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Limitations on Treaties to Protect the Environment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2017

Robert J. McManus
Robert J. McManus*
Affiliation:
Of the District of Columbia Bar
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Abstract

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Type
Environmental Law: When Does it Make Sense to Negotiate International Agreements?
Information
Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting , Volume 87 , 1993 , pp. 383 - 388
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1993

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References

1 Protection of the Oceans, All Kinds of Seas, Including Enclosed and Semi-Enclosed Seas, and Coastal Areas and the Protection, Rational Use and Development of Their Living Resources, adopted June 14, 1992.

2 Report to the U.S. Senate by Senators Claiborne Pell and Clifford Case. Committee Print (92d Cong., 2d Sess., 1972), at 38–41.

3 1969 Amendments, Convention on the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1 UST 1207, Oct. 21, 1969; International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties, 1 UST 765, Nov. 29, 1969; International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, reprinted in 9 ILM 45 (1969); International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, reprinted in 11 ILM 284 (1971).

4 See, e.g., International Conference on Ocean Pollution, S. Rpt. No. 92–49 (92nd Cong., 2d Sess.) 1971, at 10.

5 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 26 UST 2403, Dec. 29, 1972.

6 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, reprinted in 12 ILM 1319 (1973) (“MARPOL ‘73”); Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, reprinted in 17 ILM 546 (1978).

7 21 ILM 1261 (1982).

8 See e.g., Barcelona Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution, reprinted in 15 ILM 285 (1976). In addition, an amendment to the Schedule of the International Convention on the Regulation of Whaling, TIAS 1849 (Dec. 2, 1946), was amended in 1982 to provide for a 10-year moratorium on commercial whaling, implementing Recommendation 33 of the Stockholm Conference.

9 See generally McManus, R. J., Ocean Dumping, in Kay, D. & Jacobson, H., (Eds.) Environmental Protection: The International Dimension 119 (1982)Google Scholar; see also U.S. Council on Environmental Quality, Ocean Dumping: A National Policy (1970). For a very recent account of ocean dumping regulation in the absence of serious need, see Specter, M., Sea Dumping Ban: Good Politics, but Not Necessarily Good Policy, N.Y. Times, Mar 22, 1993, at Al.Google Scholar

10 See generally Sielen, A. B., Sea Changes?: Ocean Dumping and International Regulation, I Geo. Int’l Envtl. L. Rev. 1 (1988)Google Scholar.

11 See generally Sielen, A. B. & McManus, R. J., IMO and the Politics of Ship Pollution, in Kay, D. & Jacobson, H., (Eds.) Environmental Protection: The International Dimension 140 (1982)Google Scholar.

12 See generally McManus, R. J., Legal Aspects of Land-Based Sources of Marine Pollution, in Charney, Jonathan (Ed.), The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces 90 (1983)Google Scholar.

13 13 ILM 352 (1974).

14 Final Report, Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts on Protection of the Marine Environmen Against Pollution from Land-based Sources, UN Doc. UNEP/WG. 120/3 (1985).

15 E.g., Principle 21 of the Stockholm Declaration:

States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other states or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.

16 AGENDA 21, chapter 17, ¶ 17.18 (p. 8).

17 Art. IV.l(a),(b), reprinted in 11 1LM 1291 (1972).

18 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UN Doc. A/AC.237/18 (Pt. ll)/Add. 1 (1992) [hereinafter “Climate Change Convention”].

19 But see Stone, C. D., Beyond Rio: “Insuring” against Global Warming, 86 AJ1L 445 (1992)Google Scholar.

20 Climate Change Convention, supra note 18, Art. 2.

21 26 ILM 1529 (1985).

22 Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, reprinted in 26 ILM 1550 (1987).

23 28 ILM 1335 (1989).

24 Adjustments to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, reprinted in 30 ILM 537 (1991).

25 Report of the Fourth Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, UN Doc. UNEP/OL.Pro.4/15 (1992).

26 See generally Palmer, Geoffrey, New Ways to Make International Environmental Law, 86 AJIL 259 (1992)Google Scholar.