Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-v5vhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-21T07:03:09.217Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Anti-American Studies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 July 2009

Get access

Extract

That Todd Gitlin, one of the leaders of the anti-Vietnam War movement in the 1960s, should have about-faced with regard to early millennial U.S. imperial ventures is one of the defining acts of our intellectual moment. In a New York Times op-ed piece in September of 2002, Gitlin wrote,

The American left … had its version of unilateralism. Responsibility for the [September 11] attacks had, somehow, to lie with American imperialism, because all responsibility has to lie with American imperialism — a perfect echo of the right's idea that all good powers are and should be somehow American. Intellectuals and activists on the far left could not be troubled much with compassion or defense…. Knowing little about Al Qaeda, they filed it under Anti-Imperialism, and American attacks on the Taliban under Vietnam Quagmire. For them, not flying the flag became an urgent cause…. Post-Vietnam liberals have an opening now, freed of our 60s flag anxiety and our reflexive negativity, to embrace a liberal patriotism that is unapologetic and uncowed.

Here, any sense of hesitancy about a war on “terror” is ascribed to a loony left; U.S. imperialism, if it isn't seen as some left fabrication, seems peculiarly untroubling to Gitlin. Indeed, the publication in which his op-ed appeared had published a couple of months earlier (in the New York Times Magazine) an essay by Harvard's Professor of Human Rights Policy [sic] Michael Ignatieff proclaiming imperialism a necessary national exercise: “Imperialism used to be the white man's burden. This gave it a bad reputation. But imperialism doesn't stop being necessary because it is politically incorrect.” This, together with Gitlin's call for a “liberal patriotism,” is pitched against what Gitlin elsewhere, in redolent terminology, names the “reflexive anti-Americanism” to be found “on campuses and in coastal cities, in circles where reality checks are scarce.”

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Gitlin, Todd, New York Times, 09 5, 2002Google Scholar; Ignatieff, Michael, New York Times Magazine, 07 28, 2002Google Scholar; Gitlin, , “Blaming America First,” Mother Jones, 01/02 2002, 25Google Scholar; Gitlin, , Letters to a Young Activist (New York: Basic, 2003), 153–54, 159–69Google Scholar; Foster, John Bellamy, “The Rediscovery of Imperialism,” Monthly Review 54 (11 2002): 116CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Negri, Antonio and Hardt, Michael, Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000), xiiixivGoogle Scholar. The Monthly Review has carried some of the most concerted critiques of Empire, for instance, by Foster, John Bellamy, “Imperialism and ‘Empire,’Monthly Review 53 (12 2001): 19Google Scholar; see also the important volume Debating Empire, ed. Balakrishnan, Gopal (London: Verso, 2003)Google Scholar. For his part, Ignatieff has kept the imperial torch burning, in, for instance, The American Empire: The Burden,” New York Times Magazine, 01 5, 2003Google Scholar; his Why Are We in Iraq? (And Liberia? And Afghanistan?),” New York Times Magazine, 09 7, 2003Google Scholar; and his summing statement The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004Google Scholar).

2. Smith, Neil, “Scales of Terror: The Manufacturing of Nationalism and the War for U.S. Globalism,” in After the World Trade Center: Rethinking New York City, ed. Sorkin, Michael and Zukin, Sharon (New York: Routledge, 2002), 9899, 107Google Scholar.

3. Hitchens, Christopher, “For Patriot Dreams,” Vanity Fair, 12 2001, 148–56Google Scholar (quotes at 154 and 156).

4. First of the Month's pro-war pieces include O'Brien, Charles, “The Left, the Right, and the War” and “Counterpoint,” First 4 (2002): 2, 1314Google Scholar; and O'Brien, , “Blue Skies: The American Left Fades Away,” First of the Month Online (2003)Google Scholar, http://www.firstofthemonth.org/9_11/9_11_obrien_blue.html. Antiwar pieces include Keil, Charles, “Double-Bind,” First 4 (2002): 13Google Scholar; and Vonnegut, Kurt, “Rivers of Babylon,” First Online (2003)Google Scholar. See as well DeMott, Benj, “End Note,” First 4 (2002): 1415Google Scholar.

5. In Artforum, Homi Bhabha writes,

Gardens of solace and towers of regeneration may heal the wound. But the Unbuilt that haunts the space is the spirit of those, firefighters and rescue workers, who climbed an endless ladder, descending into the circle of death, to do their duty to those who had to escape. In that movement there is a sense of “making progress,” step by step, without a transcendent form of progress. And in that action there lies the un-utopian ethic of the Unbuilt. There are no available images of this act of ascent; progress here is a lateral or adjacent move toward the stranger as toward the neighbor.

