Biological Psychiatry 12, 451462.Google ScholarPubMed
Muller, E. O., Nistico, G. & Scapagnini, U. (1977). Neurotransmitters and Anterior Pituitary Function. Academic Press: New York.Google Scholar
Noble, P. J. & Lader, M. H. (1972). A physiological comparison of ‘endogenous’ and ‘reactive’ depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 120, 541542.Google Scholar
Oswald, I. (1973). Drug research and human sleep. Annual Review of Pharmacology 13, 243252.Google Scholar
Palmblad, J. (1977). Effect of total energy withdrawal (fasting) on the levels of growth hormone, thyrotrophin, Cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline, T4, T3 and RT3 in healthy males. Acta Medica Scandinavica 201, 1522.Google Scholar
Perris, C. (1974). A study of cycloid psychosis. Acta Psy chiatrica Scandinavica Suppl. 253, 177.Google Scholar
Rees, L., Butler, P. W. P., Gosling, C. & Besser, G. M. (1970). Adrenergic blockade and the corticosteroid and growth hormone response to methylamphetamine. Nature 228, 565566.Google Scholar
Reinberg, A., Apfelbaum, M., Assan, R. & Lacatis, D. (1974). Persisting circadian rhythm in insulin, glucagon, Cortisol, etc. of healthy women during caloric restriction (protein diet). In Chronobiology (ed. Scheving, L., Halber, F. & Pauly, J. E.), pp. 8893. Igaku Shoin: Tokyo.Google ScholarPubMed
Sachar, E. J. (1978). Neuroendocrine responses to psychotropic drugs. In Psychopharmacology: a Generation of Progress (ed. Lipton, M. A., Di Mascio, A. & Killam, K. F.), pp. 499507. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Sachar, E. J., Altman, N., Gruen, N. & Sassin, J. (1975). Human growth hormone responses to levodopa: relation to menopause, depression and plasma dopa concentration. Archives of General Psychiatry 32, 502503.Google Scholar
Schilkrut, R., Chandra, O., Osswald, M., Ruther, E., Baarfuser, B. & Matussek, N. (1975). Growth hormone release during sleep and with thermal stimulation in depressed patients. Neuropsychobiology 1, 7079.Google Scholar
Sfakinakis, G. N. (1975). Effect of illness on growth hormone response to intravenous glucose. Journal of Chronic Diseases 28, 91100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sonksen, P. H., Tompkins, C. V., Sriuasta, M. C. & Nabarro, T. D. N. (1973). Insulin and proinsulin metabolism in man. Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine 45, 633654.Google Scholar
Sulser, F. & Dingell, J. V. (1968). Potentiation and blockade of the central action of amphetamine by chlorpromazine. Biochemical Pharmacology 17, 634636.Google Scholar
Sulser, F. & Sanders-Bush, E. (1971). Effects of drugs on amines in the CNS. Annual Review of Pharmacology 11, 209230.Google Scholar
Takahashi, S., Kondo, H., Yoshimura, M. & Ochi, Y. (1974). Growth hormone responses to administration of L-5-hydroxytryptophan in manic-depressive psychoses.In Psychoneuroendocrinology: Workshop Conference on the International Society for Psychoneuroendocrinology, pp. 3238. S. Karger: Basel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takahashi, Y., Kipnis, D. M. & Daughaday, W. H. (1968). Growth hormone secretion during sleep. Journal of Clinical Investigation 47, 20792090.Google Scholar
Van Kammen, D. P. & Murphy, D. L. (1975). Attenuation of the euphoriant and activating effects of D- and L-amphet-amine by lithium carbonate treatment. Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 44, 215224.Google Scholar
Van Praag, H. M. (1977). Significance of biochemical parameters in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of depressive disorders. Biological Psychiatry 12, 101131.Google Scholar
Wing, J. K., Cooper, J. E. & Sartorius, N. (1974). The Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms. Cambridge University Press: London.Google Scholar