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2. Note on the Measure of Beknottedness

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 September 2014

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In drawing the various closed curves which have a given number of double points, I found it desirable to have some simple mode of ascertaining whether a particular form was a new one, or only a deformation of one of those I had already obtained. Of course the schemes (as described in my former paper) contain the desired information, but it may sometimes be difficult to obtain in this way; for, when the number of intersections is large, we may have to change the crossing which is taken as the initial one several times before we hit upon the same notation for like crossings (if such exist) in the two schemes compared. And the methods of deformation already given often present their results in forms so distorted that it is not easy at once to recognise their identity with other drawings of the very same curves.

Type
Proceedings 1876-77
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1878

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References

page 296 note * Feb. 19.—This is not correct. There is but one degree of beknottedness, for the two knots are not “virtually separate,” as they have a part in common, while one is right-handed and the other left-handed. In fact, the figures above are mere transformations of the last cut in my former paper—which is shown to be capable of being opened iip by a single change of sign. This can be done in the figures above, at either end of the lower coil where it forms part of the external boundary. But if, without altering the outline of the figure, we change all the signs in either of the two component knots, so as to make them both right-handed, or both left-handed, the whole acquires the double degree of beknottedness wrongly assigned to it in the text. But it has now continuations of sign, and in virtue of these it happens to be reducible. In fact, when we make it into a clear coil after these changes of sign it becomes the pentacle (fig. 1 above), the only knot with fewer than six crossings which possesses, as we have seen, two degrees of beknottedness. I stated in my first paper, that when the signs in any non-nugatory arrangement are alternately + and − the cord “is obviously as completely knotted as its scheme will admit of.” This completeness must be understood of what may be called Knottiness, not of Beknottedness. For it has just been shown by a particular case that we can occasionally increase the degree of beknottedness, while diminishing knottiness, i.e., losing crossings by so altering their signs as to make some of them nugatory. The point thus raised, i.e., the distinction between Knottiness and Beknottedness, is a very troublesome and delicate one, and is obviously related to several of the difficulties pointed out in the present paper.