1 Rhodes, Richard Dark Sun: The Making of the Atomic Bomb 130(1995) The effort was ultimately unsuccessful because the Soviets possessed domestic deposits of the mineral and shortly gained access to important uranium mines in CzechoslovakiaGoogle Scholar

2 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, July 1, 1968, 21 U.S.T. 483, 729 U.N.T.S. 161, (entered into force March 5, 1970).

3 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, April 10, 1972, 26 U.S.T. 583, 1015 U.N.T.S. 163 (entered into force March 26, 1975).

4 The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction, January 13, 1993, 26 U.S.T. 583; 1015 U.N.T.S. 163 (entered into force April 29, 1997).

5 India had assured both countries that it would use the reactor exclusively for peaceful purposes and then termed its detonation a “ peaceful nuclear explosion,” citing experiments to use nuclear explosions for civil excavation that the United States and the Soviet Union were conducting at the time.

6 A number of other efforts might also be included in the list of operational arrangements, such as the multistate collaborations comprising the global war on terrorism, which focuses, in part, on WMD terrorism, and the coalition of states that joined to depose Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein, originally for the purpose of preventing his regime from developing WMDs.

7 See ISTC website, http://www.istc.ru/ISTC/sc.nsf/html/public-info>. A similar organization, known as the Science and Technology Center, Ukraine, was established in Kiev, in 1994, to support former Soviet WMD and missile scientists in Ukraine and several other former Soviet republics. It became fully active in 1995. See STCU website, http://www.stcu.int/>.

8 See, The G8 Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction, Statement by the Group of Eight Leaders, Kananaskis, Canada, June 27, 2002, available at http://www.State.gOv/e/eb/rls/othr/11514.htm>. Up-to-date information on the partnership can be found at http://www.ransac.org/0fficial%20Documents/G-8%20Global%20Partnership/index.asp>

9 Proliferation Security Initiative Frequently Asked Questions, Department of State, Bureau of Nonproliferation, Fact Sheet, January 11, 2005, available at http://www.State.gOv/t/np/rls/fs/32725.htm.

10 Proliferation Security Initiative: Statement of Interdiction Principles, White House Fact Sheet, September 4,2003, available at http://www.State.gOv/t/np/rls/fs/23764.htm.

11 Proliferation Security Initiative: Libyan Case Crowns First Year's Achievements, Nis Export Control Observer, Dec. 2003-Jan. 2004, at 25, available at http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/nisexcon/pdfs/ob_0401e.pdf>.