Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-9q27g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-19T01:12:24.592Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Blunted neurobiological reactivity and attentional bias to threat underlie stress-related disorders in women survivors of intimate partner violence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2023

X. Goldberg Open the ORCID record for X. Goldberg [Opens in a new window] ,
C. Espelt ,
R. Nadal ,
Y. Alon ,
D. Palao ,
Y. Bar-Haim  and
A. Armario
X. Goldberg*
Affiliation:
Mental Health Department, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Sabadell, Spain ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
C. Espelt
Affiliation:
Mental Health Department, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Sabadell, Spain
R. Nadal
Affiliation:
Psychobiology Unit (School of Psychology), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain Institut de Neurociències, Barcelona, Spain Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Barcelona, Spain
Y. Alon
Affiliation:
School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol Schoold of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
D. Palao
Affiliation:
Mental Health Department, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Sabadell, Spain Institut de Neurociències, Barcelona, Spain Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Barcelona, Spain
Y. Bar-Haim
Affiliation:
School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol Schoold of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
A. Armario
Affiliation:
Institut de Neurociències, Barcelona, Spain Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Barcelona, Spain Animal Physiology Unit (School of Biosciences), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
*
Corresponding author: X. Goldberg; Email: xlgoldberg@tauli.cat
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Intimate partner violence (IPV) alters women's neurobiological stress response systems. We propose that individual differences early in the attentional processing of threats are associated with these neurobiological mechanisms and contribute to mental illness in this population.

Methods

We assessed attentional bias in relation to threat (AB) in women survivors of IPV (n = 69) and controls (n = 36), and examined overall cortisol secretion using hair cortisol (HC), and stress responsiveness measuring salivary cortisol and α-amylase (sAA) before (T0), and after (T1, T2) an acute psychosocial stress task (Trier Social Stress Test). We used repeated-measures ANCOVAs to explore the associations between Group (IPV, control) and AB with acute stress response, and regression models to examine the associations with mental health symptoms.

Results

There were no between-group differences in HC levels. An interaction between Group and AB was found regarding cortisol reactivity (p < 0.05). IPV women with threat avoidance AB showed a blunted cortisol response compared to controls and to IPV participants with threat vigilance AB. The association between sAA reactivity and the interaction between Group, AB, and time approached significance (p = 0.07), with a trend to lower sAA levels particularly in IPV women with threat avoidance AB. Group and cortisol reactivity were associated with symptoms of depression, generalized anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (8–20% explained variance).

Conclusions

Threat avoidance AB is associated with blunted acute cortisol response among women exposed to chronic stress (IPV). Experiencing IPV and acute cortisol response appear to be clearly implicated in long-term mental health problems.