6. Marcus, Greil, “Nothing New Under the Sun,” First of the Month 4 (2002): 912Google Scholar; on Marcus and Hitchens, see also Goldstein, Richard, “Neohawks: Leftists Who Love the War Too Much,” Village Voice, 10 30, 2002, p. 53Google Scholar. For a superb critique of a similar position espoused by Geoffrey Galt Harpham, see Moten, Fred, “The New International of Decent Feelings,” Social Text 72 (2002): 189–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

7. Rorty, Richard, “The Unpatriotic Academy,” New York Times, 02 13, 1994, p. E15Google Scholar. I have been very much helped here by Bruce Robbins's excellent chapter on Rorty, in Feeling Global: Internationalism in Distress (New York: New York University Press, 1999), 127–45Google Scholar.

8. Kazin, Michael, “A Patriotic Left,” Dissent (Fall 2002): 4144Google Scholar.

9. Ibid., 43.

10. Ibid., 44.

11. Eric Foner, “Comment for Roundtable: Richard Rorty's Achieving Our Country,” unpublished manuscript, author's possession. See also Caute, David, The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge Under Truman and Eisenhower (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978)Google Scholar.

12. Hobsbawm, Eric, Interesting Times: A Twentieth-Century Life (New York: Pantheon, 2002)Google Scholar.

13. Kenneth Lynn, review of Lears, Jackson, New York Times Book Review, 01 10, 1982Google Scholar.

14. Wolfe, Alan, “Anti-American Studies: The Difference Between Criticism and Hatred,” review of The Future of American Studies, ed. Pease, Donald E. and Wiegman, RobynGoogle Scholar; The New American Studies, by John Carlos Rowe; and Death of a Nation: American Culture and the End of Exceptionalism, by Noble, David W., New Republic, 02 10, 2003, 2532Google Scholar.

15. Wolfe, , “Anti-American Studies,” 2Google Scholar.

16. Slotkin, Richard, Regeneration Through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600–1860 (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1973)Google Scholar, and The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization, 1800–1890 (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1985)Google Scholar; Porter, Carolyn, Seeing and Being: The Plight of the Participant Observer in Emerson, James, Adams, and Faulkner (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1981), 312–13 n. 25Google Scholar; Kaplan, Amy, “‘Left Alone With America’: The Absence of Empire in the Study of American Culture” in Cultures of U.S. Imperialism, ed. Kaplan, Amy and Pease, Donald E. (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1993), 321Google Scholar; and, for example, Pease, Donald E., “Melville and Cultural Persuasion,” in Ideology and Classic American Literature, ed. Bercovitch, Sacvan and Jehlen, Myra (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 384417Google Scholar.

17. Smith, Henry Nash, “Symbol and Idea in Virgin Land,” in Bercovitch, and Jehlen, , Ideology, 2135, esp. 29Google Scholar; and Marx, Leo, “Believing in America,” Boston Review, 12 2003, 19 (quote at 7)Google Scholar.

18. Wolfe, , “Anti-American Studies,” 3Google Scholar.

19. Ibid., 4.

20. Ibid., 9.

21. Ibid., 6.

22. Ibid., 5.

23. Ibid., 4.

24. Ibid., 9.

25. Barber, Benjamin R., Jihad Vs. McWorld: How Globalism and Tribalism Are Reshaping the World (New York: Times Books, 1995)Google Scholar.

26. Singer, P. W., Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2003)Google Scholar.

27. Wise, Gene, “‘Paradigm Dramas’ in American Studies: A Cultural and Institutional History of the Movement,” American Quarterly 31 (1979): 293337CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Pease, Donald E. and Wiegman, Robyn, “Futures,” in The Futures of American Studies, ed. Pease, and Wiegman, (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2002), 142Google Scholar.

28. Denning, Michael, Culture in the Age of Three Worlds (London: Verso, 2004), 1734Google Scholar; and Greider, William, One World, Ready or Not: The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997)Google Scholar.

29. Wolfe, , “Anti-American Studies,” 6Google Scholar.

30. Ibid., 2.

31. Ibid., 9.

32. Porter, Carolyn, “What We Know That We Don't Know,” American Literary History 6 (1994): 467526CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

33. Saldivar, Jose David, The Dialectics of Our America: Genealogy, Cultural Critique, and Literary History (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1991), 1522CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

34. Merish, Lori, Sentimental Materialism: Gender, Commodity Culture, and Nineteenth-Century American Literature (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2000), 270303Google Scholar.

35. Streeby, Shelley, American Sensations: Class, Empire, and the Production of Popular Culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002)Google Scholar. Streeby's work on the “American 1848” usefully revises the tacitly nationalist understanding of this historical concept as it was first aired in Rogin, Michael Paul, Subversive Genealogy: The Politics and Art of Herman Melville (New York: Knopf, 1983), 1523, 102–6Google Scholar; and adopted in my own Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 105–7, 169210Google Scholar.

36. Streeby, Shelley, “Joaquin Murrieta and the American 1848,” in Post-Nationalist American Studies, ed. Rowe, John Carlos (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 168Google Scholar.

37. Sahlins, Marshall, How “Natives” Think: About Captain Cook, For Example (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ross, Andrew, The Chicago Gangster Theory of Life (London: Verso, 1994)Google Scholar; Lowe, Lisa, Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1996)Google Scholar; Imada, Adria L., “Aloha America: Hawaiian Entertainment and Cultural Politics in the U.S. Empire” (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 2003)Google Scholar; Amada, , “Hawaiians on Tour: Hula Circuits Through the American Empire,” American Quarterly 56, no. 1 (2004): 111–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The 20th-century U.S. imperial context for this scholarly interest can be found in Johnson, Chalmers, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire (New York: Metropolitan, 2000).Google Scholar

38. Linebaugh, Peter, “All the Atlantic Mountains Shook,” Labour/Le Travailleur 10 (1982): 119Google Scholar.

39. Kazanjian, David, “Race, Nation, Equality: Olaudah Equiano's Interesting Narrative and a Genealogy of U.S. Mercantilism,” in Rowe, , Post-Nationalist American Studies, 129–63Google Scholar. See also Kazanjian, , The Colonizing Trick: National Culture and Imperial Citizenship in Early America (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004)Google Scholar.

40. Balibar, Étienne, Politics and the Other Scene, trans. Jones, Christine, Swenson, James, and Turner, Chris (London: Verso, 2002), 85Google Scholar.

41. The notion of a “multicentric” world characterized by the declining legitimacy of nation-states and the proliferation of transnational, nongovernmental organizations comes from Rosenau, James, Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990)Google Scholar. See also Appadurai, Arjun, Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), 158–77, esp. 166Google Scholar; and Robbins, , Feeling Global, 139–42Google Scholar.

42. Nussbaum, Martha C., “Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism,” Boston Review, 10/11 1994Google Scholar, now the lead essay (with sixteen responses) in the volume For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism, ed. Cohen, Joshua (Boston: Beacon, 1996), 317 (quote at 14)Google Scholar.

43. Robbins, , Feeling Global, 149, 151Google Scholar.

44. Marx, , “Believing in America,” 8Google Scholar.

45. Balibar, Étienne, “The Nation Form: History and Ideology,” in Balibar, and Wallerstein, Immanuel, Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities (1988; rept. London: Verso, 1991), 95Google Scholar.

46. Berube, Michael, “The Loyalties of American Studies,” American Quarterly 56 (2004): 223–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For “patriot,” see Pease, Donald E., “The Patriot Acts,” boundary 2 29 (2002): 2943CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Lynne Cheney and Joseph Lieberman's American Council of Trustees and Alumni is a self-styled higher-education standards watchdog commission; in 2002, they mounted a list of more than one hundred U.S. faculty they charged with failing America by criticizing Bush administration policy (http://www.goacta.org).

47. Kaplan, Amy, “Violent Belongings and the Question of Empire Today,” American Quarterly 56 (2004): 118, esp. 8–10 (quote at 9)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Kaplan, , “Homeland Insecurities: Transformations of Language and Space,” in September 11 in History: A Watershed Moment? ed. Dudziak, Mary (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2003), 5569CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Butler, Judith, Precarious Life: The Power of Mourning and Violence (London: Verso, 2004)Google Scholar; Agamben, Giorgio, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, trans. Heller-Roazen, Daniel (1995; rept. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998)Google Scholar; Davis, Mike, Dead Cities: And Other Tales (New York: New, 2002), 120Google Scholar; Zizek, Slavoj, Welcome to the Desert of the Real: Five Essays on September 11 and Related Dates (London: Verso, 2002)Google Scholar; and Ali, Tariq, The Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades, Jihads, and Modernity (London: Verso, 2002), 281328Google Scholar.

