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Regionalism, Regime Complexes & International Criminal Justice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Matiangai V.S. Sirleaf
Matiangai V.S. Sirleaf*
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh School of Law; New York University, University of Ghana-Legon, J.D., Yale Law School
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Abstract

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Type
International Criminal Law: New Voices
Information
Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting , Volume 109 , 2015 , pp. 161 - 166
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 2016

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References

1 See Draft Protocol on Amendments to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights, A.U. Doc. No. STC/Legal/Min. 7(1) Rev.1, art. 16 (May 14, 2014) [hereinafter Protocol]. The Assembly of the African Union adopted the Protocol on June 30, 2014 at its Twenty-Third Ordinary Session. See A.U. Doc. No. Assembly/AU/Dec.529 (XXIII).

2 Protocol, supra note 1, at art. 46C.

3 Compare, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 2187 U.N.T.S. 90 (July 17, 1998) [hereinafter Rome Statute]; Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, U.N. Doc. S/RES/827 (May 25, 1993) [hereinafter ICTY Statute]; Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, U.N. Doc. S/RES/955 (Nov. 8, 1994) [hereinafter ICTR Statute]; Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, U.N. Doc. S/ RES/1757 (Jan. 16, 2002) [hereinafter SCSL Statute].

4 Protocol, supra note 1, at art. 46Abis .

5 Rome Statute, supra note 3, at art. 27(1).

6 See Akande, Dapo and Shah, Sangeeta, Immunities of State Officials, International Crimes and Foreign Domestic Courts, 21 Euro. J. Int’l. L. 815, 817 (2011)Google Scholar; see also Akande, Dapo, International Law Immunities and the International Criminal Court, 98 AJIL 407 (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

7 Krastner, Stephen D., Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables, in International Regimes 1, 2 (Krastner, Stephen D. ed., 1983)Google Scholar.

8 See Raustiala, Kal and Victor, David, The Regime Complex for Plant Genetic Resources, 58 Int’l Org. 277, 279 (2004)Google Scholar (defining regime complexes).

9 Id. at 279.

10 See Authers, Benjamin and Charlesworth, Hilary, International Human Rights Law and the Language of Crisis, 18 RegNet Research Paper 8 (2013)Google Scholar.

11 See e.g., Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the AU, Decision on the Report of the Commission on the Meeting of African States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal (ICC) Assembly/ AU/Dec. 245(XIII) Rev.1 (Jul. 1, 2009), available at http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/decisions/9560-assembly_en_1_3_july_2009_auc_thirteenth_ordinary_session_decisions_declarations_message_congratulations_motion_0.pdf (deciding that AU Member states “shall not cooperate . . . in the arrest and surrender of President Omar al-Bashir of Sudan.”).

12 See e.g. Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the AU, Decision on International Jurisdiction, Justice and the International Criminal Court (ICC) n2 Doc. Assembly/AU/13(XXI) (May 27, 2013) available at http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/decisions/9654-assembly_au_dec_474-489_xxi_e.pdf (noting Botswana’s reservation on the entire decision, which endorsed domestic prosecutions of the Kenya cases in lieu of the ICC and reaffirmed prior decisions that expressed concern about the misuse of ICC indictments against African leaders); Malawi Rebuffs Mugabe’s Call for ICC Withdraw, Nyasa Times, June 1, 2015, at http://www.nyasatimes.com/2015/06/01/malawi-rebuffs-mugabes-call-for-icc-withdraw/ (discussing the Malawian governments commitment to the Rome Statute).

13 Nouwen, Sarah, The International Criminal Court: A Peacebuilder in Africa?, in Peacebuilding, Power, and Politics in Africa, 171 (Curtis, Devon and Dzinesa, Gwinyayi A. eds., 2012)Google Scholar.

14 See e.g ., Chuter, David, The ICC a Place for Africans or Africans in Their Place?, Africa and the Future of International Criminal Justice, 161–183 (Nmehielle, Vincent ed., 2012)Google Scholar.

15 Aloisi, Rosa, A Tale of Two Institutions, The Realities of International Criminal Justice, 147, 149 (Rothe, Dawn L. et al. eds., 2013)Google Scholar.

16 Powell, Stephen J. and Perez, Patricia Camino, Global Laws, Local Lives: Impact of the New Regionalism on Human Rights Compliance, 17 Buff. Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 117, 122 (2011)Google Scholar.

17 See generally Huneeus, Alexandra, International Criminal Law by Other Means: The Quasi-Criminal Jurisdiction of the Human Rights Courts, 107 AJIL 1, 2 (2013)Google Scholar.

18 See, e.g., Atler, Karen J., Helfer, Laurence, and McAllister, Jacqueline R., A New International Human Rights Court for West Africa: The ECOWAS Community Court of Justice, 107 AJIL 737 (2013)Google Scholar.

19 Constitutive Act of the African Union, 2158 U.N.T.S. I-37733, art. 4(h) (July 11, 2000) (entered into force May 26, 2001).

20 Protocol,supra note 1, at art. 28E (unconstitutional change of government), art. 28F (piracy), art. 28G (terrorism), art. 28H (mercenarism), arts. 28J-28L (trafficking in persons, drugs, and hazardous waste), and art. 28L Bis (the illicit exploitation of natural resources).

21 See e.g., U.N. Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, Official Records, Part 2(F)(3), U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/13(Vol. III), art. 5 (June 15-July 17, 1998), available at http://legal.un.org/icc/rome/proceedings/E/Rome%20Proceedings_v3_e.pdf (citing crimes such as drug trafficking and terrorism as possible crimes under the ICC’s jurisdiction; however, these were not included in the final Rome Statute, but are included in the Protocol). Compare Rome Statute, supra note 3, with Protocol, supra note 1, at art. 28G (criminalizing terrorism); art. 28K (criminalizing trafficking in drugs).

22 Gehring, Thomas and Faude, Benjamin, The Dynamics of Regime Complexes: Microfoundations and Systemic Effects, 19 Global Governance 119, 123 (2013)Google Scholar.

23 Raustiala and Victor, supra note 8, at 279.

24 Giorgetti, Chiara, Horizontal and Vertical Relationships of International Courts and Tribunals – How Do We Address Their Competing Jurisdiction?, 30 ICSID Rev. 99 (Winter 2015)Google Scholar.

25 See, e.g., SCSL Statute, supra note 3; UN General Assembly, Report of the Third Committee: Khmer Rouge trials: Resolution 57/228, A/RES/57/228 (May 22, 2003) (establishing the Extraordinary Chambers of the Courts of Cambodia); The Statute of the Iraqi High Tribunal (Dec. 10, 2003), available at http://web.archive.org/web/20071013130404/www.iraq-iht.org/en/staute.html.

26 ICTY Statute, supra note 3; ICTR Statute, supra note 3.

27 Rome Statute, supra note 3, at pmbl.

28 Koskenniemi, Martti and Leino, Päivi, Fragmentation of International Law? Postmodern Anxieties, 15 Leiden J. Int’l L. 553, 576 (2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

29 Huneeus, supra note 15, at 6.