Keywords

Chronic stresscognitioncortisolinterpersonal violencemental healthα-amylase
Type
Original Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 53 , Issue 15 , November 2023 , pp. 7329 - 7340
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alhalal, E., & Falatah, R. (2020). Intimate partner violence and hair cortisol concentration: A biomarker for HPA axis function. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 122, 104897. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSYNEUEN.2020.104897.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Applehans, B., & Luecken, L. J. (2006). Attentional processes, anxiety, and the regulation of cortisol reactivity. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 19(1), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800600565724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar-Haim, Y., Holoshitz, Y., Eldar, S., Frenkel, T. I., Muller, D., Charney, D. S., … Wald, I. (2010). Life-threatening danger and suppression of attention bias to threat. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(6), 694–698. https://doi.org/10.1176/APPI.AJP.2009.09070956/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/0956TBL1.JPEG.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Basu, A., Levendosky, A. A., & Lonstein, J. S. (2013). Trauma sequelae and cortisol levels in women exposed to intimate partner violence. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 41(2), 247–276. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2013.41.2.247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, D., Stein, J., Newcomb, M., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., … Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(2), 169–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00541-0.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeckel, M. G., Viola, T. W., Daruy-Filho, L., Martinez, M., & Grassi-Oliveira, R. (2017). Intimate partner violence is associated with increased maternal hair cortisol in mother–child dyads. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 72, 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.09.006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brindle, R. C., Pearson, A., & Ginty, A. T. (2022). Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) relate to blunted cardiovascular and cortisol reactivity to acute laboratory stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 134, 104530. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUBIOREV.2022.104530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerda-De la O, B., Cerda-Molina, A. L., Mayagoitia-Novales, L., de la Cruz-López, M., Biagini-Alarcón, M., Hernández-Zúñiga, E. L., … Whaley-Sánchez, J. A. (2022). Increased cortisol response and low quality of life in women exposed to intimate partner violence with severe anxiety and depression. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 898017. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYT.2022.898017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chandan, J. S., Thomas, T., Bradbury-Jones, C., Russell, R., Bandyopadhyay, S., Nirantharakumar, K., & Taylor, J. (2020). Female survivors of intimate partner violence and risk of depression, anxiety and serious mental illness. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 217(4), 562–567. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiba, T., Ide, K., Taylor, J. E., Boku, S., Toda, H., Kanazawa, T., … Koizumi, A. (2021). A reciprocal inhibition model of alternations between under-/overemotional modulatory states in patients with PTSD. Molecular Psychiatry, 26(9), 5023. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41380-020-0827-0.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chida, Y., & Hamer, M. (2008). Chronic psychosocial factors and acute physiological responses to laboratory-induced stress in healthy populations: A quantitative review of 30 years of investigations. Psychological Bulletin, 134(6), 829–885. https://doi.org/10.1037/A0013342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chrousos, G. P., & Gold, P. W. (1992). The concepts of stress and stress system disorders: Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 267(9), 1244–1252. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1992.03480090092034.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dandeneau, S. D., Baldwin, M. W., Baccus, J. R., Sakellaropoulo, M., & Pruessner, J. C. (2007). Cutting stress off at the pass: Reducing vigilance and responsiveness to social threat by manipulating attention. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(4), 651–666. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.4.651.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diez-Quevedo, C., Rangil, T., Sanchez-Planell, L., Kroenke, K., & Spitzer, R. L. (2001). Validation and utility of the patient health questionnaire in diagnosing mental disorders in 1003 general hospital Spanish inpatients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63(4), 679–686. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200107000-00021.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dimitrov, A., Demin, K., Fehlner, P., Walter, H., Erk, S., & Veer, I. M. (2018). Differences in neural recovery from acute stress between cortisol responders and non-responders. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 631. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYT.2018.00631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Echeburúa, E., Amor, P., Sarasua, B., Zubizarreta, I., Holgado-Tello, F., & Muñoz, J. (2016). Escala de Gravedad de Síntomas Revisada (EGS-R) del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático según el DSM-5: Propiedades psicométricas. Terapia Psicológica, 34(2), 111–128. Retrieved from https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/terpsicol/v34n2/art04.pdf.10.4067/S0718-48082016000200004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Neubauer, D. H., Mauss, I. B., & Gross, J. J. (2002). Implicit anxiety measure predicts cardiovascular reactivity to an evaluated speaking task. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 2(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.2.1.3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellsberg, M., Jansen, H. A. F. M., Heise, L., Watts, C. H., Garcia-Moreno, C., & WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women Study Team. (2008). Intimate partner violence and women's physical and mental health in the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence: An observational study. Lancet (London, England), 371(9619), 1165–1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60522-X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epel, E. S., Crosswell, A. D., Mayer, S. E., Prather, A. A., Slavich, G. M., Puterman, E., & Mendes, W. B. (2018). More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 49, 146–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
European Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2014). Violence against women: An EU-wide survey. Main results. Vienna, Austria: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. https://doi.org/10.2811/62230.Google Scholar
Feldhaus, K. M., Koziol-McLain, J., Amsbury, H. L., Norton, I. M., Lowenstein, S. R., & Abbott, J. T. (1997). Accuracy of 3 brief screening questions for detecting partner violence in the emergency department. Journal of the American Medical Association, 3(3), 104–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1075-4210(97)90044-4.Google Scholar
Foa, E., McLean, C., Zang, Y., Zhong, J., Rauch, S., Porter, K., … Kauffman, B. (2016). Psychometric properties of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale Interview for DSM-5 (PSSI-5). Psychological Assessment, 28(10), 1159–1165. https://doi.org/10.1037/PAS0000259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, E., Cahill, S., & Zougkou, K. (2010). Preconscious processing biases predict emotional reactivity to stress. Biological Psychiatry, 67(4), 371–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.11.018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
García-Campayo, J., Zamorano, E., Ruiz, M. A., Pardo, A., Pérez-Páramo, M., López-Gómez, V., … Rejas, J. (2010). Cultural adaptation into Spanish of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale as a screening tool. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 8, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-8-8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia, M. A., Junglen, A., Ceroni, T., Johnson, D., Ciesla, J., & Delahanty, D. L. (2020). The mediating impact of PTSD symptoms on cortisol awakening response in the context of intimate partner violence. Biological Psychology, 152(April), 107873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107873.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia-Esteve, L., Torres, A., Navarro, P., Ascaso, C., Imaz, M. L., Herreras, Z., & Valdés, M. (2011). Validación y comparación de cuatro instrumentos para la detección de la violencia de pareja en el ámbito sanitario. Medicina Clinica, 137(390), 397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2010.11.038.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, X., Espelt, C., Palao, D., Nadal, R., & Armario, A. (2020). Adaptability to acute stress among women survivors of intimate partner violence: Protocol for a mixed-methods cross-sectional study in a laboratory setting (BRAW study). BMJ Open, 10(10), e036561. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, X., Espelt, C., Porta-Casteràs, D., Palao, D., Nadal, R., & Armario, A. (2021). Non-communicable diseases among women survivors of intimate partner violence: Critical review from a chronic stress framework. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 128, 720–734. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUBIOREV.2021.06.045.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Granger, D. A., Kivlighan, K. T., Blair, C., El-Sheikh, M., Mize, J., Lisonbee, J. A., … Schwartz, E. B. (2006). Integrating the measurement of salivary α-amylase into studies of child health, development, and social relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 23(2), 267–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407506062479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guillén-Riquelme, A., & Buela-Casal, G. (2011). Actualización psicométrica y funcionamiento diferencial de los items en el state trait anxiety inventory (STAI). Psicothema, 23(3), 510–515.Google Scholar
Hernandez, A., Gallardo-Pujol, D., Pereda, N., Arntz, A., Bernstein, D. P., Gaviria, A. M., … Gutiérrez-Zotes, J. A. (2013). Initial validation of the Spanish childhood trauma questionnaire-short form: Factor structure, reliability and association with parenting. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(7), 1498–1518. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512468240; 10.1177/0886260512468240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hsu, K. J., Shumake, J., Caffey, K., Risom, S., Labrada, J., Smits, J. A. J., … Beevers, C. G. (2021). Efficacy of attention bias modification training for depressed adults: A randomized clinical trial. Psychological Medicine, 52(16), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721000702.Google ScholarPubMed
IBM (2012). SPSS Statistics for windows, version 21.0. Armonk, NY, USA: IBM Corp.Google Scholar
Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K.-M., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1993). The ‘trier social stress test’ – A tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology, 28(1–2), 76–81. https://doi.org/10.1159/000119004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirschbaum, C., Prussner, J. C., Stone, A. A., Federenko, I., Gaab, J., Lintz, D., … Hellhammer, D. H. (1995). Persistent high cortisol responses to repeated psychological stress in a subpopulation of healthy men. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57(5), 468–474. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199509000-00009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klawohn, J., Bruchnak, A., Burani, K., Meyer, A., Lazarov, A., Bar-Haim, Y., … Hajcak, G. (2020). Aberrant attentional bias to sad faces in depression and the role of stressful life events: Evidence from an eye-tracking paradigm. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 135, 103762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2020.103762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R., & Williams, J. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/J.1525-1497.2001.016009606.X.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazarov, A., Suarez-Jimenez, B., Zhu, X., Pine, D. S., Bar-Haim, Y., & Neria, Y. (2021). Attention allocation in posttraumatic stress disorder: An eye-tracking study. Psychological Medicine, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721000581.Google ScholarPubMed
Lovallo, W. R., Farag, N. H., Sorocco, K. H., Cohoon, A. J., & Vincent, A. S. (2012). Lifetime adversity leads to blunted stress axis reactivity: studies from the Oklahoma Family Health Patterns Project. Biological Psychiatry, 71(4), 344–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.10.018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Tata, P. (1986). Attentional bias in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(1), 15–20. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843x.95.1.15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Man, I. S. C., Shao, R., Hou, W. K., Xin Li, S., Yan Liu, F., Lee, M., … Lee, T. M. C. (2023). Multi-systemic evaluation of biological and emotional responses to the trier social stress test: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 68, 101050. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.YFRNE.2022.101050.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLaughlin, C., Schutze, R., Pennell, C., Henley, D., Robinson, M., Straker, L., & Smith, A. (2022). The anticipatory response to stress and symptoms of depression and anxiety in early adulthood. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 136, 105605. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSYNEUEN.2021.105605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNally, R. J. (2019). Attentional bias for threat: Crisis or opportunity? Clinical Psychology Review, 69, 4–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.05.005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Zhou, E. S. (2007). If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 25–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, R., Plessow, F., Kirschbaum, C., & Stalder, T. (2013). Classification criteria for distinguishing cortisol responders from nonresponders to psychosocial stress: Evaluation of salivary cortisol pulse detection in panel designs. Psychosomatic Medicine, 75(9), 832–840. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nater, U. M., La Marca, R., Florin, L., Moses, A., Langhans, W., Koller, M. M., & Ehlert, U. (2006). Stress-induced changes in human salivary alpha-amylase activity – associations with adrenergic activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSYNEUEN.2005.05.010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nater, U. M., & Rohleder, N. (2009). Salivary alpha-amylase as a non-invasive biomarker for the sympathetic nervous system: Current state of research. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(4), 486–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSYNEUEN.2009.01.014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noto, Y., Sato, T., Kudo, M., Kurata, K., & Hirota, K. (2005). The relationship between salivary biomarkers and state-trait anxiety inventory score under mental arithmetic stress: A pilot study. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 101(6), 1873–1876. https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ANE.0000184196.60838.8D.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oskis, A., Smyth, N., Flynn, M., & Clow, A. (2019). Repressors exhibit lower cortisol reactivity to group psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 103, 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSYNEUEN.2018.12.220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palacios-García, I., Silva, J., Villena-González, M., Campos-Arteaga, G., Artigas-Vergara, C., Luarte, N., … Bosman, C. A. (2021). Increase in beta power reflects attentional top-down modulation after psychosocial stress induction. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, 630813. https://doi.org/10.3389/FNHUM.2021.630813/FULL.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pico-Alfonso, M. A., Garcia-Linares, M. I., Celda-Navarro, N., Herbert, J., & Martinez, M. (2004). Changes in cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone in women victims of physical and psychological intimate partner violence. Biological Psychiatry, 56(4), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.06.001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pilgrim, K., Ellenbogen, M. A., & Paquin, K. (2014). The impact of attentional training on the salivary cortisol and alpha amylase response to psychosocial stress: Importance of attentional control. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 44, 88–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSYNEUEN.2014.01.024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinto, R. J., Correia-Santos, P., Costa-Leite, J., Levendosky, A. A., & Jongenelen, I. (2016). Cortisol awakening response among women exposed to intimate partner violence. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 74, 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.08.024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pruessner, J., Kirschbaum, C., Meinlschmid, G., & Hellhammer, D. (2003). Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28(7), 916–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00108-7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quirin, M., Kazén, M., Rohrmann, S., & Kuhl, J. (2009). Implicit but not explicit affectivity predicts circadian and reactive cortisol: Using the implicit positive and negative affect test. Journal of Personality, 77(2), 401–426. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-6494.2008.00552.X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajcani, J., Vytykacova, S., Solarikova, P., & Brezina, I. (2021). Stress and hair cortisol concentrations in nurses during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 129, 105245. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSYNEUEN.2021.105245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sapolsky, R. M., Romero, L. M., & Munck, A. U. (2000). How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocrine Reviews, 21(1), 55–89. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.21.1.55.Google ScholarPubMed
