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Protest and Policy: Women Make Waves

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 July 2009

Jo Freeman
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Extract

The 1960s were one of those decades that occur two or three times a century and have a profound transformative effect on a society by compelling it to either reaffirm its values or reorient itself in a different direction. Our country has done both in response to the questions raised during those tumultuous years. Domestically, it has reaffirmed the basic value of equality, and given it a prominence it has not enjoyed in a century. In foreign policy a reorientation has occurred, and although we are not quite sure of what kind, America no longer glibly views itself as the annointed leader of the “free world” with the right—the duty—to spread the “American Way of Life.”

Type
Research Article
Information
Prospects , Volume 4 , October 1979 , pp. 595 - 610
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1979

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References

NOTES

1. Freeman, Jo, The Politics of Women's Liberation (New York: David McKay, 1975), p. 54Google Scholar. For a thorough documentation of the addition of “sex” to Title VII see Bird, Caroline, Born Female: The High Cost of Keeping Women Down (New York: David McKay, 1968), Chap. 1.Google Scholar

2. Freeman, , The Politics of Women's Liberation, p. 57.Google Scholar

3. Lowi, Theodore J., The Politics of Disorder (New York: Basic Books, 1971), p. 54.Google Scholar

4. See Polsby, Nelson, “Policy Analysis and Congress,” in American Politics and Public Policy, ed., Smith, Michael P. (New York: Random House, 1973), p. 102Google Scholar

5. Margolin, Bessie, “Equal Pay and Equal Employment Opportunities for Women,” New York University Conference of Labor, 19 (1967), 297.Google Scholar

6. Baker, Elizabeth, Technology and Women's Work (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1964), p. 412.Google Scholar

7. Henry, Alice, Women and the Labor Movement (New York: George H. Doran, 1923), p. 129.Google Scholar

8. Falk, Gail, “Sex Discrimination in .the Trade Unions: Legal Resources for Change,” in Women: A Feminist Perspective, ed., Freeman, Jo (Palo Alto, Calif.: Mayfield, 1975), pp. 254–76.Google Scholar

9. Berger, Caruthers Gholson, “Equal Pay, Equal Employment Opportunity and Equal Enforcement of the Law for Women,” Valparaiso Law Review, 5 (Spring 1971), 331Google Scholar. Italics in original.

10. Bird, , Born Female, Chap. 1.Google Scholar

11. The principle of equal job opportunity was first passed by Congress in the Unemployment Relief Act of 1933 (48 Stat. 22). It provided “that in employing citizens for the purpose of this Act no discrimination shall be made on account of race, color, or creed.”

12. Freeman, , The Politics of Women's Liberation, pp. 177–84.Google Scholar

13. U.S. Congress, speech of Martha Griffiths, Eighty-fourth Congress, Second Session, June 20, 1966, Congressional Record.

14. Ross, Susan Deller, “Sex Discrimination and Protective Labor Legislation,”Google Scholar in The “Equal Rights” Amendment. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments of the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, May 5–7. 1970, p. 408.

15. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Laws on Sex Discrimination in Employment (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1970), p. 10.Google Scholar

16. Ninety-sixth Congressional Record (1950), 872–73Google Scholar; Ninety-ninth Congressional Record (1953), 894–95.Google Scholar

17. Freeman, , The Politics of Women's Liberation, pp. 209–13.Google Scholar

18. Ibid., pp. 213–18.

19. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)Google Scholar; Doe v. Volton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973).Google Scholar

20. See Selznick, Philip, TVA and the Grassroots (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1949)Google Scholar, and Bernstein, Marver, Regulating Business by Independent Commission (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1955).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

21. See Ziegler, Harmon, Interest Groups in American Society (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964), pp. 292–93.Google Scholar

22. Fortunately, most black groups have recognized the justice of women's cause and the political potential in cooperation. While they are still wary of an alliance with so large and predominantly white an interest, they now generally cooperate with feminists.

23. For more on this convention, see Freeman, Jo, “Something DID Happen at the Democratic Convention,” Ms., 10 1976, p. 74.Google Scholar

24. For a brief description of GOP happenings, see Freeman, Jo, “Republican Politics—Lets Make a Deal,” Ms., 11 1976, p. 19.Google Scholar