48. Lott, Eric, The Disappearing Liberal Intellectual (New York: Basic, 2006)Google Scholar.

49. Eric Lott, “Nation Form,” in ibid., 96–100.

50. Cf. the racist 2003 film National Security, directed by Dennis Dugan and featuring Martin Lawrence and Steve Zahn, in which Lawrence is construed precisely as such a threat.

51. Berman, Paul, Terror and Liberalism (New York: Norton, 2003), 189Google Scholar; see also Berman, , “Will the Opposition Lead?New York Times, 04 15, 2004, p. A33Google Scholar.

52. Berman, , Terror and Liberalism, 39Google Scholar.

53. Ibid., 15, 213–14.

54. In “A Tragedy of Errors,” his review of An End to Evil: How to Win the War on Terror by David Frum and Richard Perle, Michael Lind remarks upon Paul Berman's appropriation of Abraham Lincoln for his cause: “But Lincoln opposed the Mexican War and rejected the idea that the United States had a duty to spread democracy by force.” Lind also pertinently notes that the “redefinition of American patriotism as zealotry on behalf of a crusading, messianic ideology is compatible with a disrespect for actual American institutions, which, if it were expressed by leftists or liberals, would be denounced as un-American by neocon arbiters” (Nation, 02 23, 2004, 2332Google Scholar [quotes and reference to Berman at 29]). In this light, Richard Rorty's liberal pragmatism — that is, how do we protect ourselves against another catastrophic attack? — seems satisfyingly sane, which is saying something (Rorty, , “Fighting Terrorism with Democracy,” Nation, 10 21, 2002Google Scholar). Among many other books, excellent recent ones such as Kaplan, Amy's The Anarchy of Empire in the Making of U.S. Culture (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002)Google Scholar, Smith, Neil's American Empire: Roosevelt's Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003)Google Scholar, and Johnson, Chalmers's The Sorrows of Empire: How the American People Lost (London: Verso, 2004)Google Scholar are forceful correctives to Berman and a host of others, left and right.

55. Wolfe, Alan, Return to Greatness: How America Lost Its Sense of Purpose and What It Needs to Do to Recover It (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2005)Google Scholar; see also Wolfe, , “The New Pamphleteers: When the Establishment Disappears, Polemics Fill the Void,” New York Times Book Review, 07 11, 2004, pp. 1213Google Scholar.

56. Miller, Mark Crispin, Cruel and Unusual: Bush / Cheney's New World Order (New York: Norton, 2004)Google Scholar. See also Cockburn, Alexander and Clair, Jeffrey St, Imperial Crusades: Iraq, Afghanistan, and Yugoslavia (London: Verso, 2004)Google Scholar.

57. Nussbaum, Martha, “Can Patriotism Be Compassionate?” Nation, 12 17, 2001, 13Google Scholar; Harvey, David, “Cosmopolitanism and the Banality of Geographical Evils,” Public Culture 12 (2000): 529–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Falk, Richard, “Revisioning Cosmopolitanism,” in Cohen, , For Love of Country, 5360Google Scholar; Wallerstein, Immanuel, “Neither Patriotism Nor Cosmopolitanism,” in Cohen, , For Love of Country, 122–24Google Scholar; Brennan, Timothy, At Home in the World: Cosmopolitanism Now (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), 2426Google Scholar; and Berman, , Terror and Liberalism, 210Google Scholar.

58. I take my cue here from Singh, Nikhil Pal's remarkable essay, “Culture/Wars: Recoding Empire in an Age of Democracy,” American Quarterly 50 (1998): 471522 (quote at 472)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, which insists on the intricate imbrication of U.S. cultural formations, from 1940s pluralism to 1990s culture wars, and those of the world system. See also Singh, , Black Is a Country: Race and the Unfinished Struggle for Democracy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004)Google Scholar.

59. Appadurai, , Modernity at Large, 172Google Scholar.

60. Ibid., 173.

61. Prashad, Vijay, Fat Cats and Running Dogs: The Enron Stage of Capitalism (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 2003), 193Google Scholar.

62. Katz, Cindi, Growing Up Global: Economic Restructuring and Children's Everyday Lives (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004)Google Scholar.

63. Appadurai, , Modernity at Large, 176Google Scholar.