Scorrano, F., Carrasco, J., Pastor-Ciurana, J., Belda, X., Rami-Bastante, A., Bacci, M. L., & Armario, A. (2015). Validation of the long-term assessment of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal activity in rats using hair corticosterone as a biomarker. FASEB Journal, 29(3), 859–867. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.14-254474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seedat, S., Stein, M. B., Kennedy, C. M., & Hauger, R. L. (2003). Plasma cortisol and neuropeptide Y in female victims of intimate partner violence. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28(6), 796–808. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00086-0.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shechner, T., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2016). Threat monitoring and attention-bias modification in anxiety and stress-related disorders. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(6), 431–437. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721416664341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sipos, M. L., Bar-Haim, Y., Abend, R., Adler, A. B., & Bliese, P. D. (2014). Postdeployment threat-related attention bias interacts with combat exposure to account for PTSD and anxiety symptoms in soldiers. Depression and Anxiety, 31(2), 124–129. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skosnik, P. D., Chatterton, R. T., Swisher, T., & Park, S. (2000). Modulation of attentional inhibition by norepinephrine and cortisol after psychological stress. International Journal of Psychophysiology: Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology, 36(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(99)00100-2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, S. G., Chen, J., Basile, K. C., Gilbert, L. K., Merrick, M. T., Patel, N., … Jain, A. (2017). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010-2012 State Report. In National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87849-0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stalder, T., Steudte-Schmiedgen, S., Alexander, N., Klucken, T., Vater, A., Wichmann, S., … Miller, R. (2017). Stress-related and basic determinants of hair cortisol in humans: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 77, 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSYNEUEN.2016.12.017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stalder, T., Tietze, A., Steudte, S., Alexander, N., Dettenborn, L., & Kirschbaum, C. (2014). Elevated hair cortisol levels in chronically stressed dementia caregivers. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 47, 26–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSYNEUEN.2014.04.021.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strahler, J., Skoluda, N., Kappert, M. B., & Nater, U. M. (2017). Simultaneous measurement of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase: Application and recommendations. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 83, 657–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUBIOREV.2017.08.015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Subdirección General de Información Sanitaria. (2021). Salud mental en datos: Prevalencia de los problemas de salud y consumo de psicofármacos y fármacos relacionados a partir de registros clínicos de atención primaria. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad, Gobierno de España. Retrieved from https://cpage.mpr.gob.es/.Google Scholar
Teng, T., Shively, C. A., Li, X., Jiang, X., Neigh, G. N., Yin, B., … Xie, P. (2021). Chronic unpredictable mild stress produces depressive-like behavior, hypercortisolemia, and metabolic dysfunction in adolescent cynomolgus monkeys. Translational Psychiatry, 11(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-01132-6.Google ScholarPubMed
Thompson, R. S., Bonomi, A. E., Anderson, M., Reid, R. J., Dimer, J. A., Carrell, D., & Rivara, F. P. (2006). Intimate partner violence: prevalence, types, and chronicity in adult women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30(6), 447–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2006.01.016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Honk, J., Tuiten, A., Van Den Hout, M., Koppeschaar, H., Thijssen, J., De Haan, E., & Verbaten, R. (2000). Conscious and preconscious selective attention to social threat: Different neuroendocrine response patterns. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 25(6), 577–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(00)00011-1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wald, I., Bitton, S., Levi, O., Zusmanovich, S., Fruchter, E., Ginat, K., … Bar-Haim, Y. (2017). Acute delivery of attention bias modification training (ABMT) moderates the association between combat exposure and posttraumatic symptoms: A feasibility study. Biological Psychology, 122, 93–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.01.005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wand, G. S., Oswald, L. M., Mccaul, M. E., Wong, D. F., Johnson, E., Zhou, Y., … Kumar, A. (2007). Association of amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release and cortisol responses to psychological stress. Neuropsychopharmacology, 32, 2310–2320. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHO. (2005). WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women: Initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43309Google Scholar
WHO Department of Gender Women and Health (2001). Putting women first: Ethical and safety recommendations for research on domestic violence against women. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Wiemers, U. S., Schoofs, D., & Wolf, O. T. (2013). A friendly version of the trier social stress test does not activate the HPA axis in healthy men and women. Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 16(2), 254–260. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2012.714427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yim, I. S., & Kofman, Y. B. (2019). The psychobiology of stress and intimate partner violence. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 105, 9–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zänkert, S., Bellingrath, S., Wüst, S., & Kudielka, B. M. (2019). HPA Axis responses to psychological challenge linking stress and disease: What do we know on sources of intra- and interindividual variability? Psychoneuroendocrinology, 105, 86–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSYNEUEN.2018.10.027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Goldberg et al. supplementary material
Download undefined(File)
File 127.1 KB