¹ See Kennan, George F., The Sources of Soviet Conduct , 25 Foreign Aff. 566 (1947)Google Scholar (foresees collapse of Soviet Union if the United States sustains its containment policy).

² World War II ended with no similar opportunity, owing to the manifest Cold War division, which, within a few years, caused paralysis in the UN Security Council on most issues.

³ See, e.g., Ferdinand Czernin, Versailles 1919 282-96 (1964) on the legal origins of the War Guilt Clause (Article 231) of the Treaty of Versailles.

⁴ Acheson, Dean, Remarks by the Honorable Dean Acheson , 57 Asil Proc. 13 (1963)Google Scholar: “Law simply does not deal with such questions of ultimate power�power that comes close to the sources of sovereignty.”

⁵ Rostow, Eugene V., Toward Managed Peace: The National Security Interests Of The United States, 1759 To The Present 46-48 (1993)Google Scholar.

⁶ See, e.g., Wight, Martin, The Balance of Power, in Diplomatic Investigations: Essays In The Theory Of International Politics 149 (Herbert Butterfield & Martin Wight eds., 1966)Google Scholar; F. H. Hinsley, Power And The Pursuit Of Peace (1963).

⁷ See Roberts, Henry L., Maxim Litvinov, in The Diplomats 344 , 354 (Gordon A. Craig & Felix Gilbert eds., 1953)Google Scholar.

⁸ See Acheson, Dean, The Development of the International Community , 46 Asil Proc. 18 (1952)Google Scholar for a discussion of “the essentially legislative function of law which mobilizes the community into action to deal with situations which by common agreement are unsatisfactory and which can only be remedied by positive and sustained measures.”

⁹ Clinton, William J. President, Confronting the Challenges of a Broader World, in 4 Dep’t St. Dispatch 649 (1993)Google Scholar.

¹⁰ Christopher, Warren Secretary of State, Building Peace in the Middle East, in 4 Dep’t St. Dispatch 654 (1993)Google Scholar.

¹¹ Lake, Anthony, From Containment to Enlargement, in 4 Dep’t St. Dispatch 658 (1993)Google Scholar.

¹² Albright, Ambassador Madeleine, Use of Force in a Post-Cold War World, in 4 Dep’t St. Dispatch 665 (1993)Google Scholar.

¹³ President Clinton, supra note 8, at 650 (“And democracies, with the rule of law and respect for political, religious, and cultural minorities, are more responsive to their own people and to the protection of human rights.”); Anthony Lake, supra note 11, at 663 (“Certainly, in each case�as in Cambodia and elsewhere—our actions are making multilateral case law for the future; … I would go further and state my personal hope that the habits of multilateralism may one day enable the rule of law to play a far more civilizing role in the conduct of nations, as envisioned by the founders of the United Nations.”).

¹⁴ Anthony Lake, supra note 11, at 661, 663 (Lake used the word “norm” three times: (1) “We must link wider access to technology markets with commitments to abide by non-proliferation norms”; (2) Our policy “must apply global norms regarding weapons of mass destruction and ensure their enforcement”; and (3) “It is in the interest of both our nations for China to continue its economic liberalization while respecting the human rights of its people and international norms regarding weapons sales.”). See also Ambassador Madeleine Albright, supra note 12, at 665. She used the word “norm” once: “Cooperation, not confrontation, is now the norm at the UN Security Council.”).

¹⁵ President Clinton, supra note 9, at 650, 651, used the word “rule” three times; Anthony Lake, supra note 10, at 660, 662, 663, used the word “rule” four times; Ambassador Albright, supra note 11, at 665, 666 used the word “rule” twice.

¹⁶ Supra note 13

¹⁷ Ambassador Madeleine Albright, supra note 12, at 666.

¹⁸ President Clinton, supra note 9, at 650.

¹⁹ Id. at 652.

²⁰ Id. at 650.

²¹ See Williams, Daniel & Goshko, John M., Reduced U.S. World Role Outlined but Soon Altered , Wash. Post, May 26, 1993, at AlGoogle Scholar.

²² Un Charter, art. 51.

²³ See Chayes, Abram, The Use of Force in the Persian Gulf, in Law And Force In The New International Order 3 (Lori Fisler Damrosch & David J. Scheffer eds., 1991)Google Scholar; Mullerson, Rein, Self- Defense in the Contemporary World, in Law And Force In The New International Order, supra, at 13CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rostow, Eugene V., Until What? Enforcement Action or Self-Defense? , 85 AJIL 506 (1991)Google Scholar; Weston, Bums H., Security Council Resolution 678 and Persian Gulf Decision Making: Precarious Legitimacy , 85 AJIL 516 (1991)Google Scholar; Schachter, Oscar, United Nations Law in the Gulf Conflict , 85 AJIL 381 (1991)Google Scholar; Rostow, Nicholas, The International Use of Force after the Cold War , 32 Harv. Int’l L. J. 411 (1991)Google Scholar.

²⁴ International Court of Justice: Judgment in Case Concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)), reprinted in 32 LM 1601, 1602 (1993).

²⁵ Certain Expenses of the United Nations, 1962 ICJ 151, 168 (July 20)

²⁶ OAS General Assembly Resolution 1080, reprinted in 2 Dep’t St. Dispatch 750 (1991) (Santiago Declaration); S/RES/841, UN Security Council Resolution 841 (June 16,1993) (unique and exceptional circumstances in Haiti threaten international peace and security in the region).

²⁷ Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of August 12,1949, Dec. 12,1977,1125 UNTS, 3, reprinted in International Committee Of The Red Cross, Protocols Additional To The Geneva Conventions Of 12 August 1949 (1977), 72 AJIL 457 (1978); Documents On The Laws Of War 389 (Adam Roberts & Richard Guelff eds., 2d ed. 1989).

²⁸ 118 Cong. Rec. 30, 645 (1972).

²⁹ See United States v. Alvarez-Machain, 112 S.Ct. 2188,119 L.Ed.2d 441 (1992) (upholding federal jurisdiction over defendant kidnapped in Mexico and brought to the United States by U.S. officials outside extradition treaty procedures).

³⁰ For criticism of Protocol I, see Feith, Douglas J., International Responses, in Hydra Of Carnage: The International Linkages Of Terrorism And Other Low-Intensity Operations 265 (Uri Ra’anan et at. eds., 1986)Google Scholar (version with footnotes of Law in The Service of Terror�The Strange Case of the Additional Protocol, The National Interest, Fall 1985, at 35); Roberts, Guy B., The New Rules for Waging War: The Case Against Ratification of Additional Protocol I , 26 Va. J. Int’l L. 109 (1985)Google Scholar. Contra George H. Aldrich, New Life for the Laws of War, 75 AJIL 764 (1981); Aldrich, George H., Progressive Development of the Laws of War: A Reply to Criticisms of the 1977 Geneva Protocol , 26 Va. J. Int’l L. 693 (1986)Google Scholar; Aldrich, George H., Prospects for United States Ratification of Additional Protocol I to the 1949 Geneva Conventions , 85 AJIL 2 (1988)Google Scholar.

¹ Dean Acheson, supra note 8, at 24-25.