Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-swr86 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-16T17:17:27.037Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

40.—The Theories of August Putter.*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 December 2011

R. Johnston
R. Johnston
Affiliation:
DAFS Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen
Get access

Extract

The German professor of physiology, August Pütter, is remembered especially for his theories on the nutrition of marine animals. His major papers, ‘The nutrition of aquatic animals’ and ‘Organic matter in the sea’, appeared in 1907, followed by numerous other papers until 1925. He died about 1935. Ranson (1935,1936), Assistant at the Paris Museum of Natural History, gives the essence of the works of Pütter as follows (translated from the French):

1. Aquatic animals are not able to capture by the means which they possess enough organisms or planktonic materials to cover their nutritional requirements.

2. There is a very large amount of dissolved organic matter in sea water which, alone, is broadly sufficient to sustain the needs of the animals.

3. This soluble organic matter has as its source the activity of algae and bacteria.

4. The fundamental part of the nutritional requirements of aquatic animals is derived from dissolved organic matter; plankton plays only a secondary role.

5. Aquatic animals absorb this organic matter not only by their digestive apparatus which is often rudimentary, but by the whole exterior surface of their bodies and especially by simple epithelial tissues such as the gills.

Type
Physics and Chemistry
Information
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Section B: Biological Sciences , Volume 72 , Issue 1 , 1972 , pp. 401 - 409
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1972

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References to Literature

Note.—A useful bibliography of 79 references including many of Pütter's work and papers relating to Pütter's theories is given under Krogh (1931). The authors in text-fig. 2 are derived from Provasoli (1963), who lists at least one paper relating to each name.Google Scholar
Alaska, University, 1969. Symposium on organic matter in natural waters, held at University of Alaska, College, Alaska, September 2–4, 1968. (Symposium manuscripts.)Google Scholar
Allee, W. C, 1934. Recent studies in mass physiology. Biol. Rev., 9, 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baylor, E. R. and Sutcliffe, W. H. Jr., 1963. Dissolved organic matter in sea water as a source of particulate food. Limnol. Oceanogr., 8, 369–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, R. M., 1933. A contribution to the natural food cycle in aquatic environments with particular consideration of microorganisms and dissolved organic matter. Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., 4 (4), 1–89.Google Scholar
Fraser, J. H., 1961. The survival of larval fish in the northern North Sea according to the quality of the sea water. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 41, 305–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardy, A. C, 1935. The plankton of the South Georgia whaling grounds and adjacent waters, 1926–1927. V. The plankton community, the whale fisheries and the hypothesis of animal exclusion. ‘Discover’ Rep., 11, 273–364.Google Scholar
Harvey, H. W., 1945. Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Biology of Sea Water. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Harvey, H. W., 1957. The Chemistry and Fertility of Sea Waters. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Krogh, A., 1930. Eine Mikromethode für die organische Verbrennungsanalyse besonders gelösten Substanzen. Biochem. Z., 221, 247.Google Scholar
Krogh, A., 1931. Dissolved substances as food of aquatic organisms. Rapp. P.-V. Réun. Cons. Perm. Int. Explor. Mer, 75, 7–36.Google Scholar
Krogh, A. and Keys, A., 1934. Methods for the determination of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in sea water. Biol. Bull. Mar. Biol. Lab. Woods Hole, 67, 132–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipschütz, A., 1913. Die Ernährung der Wassertiere durch die gelösten organischen Verbindungen der Gewässer (Eine Kritik). Ergebn. Physiol., 13, 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, C. E., 1947. The ecological effects of external metabolites. Biol. Rev., 22, 270–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, R. W., 1955. Some considerations regarding the nutrition of marine fish larvae. J. Cons. Perm. Int. Explor. Mer, 20, 255–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Provasoli, L., 1963. Organic regulation of phytoplankton fertility. (In Hill, M.N. (Ed.), The Seas, 2, 165–219.) New York: Interscience Wiley.Google Scholar
Pütter, A., 1907. Die Ernährung der Wassertiere. Z. Allg. Physiol., 7, 283.Google Scholar
Ranson, G., 1935. Le rôle de la matière organique dissoute dans l'eau et les théories de Pütter. Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat., Paris, 7, 359–366. ?Google Scholar
Ranson, G., 1936. (Continuation.) Le rôle de la matière organique dissoute dans l'eau et les théories de Pütter. Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat., Paris, 8, 160–172.Google Scholar
Riley, G. A., 1963. Organic aggregates in sea water and the dynamics of their formation and utilisation. Limnol. Oceanogr., 8, 372–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1935. The seasonal abundance of young fish in the offshore waters of the Plymouth area. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 20, 147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steemann-Nielsen, E., 1952. The use of radioactive carbon (C14) for measuring organic production in the sea. J. Cons. Perm. Int. Explor. Mer, 18, 117–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strickland, J. D. H. and Parsons, T. R., 1960. A manual of sea water analysis. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 125.Google Scholar
Uda, Michitaka (Ed.), 1971. The Ocean World. Proceedings of Joint Oceanographic Assembly I.A.P.S.O., I.A.B.O., C.M.G. and S.C.O.R., September 13–25, 1970, Tokyo, Japan.Google Scholar
Williams, P. M., Oeschger, H. and Kinney, P., 1969. Natural radiocarbon activity of the dissolved organic carbon in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Nature, Lond., 224, 256–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, D. P., 1951. A biological difference between natural sea waters. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 30, 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yonge, C. M., 1928. Feeding mechanisms in the invertebrates. Biol. Rev., 3, 21–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yonge, C. M., 1934. Review of Bond, 1933. J. Cons. Perm. Int. Explor. Mer, 9, 134–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar